MADDAWALABU UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL STUDY

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SENIOR RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE ASSESSING FARMERS PERCEPTION ON LAND

DEGRADATION AND ITS CONTOROLS MEASURES IN NANO ROBE KEBELE

BY

MIMI MATIWOS

ADVISOR: SHIMELISE (MSC)

BALE ROBE,ETHIOPIA

MAY,2019
ACRONYMS

SSA= Sub Saharan Africa

SWC=Soil and Water Conservation

FAO= Food and Agriculture

UNEP= United Nation Environmental

ABSTRACT

Land degradation is major un high land of Ethiopia this study focused on assessing the farmer’s
perception on land degradation and its control measures in Nano Robe kebele to achieve the
objective of this study data were collected using deferent methods like field observation house
hold interview. Focused group discussion and key informant interview and the data was analyzed
by using descriptive statistics. The result shows that have moderate level of perception on land
degradation. Its cause and consequence as its control measures. They perceive that the cause for
land degradation was natural phenomena like topography and high rain fall and it is difficult to
control. The researcher recommends that the farmers should improve their knowledge on land
degradation and its control measures to mitigate the problem.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like give thanks to Almighty God for giving me strength and courage until
completing this research. Next to the Heavenly father. I would like to give my deepest gratitude
to my advisor Shimelis (MSC) for his advice,Encouragements, Collaboration and constructive
comments from the beginning unit the end of this paper. My especial thank go to my families
father mother. And I would also like to thank all my friends for their more supports
encouragement for the success of this paper.
LIST OF TABLE

Table 1;age structure of households head………………………………………………………..10

Table 2. the household’s size of sample respondents………………………………………..….10

Table 3: Educational status of respondents…………………….……………………………...…11

Table 4: farmers perception on cause of land degradation ……………………………………..11

Table 5 farmers attitudes towards on the protection methods of soil and water conservation
structure done on that area. ……………………………………………………………………...12

Table 6: farmer’s perception on the major cause of land degradation …………………………..12

Table 7: Farmer’s perception on effect of land degradation …………………………………….13

Table 8 Farmer’s perception towards the role of SWC and physical measures ……………...…13

Table 9 SWC measures used farmers to reduce erosion ………………………………………..14

Table 10 farmer’s attitude on biological conservation to reduce erosion ………………………15

Table 11: purpose of trees in which the farmer is growing ……………………………………..15

Table 12: farmer’s perception on causes of soil fertility decline ……………………………….16

Table 13 farmer perception on using soil fertility improvement methods………………….……16

 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background
Land is the natural resource from which humans earn their livelihoods the high land of Ethiopia
makes up about 45% of the total area that support over 84% of the human population and two
third of animal population. This land is also source of many of the country’s major resources
(Alemnesh. 2003).

The term land degradation and soil degradation are often used interchangeably. However land
degradation has a broader concept and refers to the degradation of soil. Water and flora and
fauna. Soil degradation refers to ore to water erosion and wind erosion. As well as chemical.
Physical and biological degradation (horn. 1996). Agricultural land is under enormous pressure
from soil degradation. Farming practice. Overgrazing population growth fuel wood shortage
land tenure insecurity: lack of effective extension service and local organization an institutional
shortcoming (Bangladesh. 2001)

Land degradation is widely recognized as a global problem associated with desertification in

semiarid and sub humid zones. Commonly called the dry lands. Yet land degradation contest
topic in its determinant. Degree distribution and effects while land associated with dry lands
which cover 47% of the globe surface (UNEP. 1997). Land degradation considered by many
observation arising from different from causes and affecting people differently according to their
socio economic circumstances (mortimore. 1998).

Recognizes land degradation as major environmental and socio economic problems as result
large area closures been converted to terraces. Covered by soil bunds area closures and planted
with millions of tree seedlings but the achievement is below expectation farmer were virtually
considered ignorant of soil and the practices process paid minimal attention to the farming
community (Amsalu. 2006) some experts to change (Hudson 1991). Awareness. Perception and
attitudes towards the problem of resources degradation is one of the many socio economic
cultural and psychological factors which are known to influence acceptance and adaption of
conservation measures by farrierselse where (Baum and wol 1999)
 • Statement of problem
Now Ethiopia the heavily dependence of people lively hood on land of in appropriate use of this
resource resulted in fat and vast land degradation problem due to extraction agricultural and
expansion is other causes for land degradation problem the steady area are topography and high
rail fall and common problem face by farmers in the study area due to soil erosion and loss of
soil fertility. Decrease of crop yield caused by deforestation climatic factor or variability and
population pressure are common causes of land degradation.

In the past of effect of different biological and physical soil conservation, measures crop
productivity on farm land has been studied in the study area to increase agricultural production
and conserve land resource. Yet the land degradation stills the serious challenges on their farm
land .therefore assessing the farmers perception to ward land degradation could be per amount
important which can determine the management of land and their control measure .

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General objectives

The main objective this study is to assess farmer perception on land degradation and its control
measures in Nano Robe kebele.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

• To identify the causes and of land degradation and its control measures

• To assess the impact of land degradation

• To explore an existing soil and water conservation measures

1.4 research question
• What are causes of land degradation on study

• What are the impacts of the land degradation in study area

• What are the types of soil and water conversation measure existing in the study are

1.5 significance of the study

The study will deal with the issue of land degradation have effected life of local people in the
study area the combination effect of good in security . Fuel wood shortage and insufficient of
availability for farmers to coverage of land . all those issue will make the study very important to
those local people as well as local authority . there fore . increasing social acceptance about how
they can improve the land resource of the area as well as the possible to be conducted.

1.6 scope and limitation of the study

Thematically .the study is aimed to assessing farmer perception on land degradation and its
control measure in Nano Robe kebele which covered total area of 1827 hectares. The reason why
the study has been geographically . limited to one area is due to shortage of time ,Money and
other logistic which required collecting effective data.
 CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review
• concept of land degradation
Degradation repair to detritions in the quality of the environment for man , vegetation . animals
and aquatic life (baber,1984) land degradation is composite term it has no single

Readily identifiable feature but instead describes how one or more of the land resource
(soil ,water ,vegetation, rock, air, climate, relief)has change for the worse land degradation can
be defined in several way depending up on the subject that needs to be emphasized .

A general definition of land degradation is presented by Watson (1987 )as land degradation is
change to land that make it less useful for human being . a more specific definition states “land
degradation is decrease in the optimum functioning of soil ecosystem” (kimpend war kentin
1998) I land degradation can also be defined in term of action take n which increase the soil lose
from agriculture land affecting crop productivity and increasing sediment loss to rivers and
reservoirs according to Scherer and yadav (1996).land degradation refer to a temporary or
permanent decline in the productive capacity of the land or its potential for environmental
management.

• causes of land degradation

Scholars identified different causes of land degradation . according to berry (2003).the cause of
land degradation involves interring locking complex the natural ecosystem and the human social
system . in traction between the two system determine the success or failure of resource
management .while wmo(2005)classify the cause of land degradation in to bio physical factor
such as un suitable land use (land use for the purpose which environmental and un
suited ,market ,institutional ,support in come and human health and political part of such as lack
of in centives and political instability in parallel mulugeta (2004) argued that land degradation is
the biophysical processes drivers by socio –economic and political causes in which subsistence
agriculture farmer and negatively affected.
 • Impact of land degradation
Land degradation manifests itself in many different way vegetation became mere singly scare
water course dry up. Thorny weeds predominate in once rich pasture foot paths growth in to
gullies and soil become thin and stone.

All of this manifestation have potentially sever impact on the environment for land user and for
people who really for their living on the product from highly landscape(Berry. 2003). Impact
refer to the effect of land degradation over the various land function such as production biomass.
Biological habitat filtration buttering and source of row material etc.

• Land degradation in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia land has become serious problem affecting all sphere of social economic and political
life of the population. It is one of the major challenges to agricultural development and food
security of the country. The rate of countries land degradation is very high land degradation is
very high large portion of agricultural land. Which is mainly located in the high land part of the
century. Is affected by severe moderate land degradation (Kruger.et al. 1997).

• Farmers perception and attitude on land degradation.

Farmers perception and attitude can have a major bearing on land management. Although farmer
are often more actually aware of the condition of their land that is sometimes assumed by
experts. They may not be fully aware of land degradation it’s cause or consequence (Ervin and
Ed word. 1982). Soil degradation is often very slow process and may be almost in visible
Farmers those not observe on going erosion or nutrient depletion or perceive them as immediate
problem. While they do observe low or declining yield farmers often attribute deterioration of
crop yield to declining rains. But soil degradation may also affect water holding capacity of the
soil and thereby reduce but its ability to overcome situation of water stress thus contributing to
the decline in yield. As long as farmers do not perceive soil degradation as a major determinate o
decreasing yield these trend will certainly not be reversed.
 • Land rehabilitation practice in Ethiopia
Traditionally though time farmers have developed deferent soil management practices there with
those practice the farmers are able to sustain until now the technologies are subsistence
agriculture among the traditional land management techniques practiced by Ethiopia

Farmers include ploughing of narrow ditches on slope filed to control run off farmer land
terraces traditional ditches and furrow contour fallowing crop rotation farmyard manure (betru
2003).

• Physical conservation technologies (practice)

Gullies and canyons accelerated by rain which is un-reliable increasingly 50 race year has been
resulted harsh condition which have bred what some call toughest farmers in Africa their farming
is based on elaborating system of terrace a variety of other and water conservations.

The konso or southern Ethiopia are well known for their traditional soil and water conservation
practice. Konso land is poor quality and the management practice and the integration livestock
and forestry which the rest of their agriculture (FAO. 1990)

• Agronomic and vegetation techniques

Agronomic techniques may be biological or cultural they include such practice as crop rotation
mixed cropping and trash limes crop rotation and mixed cropping are traditional systems that are
widely practiced in eastern Africa good crop rotations such as maize followed by legumes
facilitate conservation and addition of humus. Restoration of soil structure and fertility as well as
reduction of pest and disease.

Other traditional soil conservation practice are contour ploughing grass strips and tree planting
the traditional way of ploughing graded contour is used by nearly all farmers. Due to the
population increases. Traditional fallow periods have become very short and rare extent at all
manure used by some farmers. But due shortage fuel wood lt’s most commonly dried and used
for cooking a heating purpose. The most of rehabilitating already degraded land is prohibitively
expensive about ten fifty times high then of preventive measures taken at an earlier stage (FAO.
19
 CHAPTER THREE

• Materials and methods

• Description of the study area

• location
Bale zone found in oromia regional state of Ethiopia this zone include 18 woreda from those 18
woreda as from Bale Zone. Study area will be focused on Sinana woreda particularly in Nano
Robe kebele located in 2 km Robe town and 19 km from the Goba town. The latitudes of the area
ranges between 38037E 3804/E and 7002N whereas altitude range between 1600-2580 meter
above sea level (Fikadu 2006).

• Climate
The mean monthly temperature is 19.s 0c which mean maximum and minimum temperature of
26.30c & 12.40c respectively. The annual rain fall is 1297 mm and agro climate zone is Wayne
dega. The rain season is from to October& the dry season from November to February.

• Soil types
The soil is characterizes as hemic umbrae soil type. The soil texture is 54.4 and 34% clay and
11.6% silt generally the soil the type in the study area and sol (Fikadu 2006).

• Vegetation
Most of plant species found in the study area acacia Albania summer and shrubs eucalyptus
species compresses Lusitania weeping prine (pines patellac silky oak Carville Robusta other
eucalypts species (LLjelm. 2001).

• Population
The total population of the study is around 947 those 756 are male and 191 female &also 6913
of the total population are house hold as obtained from agricultural but Sinana woreda in Nano
Robe kebele there is also many livestock such as cattle. Sheep, goats, donkey, horse and other
domestic animal which people use them to fulfill basic need.
 • Methods of data collection
• Type and source of data collection
Primary data source were collected by using different techniques such as field observation.
Interview and questionnaire and group discussion by using both quantitative and qualitative
methods.

The secondary data were collect from woreda agriculture and kebele administration office and
from their documentary materials.

• Field observation

The field observation interview is more important way of gathering primary data because; the
researcher were face with the real situations physically saw that land is being under degradation
and impact agriculture for firs hand information the relevant development agent(DA) and local
stakeholder.

• Focused group discussion

Focused group discussion provides basic and more general clues or hint about the realities and
management problems about the proposed area because: they are also representative of villages
development committee local social institutions and non-governmental organizations.

• Key informant’s interviews

The key informants were collated from different governmental sector in order together relevant
data regarding to causes and also its management problems. Poor understanding of the wider
community.

• Sampling techniques and sample size

Sampling techniques was done by selecting the household of Nano Robe Kebele by using
stratified sampling method from the total household(653)and the sampling sizes was taken
7%(40)of the household from two strata was stratified based on their education levels by
applying simple random sampling techniques.
 • Data analysis and presentation
The data were analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis and interpreted by using tables,
means, frequency, chart etc.

CHAPTER FOUR

• Result And Discussion

1.4. Demographic and socio –economic characteristics of the house hold
Table 1;age structure of households head

Age of household head Frequency Percent (%)

20-40 26 65.5
41-60 11 27.5
 >60 3 7.5
Total 40 100
Source:field survey.2017

As indicated in the above table the strucuture of my sample is highly dominated by 20-40 ages
which cover 65% of my sample my sample respondent found in the age range between 41-60 and
the rest 7.5% of my responded found above 60 years age .in the above data the majority of the
house holds heads age is found between 20-60 ages. Which cover 92.5% of my sample
respondent. This age is working age and the people in this age are highly dependent on natural
resource such as land to full fill their needs as a result the land is degraded.

Table 2. the household’s size of sample respondents

Household size Frequency Percent(%)

5-7 18 45%
8-10 17 42.5%
10-12 5 12.5%
Total 40 100%
Source: field survey 2017

As I can see in the above table 42% the respondents have a family size 5 and 42.5% of the
respondents have family size of 8-10.

From these I can draw that as farmers have large family size they degraded land to expand their
farming in land to produce sufficient amount of crops that fulfill the demands of their family
because the degradation of land also increase.

Table 3: Educational status of respondents

Educational status of Frequency Percent %

respondents
Literate 16 40
Illiterate 24 60
Total 40 100
Source: field in the table 60% of the respondents were illiterate and 40% of the respondent were
educated from the educated respondents most of them can only read and write without basic
grade level so the farmers only depend on land resources they do not create another job as a
result the land is degraded

4.2. farmer’s perception on land degradation

In Nano Robe kebele most farmers have moderate perception on land degradation its cause and
effects be causes like rill and gully is created.

Table 4: farmers perception on cause of land degradation

Do you know the cause of Frequency Percent (%)

land degradation
Yes 25 62.5
No 15 37.5
Total 40 100

As indicated in the above table 62.5% of respondents know the cause of land degradation. Most
of them told that the cause is topography and high rain fall and some of them told in addition to
these deforestation over grazing and cultivation without following are also the cause for land
degradation the remaining 37.5% of respondents do not know the cause of land degradation this
is because of lack of awareness. From this I can say that even though most farmers knew the
cause of land degradation. They perceive that the cause is mostly natural phenomena net human
action.

Table 5 farmers attitudes towards on the protection methods of soil and water conservation
structure done on that area.

Protection methods Frequency Percent

By law 5 12.5%
Agriculture office committee 15 37.5%
 Money contribution if the 20 50%
SWC structure is damaged
Total 40 100%
Source: field survey. 2017

As shows in the above table 50% of respondents told that if the soil and water conservation
structure is damaged moneys contributed to re construct the damaged soil and water conservation
structure. 37% told the watershed committee is present in that area to protect the constructed soil
and water conservation structure and the remaining 12.5% respondents told that we have use a by
law to protect the constructed soil and water conservation structure. This show that to protect the
constructed soil water conservation structure there is no much legally formulated result and due
to this reason the community destroy the constructed structure and the government invest money
to re construct the damaged soil water conservation structures.

Table 6: farmer’s perception on the major cause of land degradation

Major cause of land degradation Frequency Percent (%)

Major cause of land degradation 25 62.5
Slopes being steep 5 12.5
Rainfall being too much 5 12.5
Soil being too erodible 3 7.5
Deforestation 2 5
No terracing 40 100

As indicated in the above table 62.5% told that the major cause for land degradation is slopes
being very steep 12.5% told that major cause is rain fall being too much and the other 12.5% told
the major cause is soil being too erodible. 7.5% of respondents told that major cause is
deforestation and the remaining 5% told that the cause no tracing. This show that the major and
very succeed table cause for land degradation is slopes being very steep.

Table 7: Farmer’s perception on effect of land degradation

Effect land degradation Frequency Percent (%)

 Reduction in land productivity 18 45
Reduce soil fertility 10 25
Environmental degradation 5 12.5
Loss of ecosystem 7 17.5
Total 40 100

As indicated in the above table 45% of respondents told that the effect of land degradation is
reduction in land productivity and the other told reduce soil fertility. Migration and loss of
ecosystem are the effect of land degradation. These shows the know the effects.

4.3 farmer’s perception on land degradation control measure in Nano Robe kebele most farmers
use different measures to control land but most of them use agronomic measures like crop
rotation contour ploughing and mixed cropping and some of the use SWC physical measures and
bilological measures.
Table 8 Farmer’s perception towards the role of SWC and physical measures
Do you know the role of Frequency Percent
SWC physical measures
Yes 25 62.5
No 15 37.5
Total 40 100
Source: field survey. 1017

As indicated in the above table 62.5% of the respondents know the role of SWC physical
measures to control land degradation especially soil degradation and the removing 37.5% of
respondents do not know the role of SWC physical measures. This is because of lack of
awareness as well as carelessness for the problem. Even though most farmers know it. All of
them do not use it. They perceive that is labor intensive and reduces cropped land.

Table 9 SWC measures used farmers to reduce erosion

SWC measures Frequency Percent

Soil bund 7 17.5
French 0 0
 Check dam 6 15
Fanayju 3 7.5
Crop rotation 6 15
Catchment treatment 0 0
Contour ploughing 13 32.5
Diversion channel 0 0
Mixed cropping 5 12.5
Following 0 0
Total 40 100
Source: field survey. 2017

As indicated in the above table 60% of respondents use agronomic measures to control soil
degradation such as crop rotation. Contour ploughing and mixed cropping. But they do not use
fallowing due to small land holding size. The reason way they this agronomic measure is because
they have indigenous knowledge on the use of these measures is and also it is cost effective as
well as do not require much labor. The remaining 40% of respondents use physical measures in
addition to agronomic measures to control soil degradation. This shows that most farmers do not
use physical SWC measures due to lack of awareness and wrong perception

Table 10 farmer’s attitude on biological conservation to reduce erosion

Do you know the role of SWC Frequency Percent

physical measures
Yes 25 62.5%
No 15 37.5%
Total 40 100%
Source: field survey 2017

As indicated in the above table 62% of respondents told that we are not grow trees in our land
37.5% told that we are grow trees on our land to reduce erosion. This show that majority of the
house hold are nor grow trees to reduce erosion from their field. Due to this reason erosion is
sever in that area.

Table 11: purpose of trees in which the farmer is growing

Purpose of tree Frequency Percent (%)

For fuel wood 10 25%
For animal fodder 5 12.5%
For soil conservation 5 12.%
To get income 20 50%
Total 40 100%
Source: Field survey 2017

As shown above table 50% of respondents grow tree to get income by selling it 25% to fuel
wood 12.5 for animal fodder and also the use it as alternative source of income to fulfill their
demand. This shows that almost all farmers do not grow trees for the purpose of controlling
degradation they grow mostly eucalyptus tree it is economically viable and used as fuel wood.

4.4. Farmer’s perception on soil fertility

In the study area almost all farmers told that. That they have fertile and non-fertile land they said
that the land is fertile: if it easy to plough and give high yield and the land is not fertile if it has
stone and difficult to plough as well as if crop yield is decreased this shows that farmers do not
have enough knowledge on soil fertility because lands which have stone fertile as it containing
phosphorus(K)

Table 12: farmer’s perception on causes of soil fertility decline

Major cause of soil fertility frequency Percent(%)

decline
Soil erosion 15 37.5
 Lack of fallow 10 25
Low use of organic fertilizers 10 25
High use of chemical 5 12.5
fertilizers
Total 40 100
Source : field survy,2017

As shown in the above table 37.% of respondents told that the cause for soil fertility decline is
soil erosion 25%told the cause is low use of organic fertilizer and the remaining 12.5%of
respondents told that the cause for soil fertility decline is high use of chemical fertilizer . this
shows that the farmers perceive chemical fertilizers are important for soil fertility.

Table 13 farmer perception on using soil fertility improvement methods

Soil fertility improvement frequency Percent(%)

Methods
Mulching 3 7.5
Compost 5 12.5
Green manure 2 5
Vegetation 5 12.5
Chemical fertilizer 25 62.5
Total 40 100
Source ;filed survey.2017

As indicated in above table 62.5% of respondent use chemical fertilizers to improve soil
fertility .but37.5% of respondent use organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility. this shows
almost all farmers use chemical fertilizers for soil fertility. they use compost for homestead
garden only .this is because of lack of awareness. they perceive that without chemical fertilizer
they do not get high yield the reason why they do not use compost in the outer field is because of
lack of animal dung and awareness .they perceived compost increase weed.
CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusions and recommendation

5.1 conclusions
• From the information obtained in the result and discussion part the conclusion is as fool-lows

• Farmer they have at least moderate level of perception on land degradation its cause and
consequence but the measure which is taken by farmers to control land degradation is not
much enough.
• In the study areas most farmers perceive that cause for land degradation is high rain fall and
some farmer perceive that human action is also the cause for land degradation these are
deforestation over grazing cultivation with out following

• Large number of family size increases the need for natural resource this leads to land
degradation

• The effect of land degradation in the study area was reduction in crop yield loss of soil
fertility and degradation

• The farmers use different measure to control land degradation most of them use agronomic
measure like crop rotation mixed cropping and physical measures

• Constraint of farmers to use swc and physical measurea are lack of awareness and small land
holding size.

Most farmers do not grow trees to control land degradation they grow for other
purpose

• The constraints of farmer to use sec physical measure are lack of labor awareness and small
landholding size .

• Most farmer do not have enough knowledge on soil fertility because those chemical fertility
improvement methods so they use compost very much

5.2 recommendation
• Based on the result of this research I can re commend the following option for the study
arias?

• In the study area farmer were not much aware on land degradation control measure so the
extension worker should give awareness for farmers.

• The farmers should actively participation to control land degradation and also prevent it from
degradation .
• Farmer of the study areas should be grained about the cause and possible control measure so
that they will be able to reduced land degradation problem by themselves

• The farmer should use agronomic fertilizer to improve soil fertility because if the soil is
fertility it resists erosion. As a result land degradation is reduced.

• The government should create job opportunity to the farmer to reduce land degradation.

• The farmers should participate in different training program which are prepared by extension
workers to improve their perception on land degradation.

• The farmer grow trees which are important for reducing degradation.

REFERENCES
Admassess. Baed Geber s (1958) twemty years to now here property right land management and

Conservation in Ethiopia PHD thesi

Lemensh. D (2003) integrated natural. Management to enhance feed security. The case for

Community based approach in Ethiopia in working paper number 16

Amsalu. A (2006) best practice in soil and water conservation in bares watershed high lands

Ethiopia PHD thesis PP.

Bangladeshi. (2001) land degradation and water conservation strategies and techniques

Berta. N (2003) principle and techniques for biological soil conservation division Guideline

number 3 MOA

Bishop. J (1992) Economic analysis of soil degradation Get keeper Series Numb 92-102

Ellen. Bishawa and Ayalnen (2000) land degradation improvement end livelihood strategies of

rural house hold in Ethiopia farmer perception and policy implication

Eribvini. C Edward. E (1992) factors affecting the use of conservation practice Hypothesis.

Evidences and policy implication economics-58(3):277-273

FAO (1990) Geographic information system and remote sensing in land degradation and

Agriculture management

FAO (1994) land degradation in south Asia severity cause and effect uo on the people World’s

resource report.78

Hurni. (1996) towards sustainable development in Ethiopia paper presrnted in Ethiopian National

conservation strategy

kruger. Kerry. And (1997) land degradation in Ethiopia in Ethiopia high land action to combat of

social and economic implication costs and benefits.

Loffee (2002) land resource management and other related resource observation method of

wellbeing of human being.

UNEP (1917) Universal Nation Environmental program to protect land degradation and other

environmental problem.
APPENDIX

The purposes of this questioner are to out tangible data for the research and to seek solution of
land degradation and make paper to accurate the interview concerned the kebele char man and
some of respondents to guideline to the following

Part 1 back ground information of respondents

• Age distribution respondents

 A/ 20-40 B/ 41-60 C/ >60

• Educational level

A/ primary school B/ 7-8 C/ 9-10 D/ 11-12 E/ above

• Household size

A/ 5-7 B/8-10 C/ above

Part 2 questionnaire for the farmer

• Do you know the cause of land degradation?

A/ yes B/ no

• Do you answer role of SWC physical Measure?

A/ yes B/ no

• If your answer is yes. What are the SWC Measures you used to control land degradation

A/ Soil bund

B/ crop rotation

C/ control plugging

D/ mixed cropping

F/ fallow

• Do you trees on your farm land?

A/ Yes B/ No

• If your is yes for what purpose you grow tree?

A/ for well weed

B/ for animal fodder

 c/ for soil conservation

D/ to get in come

• What are the effects of land degradation on your land

A/ reduction in land productivity

B/ reduced soil fertility

C/ environmental pollution

D/ loss of ecosystem

• What is the major cause of soil fertility decline?

A/ soil erosion

B/ lack of follow

C/ low use of organic fertilizer

D/ high use of chemical fertility

Part 3 interview for farmers

• What are the causes of land degradation?

………………………………………………………………………………………….............

• Do you know land degradation effects the agricultural production? If the answer is yes or
no why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

• What are the ways of preventing land degradation ?

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

• What are the major causes of land degradation?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

• Do you have the conservation practices of soil and water conservation? If yes explain?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...