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MCAT, pharma, bar exam, Spanish, Series 7

BRS Anatomy - Back & Spine
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FLASHCARDS IN BRS ANATOMY - BACK & SPINE DECK (30)

During an outbreak of meningitis

at a local college, a 20-year-old
student presents to a hospital
emergency department com-
plaining of headache, fever, chills,
and stiff neck. On examination, it
appears that he may have
meningitis and needs a lumbar
puncture or a spinal tap.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is
normally withdrawn from which of
1 the following spaces?
(A) Epidural space
(B) Subdural space
(C) Space between the spinal
cord and the pia mater
(D) Subarachnoid space
The Answer is D.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found
in the subarachnoid space, which
is a wide interval between the
arachnoid layer and the pia mater.
The epidural space contains the
internal vertebral venous plexus
and epidural fat. The subdural
space between the arachnoid and
the dura contains a little fluid to
moisten the meningeal surface.
The pia mater closely covers the
spinal cord and enmeshes blood
vessels on the surfaces of the
spinal cord. Thus, the space
between the spinal cord and the
pia is a potential space.

(E) Space between the arachnoid

and dura maters
:
 A 23-year-old jockey falls from
her horse and complains of
headache, backache, and The Answer is D.
weakness. Radiologic
The space between the vertebral
examination would reveal blood
canal and the dura mater is the
in which of the following spaces if
epidural space, which contains
the internal vertebral venous
the internal vertebral venous
plexus was ruptured?
plexus. The spinal cord and blood
2
(A) Space deep to the pia mater vessels lie deep to the pia mater.
The space between the arachnoid
(B) Space between the arachnoid and dura maters is the subdural
and dura maters space, which contains a film of
fluid. The subarachnoid space
(C) Subduralspace
contains cerebrospinal fluid
(D) Epidural space (CSF).

(E) Subarachnoidspace
:
 A 42-year-old woman with
metastatic breast cancer is
known to have tumors in the
intervertebral foramina between
the fourth and fifth cervical
vertebrae and between the fourth
and fifth thoracic verte- brae.
Which of the following spinal
nerves may be damaged?
(A) Fourth cervical and fourth
3 thoracic nerves
(B) Fifth cervical and fifth thoracic
nerves
(C) Fourth cervical and fifth
thoracic nerves
(D) Fifth cervical and fourth
thoracic nerves
The Answer is D.
All cervical spinal nerves exit
through the intervertebral
foramina above the
corresponding vertebrae, except
the eighth cervical nerves, which
run inferior to the seventh cervical
vertebra. All other spinal nerves
exit the intervertebral foramina
below the corresponding
vertebrae. Therefore, the fifth
cervical nerve passes between
the fourth and fifth cervical
vertebrae, and the fourth thoracic
nerve runs between the fourth
and fifth thoracic vertebrae.

(E) Third cervical and fourth

thoracic nerves
:
 A 39-year-old woman with
headaches presents to her
primary care physician with a
possible herniated disk. Her
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scan reveals that the
posterolateral protrusion of the
interverte- bral disk between L4
and L5 vertebrae would most
4 likely affect nerve roots of which
of the following spinal nerves?
(A) Third lumbar nerve
(B) Fourth lumbar nerve
(C) Fifth lumbar nerve
(D) First sacral nerve
(E) Second sacral nerve
:
The Answer is C.
A posterolateral herniation of the
intervertebral disk at disk level
L4–L5 affects the fifth lumbar
nerve root but rarely affects the
fourth lumbar nerve root because
of a progressive descending
obliquity of the fourth and fifth
lumbar nerve roots. The first
seven cervical nerves exit above
the corresponding vertebra, and
the eighth cervical nerve exits
below the seventh cervical
vertebra because there are eight
cervical nerves but only seven
cervical vertebrae. The rest of the
spinal nerves exit below their
corresponding vertebrae.
 A 57-year-old woman comes into
her physician’s office complaining
of fever, nau- sea, vomiting, and The Answer is C.
the worst headache of her life.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is
Tests and physical examination
absorbed into the venous system
suggest hydrocephalus (widening
primarily through the arachnoid
ventricles) result- ing from a
villi projecting into the cranial
decrease in the absorption of cer-
dural venous sinuses, particularly
ebrospinal fluid (CSF). A decrease
the superior sagittal sinus. CSF is
of flow in the CSF through which
5 of the following structures would
produced by the choroid
plexuses of the ventricles of the
be responsible for these findings?
brain and is circulated in the
(A) Choroid plexus subarachnoid space, in which
subarachnoid trabeculae are also
(B) Vertebral venous plexus found. The vertebral venous
plexus and internal jugular vein
(C) Arachnoidvilli
are not involved in the absorption
(D) Internal jugular vein of CSF.

(E) Subarachnoid trabeculae

:
 After a 26-year-old man’s car was
broad- sided by a large truck, he
is brought to the emergency
department with multiple frac-
tures of the transverse processes The Answer is B.
of the cervical and upper thoracic
The levator scapulae arise from
vertebrae. Which of the following
the transverse processes of the
muscles might be affected?
6 upper cervical vertebrae and
(A) Trapezius inserts on the medial border of
the scapula. The other muscles
(B) Levator scapulae are attached to the spinous
processes of the vertebrae.
(C) Rhomboidmajor

(D) Serratus posterior superior

(E) Rectus capitis posterior major

:
 A 27-year-old mountain climber
falls from a steep rock wall and is
brought to the emer- gency
department. His physical
examination and computed
tomography (CT) scan reveal
dislocation fracture of the upper
thoracic vertebrae. The fractured
body of the T4 ver- tebra
7 articulates with which of the
following parts of the ribs?
(A) Head of the third rib
(B) Neck of the fourth rib
(C) Tubercle of the fourth rib
(D) Head of the fifth rib
(E) Tubercle of the fifth rib
:
The Answer is D.
The body of vertebra T4
articulates with the heads of the
fourth and fifth ribs. The body of
the T3 vertebra articulates with
the head of the third and fourth
ribs. The neck of a rib does not
articulate with any part of the
vertebra. The transverse process
of the vertebra articulates with
the tubercle of the corresponding
rib. Therefore, the trans- verse
process of vertebra T4 articulates
with the tubercle of the fourth rib.
 A young toddler presents to her
pediatrician with rather new onset
of bowel and bladder dysfunction The Answer is C.
and loss of the lower limb
Meningomyelocele is protrusion
function. Her mother had not
of the meninges and spinal cord
taken enough folic acid (to the
through the unfused arch of the
point of a deficiency) during her
vertebra. A sufficient amount of
pregnancy. On examina- tion, the
folic acid during preg- nancy is
child has protrusion of the spinal
shown to prevent these kinds of
cord and meninges and is
8 diagnosed with which of the
neural tube defects. Spina bifida
occulta is failure of the vertebral
following conditions?
arch to fuse (bony defect only).
(A) Spina bifida occulta Meningocele is protrusion of the
meninges through the defective
(B) Meningocele vertebral arch. Syringomyelocele
is protrusion of the meninges and
(C) Meningomyelocele
a pathologic tubular cavity in the
(D) Myeloschisis spinal cord or brain.

(E) Syringomyelocele
:
 A 34-year-old woman crashes
into a tree during a skiing lesson
and is brought to a hospital with
multiple injuries that impinge the
The Answer is D.
dorsal primary rami of several
spinal nerves. Such lesions could The dorsal primary rami of the
affect which of the following spinal nerves innervate the deep
muscles? muscles of the back, including
9
the iliocostalis. The other muscles
(A) Rhomboid major are the superficial muscles of the
back, which are innervated by the
(B) Levator scapulae
ventral primary rami of the spinal
(C) Serratus posterior superior nerves.

(D) Iliocostalis

(E) Latissimus dorsi

:
 During a domestic dispute, a 16-
year-old boy receives a deep stab
wound around the superior angle
of the scapula near the medial
border, which injures both the The Answer is B.
dorsal scapular and spinal
accessory nerves. Such an injury The dorsal scapular nerve
could result in paralysis or weak- innervates the levator scapulae
ness of which of the following and rhomboid muscles, whereas
muscles? the accessory nerve innervates
the trapezius and
10 (A) Trapezius and serratus
sternocleidomastoid muscles.
posterior superior The serratus posterior superior is
innervated by ventral primary
(B) Rhomboid major and
rami of the spi- nal nerves,
trapezius
whereas the splenius cervicis and
(C) Rhomboid minor and erector spinae are innervated by
latissimus dorsi dorsal pri- mary rami of the spinal
nerves.
(D) Splenius cervicis and
sternocleidomastoid

(E) Levator scapulae and erector

spinae
:

An elderly man at a nursing home
is known to have degenerative
brain disease. When
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is
withdrawn by lumbar puncture for
further examination, which of the
following structures is most likely
penetrated by the needle?
11
(A) Pia mater
(B) Filum terminale externum
(C) Posterior longitudinal ligament
(D) Ligamentum flavum
(E) Annulus fibrosus
:
The Answer is D.
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is
located in the subarachnoid
space, between the arachnoid
layer and the pia mater. In a
lumbar puncture, the needle
pene- trates the skin, fascia,
ligamentum flavum, epidural
space, dura mater, subdural
space, and arachnoid mater. The
pia mater forms the internal
boundary of the subarachnoid
space; thus, it cannot be
penetrated by needle. The
posterior longitudinal ligament
lies anterior to the spinal cord;
thus, it is not penetrated by the
needle. The filum terminale
externum is the downward
prolongation of the spinal dura
mater from the second sacral
vertebra to the dorsum of the
coccyx. The annulus fibrosus
consists of concentric layers of
fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage
surrounding and retaining the
nucleus pulposus of the
intervertebral disk, which lies
anterior to the spinal cord.
 A 27-year-old stuntman is thrown
out of his vehicle prematurely
when the car used for a particular
scene speeds out of control. His
spinal cord is crushed at the level
of the fourth lumbar spinal
segment. Which of the following
structures would most likely be
12 spared from destruction?
(A) Dorsal horn
(B) Ventral horn
(C) Lateralhorn
(D) Gray matter
(E) Pia mater
:
The Answer is C.
The lateral horns, which contain
sympathetic preganglionic neuron
cell bodies, are present between
the first thoracic and second
lumbar spinal cord levels (T1–L2).
The lateral horns of the second,
third, and fourth sacral spinal
cord levels (S2–S4) contain
parasympathetic preganglionic
neuron cell bodies. The entire
spinal cord is sur- rounded by the
pia mater and has the dorsal
horn, ventral horn, and gray
matter. Note that the fourth
lumbar spinal cord level is not the
same as the fourth vertebral level.
 A 24-year-old woman comes to a
hospital to deliver her baby. Her The Answer is B.
obstetrician uses a caudal
Caudal (epidural) anesthesia is
anesthesia during labor and child-
used to block the spinal nerves in
birth to block the spinal nerves in
the epidural space by injecting
the epidural space. Local
local anesthetic agents via the
anesthetic agents are most likely
sacral hiatus located between the
injected via which of the following
sacral cornua. An intervertebral
13 openings?
foramen transmits the dorsal and
(A) Intervertebral foramen ventral primary rami of the spinal
nerves. The vertebral canal
(B) Sacral hiatus accommodates the spinal cord.
Dorsal and ventral sacral
(C) Vertebral canal
foramina transmit the dorsal and
(D) Dorsal sacral foramen ventral primary rami of the sacral
nerves.
(E) Ventral sacral foramen
:
 In a freak hunting accident, a 17-
year- old boy was shot with an
arrow that penetrated into his
suboccipital triangle, injuring the The Answer is C.
suboccipital nerve between the
The splenius capitis is innervated
vertebral artery and the posterior
by dorsal primary rami of the
arch of the atlas. Which of the
middle and lower cervical nerves.
following muscles would be
The suboccipital nerve (dorsal
14 unaffected by such a lesion?
primary ramus of C1) supplies the
(A) Rectus capitis posterior major muscles of the suboccipital area
including the rectus capitis
(B) Semispinalis capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis
superior and inferior, and the
(C) Spleniuscapitis
semispinalis capitis.
(D) Obliquus capitis superior

(E) Obliquus capitis inferior

:
 A 26-year-old heavyweight boxer
was punched on his mandible,
resulting in a slight subluxation
(dislocation) of the atlantoaxial
joint. The consequence of the
The Answer is E.
injury was decreased range of
motion at that joint. What The atlantoaxial joints are
movement would be most synovial joints that consist of two
15 affected? plane joints and one pivot joint
and are involved primarily in
(A) Extension rotation of the head. Other
(B) Flexion movements do not occur at this
joint.
(C) Abduction

(D) Adduction

(E) Rotation
:

A crush injury of the vertebral
column can cause the spinal cord
to swell. Which structure would
be trapped between the dura and
the vertebral body by the swelling
spinal cord?
16 (A) Anterior longitudinal ligament
(B) Alar ligament
(C) Posterior longitudinal ligament
(D) Cruciform ligament
(E) Ligamentum nuchae
:
The Answer is C.
The posterior longitudinal
ligament interconnects the
vertebral bodies and
intervertebral disks posteriorly
and runs anterior to the spinal
cord within the verte- bral canal.
The ligamentum nuchae is formed
by supraspinous ligaments that
extend from the seventh cervical
vertebra to the external occipital
protuberance and crest. The
anterior longitudinal ligament runs
anterior to the vertebral bodies.
The alar and cruciform liga-
ments also lie anterior to the
spinal cord.
 A 44-year-old woman comes to
her physician and complains of
headache and back- ache. On
examination, she is found to have
fluid accumulated in the spinal
epidural space because of
damage to blood vessels or
meninges. Which of the following
structures is most likely ruptured?
17
(A) Vertebral artery
(B) Vertebral vein
(C) External vertebral venous
plexus
(D) Internal vertebral venous
plexus
(E) Lumbarcistern
:
The Answer is D.
The internal vertebral venous
plexus is located in the spinal
epidural space. The vertebral
artery and vein occupy the
transverse foramina of the upper
six cervi- cal vertebrae. The
external vertebral
These venous plexus
Study Flashcards
consists of the anterior part,
which lies in front of the vertebral
column, and the posterior part,
which lies on the vertebral arch.
The lumbar cistern is the
enlargement of the subarachnoid
space between the inferior end of
the spinal cord and the inferior
end of the subarachnoid space.
The Answer is D.
The internal vertebral venous
plexus is located in the spinal
epidural space. The vertebral
artery and vein occupy the
transverse foramina of the upper
six cervi- cal vertebrae. The
external vertebral venous plexus
consists of the anterior part,
which lies in front of the vertebral
column, and the posterior part,
which lies on the vertebral arch.
The lumbar cistern is the
enlargement of the subarachnoid
space between the inferior end of
the spinal cord and the inferior
end of the subarachnoid space.

A 69-year-old man has an
abnormally increased curvature of
the thoracic vertebral column.
Which of the following conditions
is the most likely diagnosis?
18 (A) Lordosis
(B) Spina bifida occulta
(C) Meningocele
(D) Meningomyelocele
(E) Kyphosis
:
The Answer is E.
Kyphosis (hunchback or
humpback) is an abnormally
increased tho- racic curvature,
usually resulting from
osteoporosis. Lordosis is an
abnormal accentua- tion of the
Study
lumbar These Spina
curvature. Flashcards
bifida
occulta is failure of the vertebral
arch to fuse (bony defect only).
Meningocele is a protrusion of the
meninges through the unfused
arch of the vertebra, whereas
meningomyelocele is a protrusion
of the spinal cord and the
meninges.
The Answer is E.
Kyphosis (hunchback or
humpback) is an abnormally
increased tho- racic curvature,
usually resulting from
osteoporosis. Lordosis is an
abnormal accentua- tion of the
lumbar curvature. Spina bifida
occulta is failure of the vertebral
arch to fuse (bony defect only).
Meningocele is a protrusion of the
meninges through the unfused
arch of the vertebra, whereas
meningomyelocele is a protrusion
of the spinal cord and the
meninges.

During a snowstorm, a 52-year-
old man is brought to the
emergency department after a
multiple car accident. Which of
the following conditions is
produced by a force that drives
the trunk forward while the head
lags behind in a rear-end
19 automobile collision?
(A) Scoliosis
(B) Hangman’s fracture
(C) Meningomyelocele
(D) Whiplash injury
(E) Herniated disk
:
The Answer is D.
Whiplash injury of the neck is
produced by a force that drives
the trunk forward while the head
lags behind. Scoliosis is a lateral
deviation resulting from unequal
growth of the spinal column.
Hangman’s fracture is a fracture
Study
of the These
neural Flashcards
arch through the
pedicle of the axis that may occur
as a result of hanging or motor
vehicle accidents. Menin-
gomyelocele is a protrusion of the
spinal cord and its meninges. A
herniated disk com- presses the
spinal nerve roots when the
nucleus pulposus is protruded
The Answer is D.
through the annulus fibrosus.
Whiplash injury of the neck is
produced by a force that drives
the trunk forward while the head
lags behind. Scoliosis is a lateral
deviation resulting from unequal
growth of the spinal column.
Hangman’s fracture is a fracture
of the neural arch through the
pedicle of the axis that may occur
as a result of hanging or motor
vehicle accidents. Menin-
gomyelocele is a protrusion of the
spinal cord and its meninges. A
herniated disk com- presses the
spinal nerve roots when the
nucleus pulposus is protruded
through the annulus fibrosus.

A 37-year-old man is brought to
the emergency department with a
crushed second cervical vertebra
(axis) that he suffered after a
stack of pallets fell on him at
work. Which of the following
structures would be intact after
the accident?
20
(A) Alar ligament
(B) Apical ligament
(C) Semispinalis cervicis muscle
(D) Rectus capitis posterior minor
(E) Obliquus capitis inferior
:
The Answer is D.
The rectus capitis posterior minor
arises from the posterior tubercle
of the atlas and inserts on the
occipital bone below the inferior
nuchal line. The alar ligament
extends from the apex of the
dens to the medial side of the
occipital bone. The apical liga-
ment Study These
extends fromFlashcards
the dens of
the axis to the anterior aspect of
the foramen magnum of the
occipital bone. The semispinalis
cervicis arises from the
transverse processes and inserts
on the spinous processes. The
obliquus capitis inferior originates
The Answer is D.
from the spine of the axis and
inserts on the
The rectus transverse
capitis process
posterior minor
of the atlas.
arises from the posterior tubercle
of the atlas and inserts on the
occipital bone below the inferior
nuchal line. The alar ligament
extends from the apex of the
dens to the medial side of the
occipital bone. The apical liga-
ment extends from the dens of
the axis to the anterior aspect of
the foramen magnum of the
occipital bone. The semispinalis
cervicis arises from the
transverse processes and inserts
on the spinous processes. The
obliquus capitis inferior originates
from the spine of the axis and
inserts on the transverse process
of the atlas.

A middle-aged coal miner injures
his back after an accidental
explosion. His magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) scan
reveals that his spinal cord has
shifted to the right because the
lateral extensions of the pia mater
were torn. Function of which of
the following structures is most
21 likely impaired?
(A) Filum terminale internum
(B) Coccygeal ligament
(C) Denticulateligament
(D) Choroid plexus
(E) Tectorialmembrane
:
The Answer is C.
The denticulate ligament is a
lateral extension of the pia mater.
The filum terminale (internum) is
an inferior extension of the pia
mater from the tip of the conus
medullaris. The coccygeal
ligament, which is also called the
filum terminale externum or the
filumStudy
of theThese Flashcards
dura, extends from
the tip of the dural sac to the
coccyx. The vascular choroid
plexuses produce the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the
ventricles of the brain. The
tectorial membrane is an upward
extension of the posterior
The Answer is C.
longitudinal ligaments from the
body of the axisligament
The denticulate to the basilar
is a
part of the occipital bone.
lateral extension of the pia mater.
The filum terminale (internum) is
an inferior extension of the pia
mater from the tip of the conus
medullaris. The coccygeal
ligament, which is also called the
filum terminale externum or the
filum of the dura, extends from
the tip of the dural sac to the
coccyx. The vascular choroid
plexuses produce the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the
ventricles of the brain. The
tectorial membrane is an upward
extension of the posterior
longitudinal ligaments from the
body of the axis to the basilar
part of the occipital bone.
 A 25-year-old man with
congenital abnormalities at birth
has a lesion of the dorsal
scapular nerve, making him
unable to adduct his scapula.
Which of the following muscles is
most likely paralyzed?
22
(A) Semispinalis capitis
(B) Rhomboid major
(C) Multifidus
(D) Rotator longus
(E) Iliocostalis
:
The Answer is B.
The rhomboid major is a
superficial muscle of the back; is
innervated by the dorsal scapular
nerve, which arises from the
ventral primary ramus of the fifth
Study
cervical These
nerve; andFlashcards
adducts the
scapula. The semispinalis capitis,
multifidus, rotator longus, and
iliocostalis muscles are deep
muscles of the back; are
innervated by dorsal primary rami
of the spinal nerves; and have no
attachment to the scapula.
The Answer is B.
The rhomboid major is a
superficial muscle of the back; is
innervated by the dorsal scapular
nerve, which arises from the
ventral primary ramus of the fifth
cervical nerve; and adducts the
scapula. The semispinalis capitis,
multifidus, rotator longus, and
iliocostalis muscles are deep
muscles of the back; are
innervated by dorsal primary rami
of the spinal nerves; and have no
attachment to the scapula.

After an automobile accident, a
back muscle that forms the
boundaries of the triangle of
auscultation and the lumbar
triangle receives no blood. Which
of the following muscles might be
ischemic?
23
(A) Levator scapulae
(B) Rhomboid minor
(C) Latissimus dorsi
(D) Trapezius
(E) Spleniuscapitis
:
The Answer is C.
The latissimus dorsi forms
boundaries of the auscultation
and lumbar triangles and receives
blood from the thoracodorsal
artery. The levator scapulae,
rhomboid minor, and splenius
capitis muscles do not form
boundaries of these two triangles.
Study These Flashcards
The trapezius muscle forms a
boundary of the auscultation
triangle but not the lumbar trian-
gle. The levator scapulae,
rhomboid minor, and trapezius
muscles receive blood from the
transverse cervical artery. The
splenius capitis muscle receives
The Answer is C.
blood from the occipital and
transverse cervical
The latissimus dorsiarteries.
forms
boundaries of the auscultation
and lumbar triangles and receives
blood from the thoracodorsal
artery. The levator scapulae,
rhomboid minor, and splenius
capitis muscles do not form
boundaries of these two triangles.
The trapezius muscle forms a
boundary of the auscultation
triangle but not the lumbar trian-
gle. The levator scapulae,
rhomboid minor, and trapezius
muscles receive blood from the
transverse cervical artery. The
splenius capitis muscle receives
blood from the occipital and
transverse cervical arteries.
 A 38-year-old woman with a long
history of shoulder pain is
admitted to a hospital for surgery.
Which of the following muscles
becomes ischemic soon after
ligation of the superficial or
ascending branch of the trans-
verse cervical artery?
24
(A) Latissimus dorsi
(B) Multifidus
(C) Trapezius
(D) Rhomboid major
(E) Longissimus capitis
:
The Answer is C.
The trapezius receives blood from
the superficial branch of the
trans- verse cervical artery. The
latissimus dorsi receives blood
fromStudy These Flashcards
the thoracodorsal artery. The
rhomboid major receives blood
from the deep or descending
branch of the transverse cervical
artery. The multifidus and
longissimus capitis receive blood
from the segmental arteries.
The Answer is C.
The trapezius receives blood from
the superficial branch of the
trans- verse cervical artery. The
latissimus dorsi receives blood
from the thoracodorsal artery. The
rhomboid major receives blood
from the deep or descending
branch of the transverse cervical
artery. The multifidus and
longissimus capitis receive blood
from the segmental arteries.
 A 25-year-old soldier suffers a
gunshot wound on the lower part
of his back and is unable to move
his legs. A neurologic exami-
nation and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scan reveal injury
of the cauda equina. Which of the
following is most likely damaged?
25 (A) Dorsal primary rami
(B) Ventral primary rami
(C) Dorsal roots of the thoracic
spinal nerves
(D) Ventral roots of the sacral
spinal nerves
(E) Lumbar spinal nerves
When the internal vertebral
26 venous plexusis ruptured,venous
blood may spread into which
tissue and space?
:
The Answer is D.
The cauda equina is the
collection of dorsal and ventral
roots of the lower lumbar and
sacral spinal nerves below the
Study These Flashcards
spinal cord. Dorsal and ventral
primary rami and dorsal roots of
the thoracic spinal nerves and
lumbar spinal nerves do not par-
ticipate in the formation of the
cauda equina.
The Answer is D.
The cauda equina is the
collection of dorsal and ventral
roots of the lower lumbar and
sacral spinal nerves below the
The
spinalAnswer is E. and ventral
cord. Dorsal
primary rami and dorsal roots of
Epidural fat is shown in the
the thoracic spinal nerves and
magnetic resonance imaging
lumbar
(MRI)
spinal nerves
Study
scan.These
do not par-
Flashcards
In addition, the
ticipate in the formation of the
internal vertebral venous plexus
cauda equina.
lies in the epidural space; thus,
venous blood from the plexus
may spread into epidural fat.
The Answer is E.
Epidural fat is shown in the
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scan. In addition, the
 The Answer is C.
Dorsal and ventral roots of the
The Study
cauda These
equina Flashcards
is formed by a
27 lower lumbar and sacral nerves
are lacerated. Which structure is great lash of the dorsal and
most likely damaged? ventral roots of the lumbar and
sacral nerves.

The Answer is B.

The conus medullaris is a conical

end of the spinal cord and
The spinal cord is crushed at the terminates
The AnsweratistheC. level of the L2
28 level of the upper part of the first Study These Flashcardsdisk
vertebra or the intervertebral
lumbar vertebra. Which structure The cauda
between L1equina
and L2isvertebrae.
formed byAa
is most likely damaged? great lash
spinal cordofinjury
the dorsal
at the and
level of
ventral roots of the lumbar and
the upper part of the first lumbar
sacral nerves.
vertebra damages the conus
medullaris.

The Answer is B.

The conus medullaris is a conical

end of the spinal cord and
terminates at the level of the L2
vertebra or the intervertebral disk
between L1 and L2 vertebrae. A
spinal cord injury at the level of
the upper part of the first lumbar
vertebra damages the conus
medullaris.
:
 The Answer is A.

The intervertebral disk lies

Which structure may herniate
29 through the annulus fibrosus,
thereby impinging on the roots of
the spinal nerve?
between the bodies of two
vertebrae and con- sists of a
central mucoid substance, the
Study
nucleus These Flashcards
pulposus, and a
surrounding fibrous tis- sue and
fibrocartilage, the annulus
fibrosus. The nucleus pulposus
may herniate through the annulus
fibrosus, thereby impinging on the
roots of the spinal nerves.

The Answer is A.

The intervertebral disk lies

between the bodies of two
The Answer is D.
vertebrae and con- sists of a
central
The mucoid substance,
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)theis
nucleus
found in pulposus,
the lumbarand a
cistern, which
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is surrounding fibrous tis-
is a subarachnoid space in the sue and
produced by vascular choroid fibrocartilage,
lumbar area. the is
CSF annulus
produced by
30 plexuses in the ventricles of the
Study These
fibrosus. choroid
The nucleus
Flashcards
pulposus
vascular plexuses in the
brain and accumulated in which may herniate through the annulus
ventricles of the brain, circulated
space? fibrosus,
in thereby impinging
the subarachnoid on the
space, and
roots ofinto
filtered the the
spinal nerves.
venous system
through the arachnoid villi and
arachnoid granulations.

The Answer is D.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is

Key Links found in the lumbar cistern, which
is a subarachnoid space in the
Pricing lumbar area. CSF is produced by
vascular choroid plexuses in the
ventricles of the brain, circulated
in the subarachnoid space, and
filtered into the venous system
:
 Pricing

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