Ultrafiltration

Start with the exercise

Department of Food

Process Engineering
 Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The
rejection coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate
recovery is 0.9. It is desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and Go to question a
retentate.
b. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate. Go to question b
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg per hour water is added
to the retentate of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane.
This process is called diafiltration.
c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration Go to question c
process. Also calculate the composition of both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the Go to question d
feed).

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Question a
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Check answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 1 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 1
Make a drawing of the process.

Go to hint
Department of Food
Check drawing of the process
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 1 hint
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 1
Make a drawing of the process. Use the symbol below for all the membrane processes, to distinguish the
flow of the permeate and the retentate. Also write down all the values that are given.

Department of Food
Check drawing of the process
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 1 answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 1
Make a drawing of the process. Use the symbol below for all the membrane processes, to distinguish the
flow of the permeate and the retentate. Also write down all the values that are given.

Feed F Permeate P
2% protein
5% salts
500 kg/h
Retentate R
Rprotein = 0.95
Rsalt = 0.04
S = 0.9

Department of Food
Continue with step 2
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 2 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

a. 1. b. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.

c. 1. d. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 2 answer a
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

Incorrect a. 1. b. 1.
2. 2.
We indeed start 3. 3.
to calculate the
mass of the 4. 4.
permeate and the
retentate.
However, we only
have one known c. 1. d. 1.
mass fraction, so
2. 2.
you can not use
the third equation 3. 3.
yet. 4. 4.
Try again 5. 5.

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 2 answer b
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

a. 1. b. 1. Correct

2. 2. Click on the
3. 3. equations for
4. 4. an explanation.

Go to step 3

c. 1. d. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 2 answer b

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
correct f1
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

b. 1. Correct
The permeate recovery defines the ratio between
permeate and feed. By using this equation, the 2. Click on the
mass of the permeate can be calculated. 3. equations for
4. an explanation.

Go to step 3

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 2 answer b

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
correct f2
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

b. 1. Correct
Using the mass balance, the mass of the retentate
can be calculated. 2. Click on the
3. equations for
4. an explanation.

Go to step 3

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 2 answer b

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
correct f3
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

b. 1. Correct
By using this equation, the composition of the
retentate can be calculated. 2. Click on the
3. equations for
4. an explanation.

Go to step 3

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 2 answer b

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
correct f4
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

b. 1. Correct
By using the component balance, the composition
of the permeate can be calculated. 2. Click on the
3. equations for
4. an explanation.

Go to step 3

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 2 answer c
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

a. 1. b. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
Incorrect 4. 4.
We indeed need
to use the mass
balance, but we
only have one c. 1. d. 1.
known mass. 2. 2.
Start with a
equations where 3. 3.
you have one 4. 4.
unknown value. 5. 5.
Try again

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 2 answer d
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the size and composition of the permeate, different equations need to be used. Which ones
need to be used and in what order?

a. 1. b. 1.
Incorrect
2. 2.
3. 3. We indeed start
4. 4. to calculate the
mass of the
permeate and the
retentate.
However, we only
c. 1. d. 1. have one known
2. 2. mass fraction, so
you can not use
3. 3.
the third
4. 4. equation.
5. 5.
Try again

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 3 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.

Go to hint
Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 3 hint 1 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.

Go to next hint
Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 3 hint 1 answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour

Go to next hint
Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 3 hint 2 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.

Go to next hint
Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 3 hint 2 answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a, step 3 answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

The size of the permeate is 450 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.0069, of salt 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.138, of salt 0.052.

Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 3 answer back to

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
intro
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

The size of the permeate is 450 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.0069, of salt 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.138, of salt 0.052.
Go back to Step by Step approach
Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 3 answer back to

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
hint 1 intro
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

The size of the permeate is 450 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.0069, of salt 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.138, of salt 0.052.
Go back to Step by Step approach
Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 3 answer back to

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
hint 1 answer
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

The size of the permeate is 450 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.0069, of salt 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.138, of salt 0.052.
Go back to Step by Step approach
Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question a, step 3 answer back to

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
hint 2 intro
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

The size of the permeate is 450 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.0069, of salt 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.138, of salt 0.052.
Go back to Step by Step approach
Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a short answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Answer
The size of the permeate is 450 kg/hour. The mass fraction in the permeate of protein is 0.0069, the mass
fraction of salt is 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/hour. The mass fraction in the retentate of protein is 0.138, the mass
fraction of salt is 0.052.

Go to Step by Step approach

Check full answer
Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question a full answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Full answer
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 500 = 450 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 500 – 450 = 50 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt

0.02 ∙ 500 = xp,P ∙ 450 + 0.138 ∙50  xp,P =0.0069 0.05 ∙ 500 = xs,P ∙ 450 + 0.052 ∙50  xs,P
=0.0498

The size of the permeate is 450 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.0069, of salt 0.0498.
The size of the retentate is 50 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.138, of salt 0.052.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Continue with question b
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Question b
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Check answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 1 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 1
Choose the correct equations

Department of Food
Check the equations
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 1 answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 1
Choose the correct equations
To evaluate the system performance under different conditions, yield and purity can be calculated.
The yield is defined as the mass of the target component i present in the permeate or retentate, relative to
the amount of that same component present in the feed stream, calculated by:

The purity is the weight percentage of the target component i in any given stream, calculated by:

Department of Food
Continue with step 2
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 2 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct values.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.02, mRetentate = 500, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 450

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.02 , ∑xsolutes = 0.07

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, ∑xsolutes = 0.07

c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19

d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.95, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.95, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 2 answer a
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct values.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.02, mRetentate = 500, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 450 Incorrect
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.02 , ∑xsolutes = 0.07
The mass fraction of protein in the
retentate and feed are incorrect: the
b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 mass fraction in the retentate should be
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, ∑xsolutes = 0.07 higher than in the feed. Also the sum of
the solutes is not correct.
c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 Try again
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19

d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.95, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.95, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 2 answer b
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct values.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.02, mRetentate = 500, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 450 Incorrect
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.02 , ∑xsolutes = 0.07
The mass fraction of protein in the
retentate and feed are incorrect: the
b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 mass fraction in the retentate should be
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, ∑xsolutes = 0.07 higher than in the feed. Also the sum of
the solutes is not correct.
c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 Try again
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19

d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.95, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.95, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection

Question b step 2 answer c

coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a. Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
b.
correct
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct values.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.02, mRetentate = 500, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 450

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.02 , ∑xsolutes = 0.07

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, ∑xsolutes = 0.07 Correct

The mass fraction of proteins in the

c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 retentate and feed, and the size of the
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19 retentate have been calculated in
question a. The sum of the solutes is the
fraction of protein and salt.
d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.95, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.95, ∑xsolutes = 0.19 Go to step 3

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 2 answer d
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 2
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct values.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.02, mRetentate = 500, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 450

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.02 , ∑xsolutes = 0.07

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.0069, ∑xsolutes = 0.07 Incorrect

c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 The mass fraction of the protein in the
retentate is incorrect: this is the rejection
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19 coefficient. The sum of solutes should be
more than the mass fraction of one of
d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.95, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 the components.
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.95, ∑xsolutes = 0.19 Try again

Department of Food

Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 3 intro
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Calculate the protein yield and purity, by using the correct equations and values.

Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b step 3 answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Step 3
Calculate the protein yield and purity, by using the correct equation and data.

The protein yield is 69%, the protein purity is 72.8%.

Department of Food
Continue with question c
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b short answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Answer
The protein yield is 69%, the protein purity is 72.8%.

Go to Step by Step approach

Check full answer
Department of Food
Continue with question c
Process Engineering
Ultrafiltration is applied to concentrate a protein solution. The feed contains 2% protein and 5% salts. The rejection
coefficient of the protein is 0.95, while the rejection coefficient of the salt is 0.04. The permeate recovery is 0.9. It is
desired to treat 500 kg per hour.
a.

b.
Question b full answer
Calculate the size and the composition of the permeate and retentate.
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate.

Full answer

The protein yield is 69%, the protein purity is 72.8%.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Continue with question c
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c
c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Question c
Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the
composition of both permeate and retentate.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Check answer
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 1 intro

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
Make a drawing of the process.

Department of Food
Check drawing of the process
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 1 answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
Make a drawing of the process.

Water
150 kg/h
Permeate P
Feed F
13.8% protein
5.2% salts
50 kg/h
Retentate R
Rprotein = 0.95
Rsalt = 0.04
S = 0.9

Department of Food
Continue with step 2
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 intro

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208

d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 answer a

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 Incorrect

b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 The size of the feed is the retentate of question a plus
the water. Because water is added to the retentate,
the concentration of the proteins and salt is changed.
c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208
Try again
d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 answer b

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 Incorrect

b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 The size of the feed is the retentate of question a plus
the water. Because water is added to the retentate,
the concentration of the proteins and salt is changed.
c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208
Try again
d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 answer c

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

Incorrect
b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052
The size of the feed is the retentate of question a plus
the water.
c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208
Try again
d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 answer d

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

Incorrect
c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208
Because water is added to the retentate, the
concentration of the proteins and salt is changed.
d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052
Try again
e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 answer e correct

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208

d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

Correct

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013 Click on the data for an explanation.

Continue with step 3

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate

Question c step 2 answer e correct

of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.
c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d.
explanation mf
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 The mass of the feed during diafiltration is the mass
of the retentate of question a (50 kg/h) + the mass of
the water (150 kg/h).
b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208

d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

Correct

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013 Click on the data for an explanation.

Continue with step 3

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate

Question c step 2 answer e correct

of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.
c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d.
explanation xp,F
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 Because water is added to the retentate, the
concentration of the proteins is changed; it is 4 times
diluted. The mass fraction of proteins in the feed is
b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 therefore 0.138/4 = 0.0345

c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208

d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

Correct

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013 Click on the data for an explanation.

Continue with step 3

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate

Question c step 2 answer e correct

of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.
c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d.
explanation xs,F
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 Because water is added to the retentate, the
concentration of the salt is changed; it is 4 times
diluted. The mass fraction of proteins in the feed is
b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 therefore 0.052/4 = 0.013

c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208

d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

Correct

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013 Click on the data for an explanation.

Continue with step 3

f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 2 answer f

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Select a basis for calculation.

a. mF = 50 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

b. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052

c. mF = 150 kg, xp,F = 0.552, xs,F = 0.208

d. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.138, xs,F = 0.052 Incorrect

The size of the feed is the retentate of question aplus

e. mF = 200 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013 the water.

Try again
f. mF = 450 kg, xp,F = 0.0345, xs,F = 0.013

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 3 intro

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 3
Make the calculations.

Go to hint
Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 3 hint

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the mass of the permeate, using the permeate recovery.
Calculate the mass of the retentate, using the mass balance.
2. Calculate the mass fraction of one of the components in the retentate.
Calculate the mass fraction for the same component in the permeate, using the component balance.
Repeat step 2 for the other component.

Department of Food
Go to calculations
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c step 3 answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 3
Make the calculations.
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 200 = 180 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 200 – 180 = 20 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.0345 ∙ 200 = xp,P ∙ 180 + 0.238 ∙20  xp,P =0.012 0.013 ∙ 200 = xs,P ∙ 180 + 0.0135 ∙20  xs,P =0.0129

The size of the permeate is 180 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.012, of salt 0.0129.
The size of the retentate is 20 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.238, of salt 0.0135.

Department of Food
Continue with question d
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c short answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Answer

The size of the permeate is 180 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.012, of salt 0.0129.
The size of the retentate is 20 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.238, of salt 0.0135.

Go to Step by Step approach

Check full answer
Department of Food
Continue with question d
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question c full answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of
both permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Full answer
1. Calculate the size of the permeate and retentate using the permeate recovery and the mass balance.
 mpermeate = S ∙ mFeed = 0.9 ∙ 200 = 180 kg/hour
mRetentate = mFeed – mPermeate = 200 – 180 = 20 kg/hour
2. The composition of the retentate can be calculated with the equation
Use the component balance to calculate the composition of the permeate.
Protein: Salt:

0.0345 ∙ 200 = xp,P ∙ 180 + 0.238 ∙20  xp,P =0.012 0.013 ∙ 200 = xs,P ∙ 180 + 0.0135 ∙20  xs,P =0.0129

The size of the permeate is 180 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.012, of salt 0.0129.
The size of the retentate is 20 kg/h, the mass fraction of protein is 0.238, of salt 0.0135.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Continue with question d
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d
c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Question d
Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
Check answer
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 1 intro

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct data.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.2515

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.2515

c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 50

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19

d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 50

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 1 answer a

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct data.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 Incorrect
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.2515
The data of the retentate is not correct.

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500 Try again
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.2515

c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 50

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19

d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 50

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 1 answer b

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct data.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.2515 Correct

The mass fraction of proteins in the

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500
retentate and feed, and the size of the
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.2515 retentate have been calculated in
question c. The sum of the solutes is the
c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 50 fraction of protein and salt.

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19 Continue with step 2

d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 50

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 1 answer c

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct data.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.2515

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.2515

Incorrect
c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 50
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19 You should calculate the yield and purity
compared to the feed of question a.
d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 50
Try again
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.19

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 1 answer d

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 1
To calculate the protein yield and purity, the correct data should be used. Choose the correct data.

a. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.2515

b. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 500

Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.2515 Incorrect

c. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.138, mRetentate = 50, xp,Feed = 0.02, mFeed = 50
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.138 , ∑xsolutes = 0.19
d. Yield: xp,Retentate = 0.238, mRetentate = 20, xp,Feed = 0.138, mFeed = 50
Purity: xp,Retentate = 0.238, ∑xsolutes = 0.19
The data of the retentate is not correct.
The sum of the solutes should be higher
than the mass fraction of protein in the
retentate.
Try again

Department of Food

Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 2 intro

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Calculate the protein yield and purity, by using the correct equation and values.

Department of Food
Check full answer
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d step 2 answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Step 2
Calculate the protein yield and purity, by using the correct equation and data.

Comparison of the yield and purity in answer b, shows that by using diafiltration, the yield decreases from
69% to 48%, while the purity increases from 72.8% to 94.6%.

Department of Food
End of exercise
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d short answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Answer
Comparison of the yield and purity in answer b, shows that by using diafiltration, the yield decreases from
69% to 48%, while the purity increases from 72.8% to 94.6%.

Go to Step by Step approach

Check full answer
Department of Food
End of exercise
Process Engineering
To further increase the protein content of the retentate after ultrafiltration, 150 kg/hour water is added to the retentate
of part a. Subsequently, this mixture is again pumped over an ultrafiltration membrane, what is called diafiltration.

Question d full answer

c. Calculate the size of permeate and retentate during this diafiltration process. Also calculate the composition of both
permeate and retentate.
d. Calculate the protein yield and purity in the retentate (as compared to the feed).

Full answer

Comparison of the yield and purity in answer b, shows that by using diafiltration, the yield decreases from
69% to 48%, while the purity increases from 72.8% to 94.6%.

Go to Step by Step approach

Department of Food
End of exercise
Process Engineering