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Chapter 1-5. Edited
Chapter 1-5. Edited
Chapter 1-5. Edited
Introduction
Water is fundamental source to the community and environment and it is use for
drinking, washing, cleaning, cooking, and growing food. Without water, the plants would
die and people and animals would go thirsty. However, water supply to houses or
commercial establishments through pipes and taps become insufficient. Water is essential
to many industrial processes and power operations. Furthermore, clean drinking water is
crucial to all well-being. It is a highly technical process and one that involves many
regulations such as locating a lake or stream for an oil and gas operation, finding a prime
well location for a public utility, or identifying an intake for manufacturing operation,
resourcing.
found out that numerous countries or regions experience water scarcity, as most countries
socio-economic development, energy and food production, healthy ecosystems and for
human survival itself. Water is also at the heart of adaptation to climate change, serving
Water scarcity has a huge impact on food production. Without water, people do
not have means of watering their crops and providing food for the fast growing
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population. There is free irrigation to supply water for farmer’s need, however, it is not
sufficient to supply the increasing demand due to climate change, such as altered weather
patterns including droughts or floods, increased population, and increased human demand
according to International Water Management Institute (2015) resulting into the decrease
in water supply. Many have tried to solve this problem to have more effective ways of
agricultural production. Effective irrigation will influence the entire growth process from
seedbed preparation, germination, root growth, nutrient utilization, plant growth and
Philippines has been known to be an agricultural country. Several parts of its land
are used to grow agricultural crops including vegetables and rice. Talisay in the province
of Camarines Norte is known for its wide array of agricultural fields that highly depends
Therefore, the researchers decided to focus their study in resolving the scarcity of
water supply in irrigation for farmers Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.
The main purpose of this study is to determine the ways in resolving the scarcity
of water in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte
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1. What are the causes of water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay,
Camarines Norte?
3. What are the ways to prevent the scarcity of water supply in irrigation in
This study focused on determining the ways in resolving the scarcity of water
supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte.
This study was conducted on February 27, 2019. The respondents of this study were the
farmers inhabiting in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte. The researchers
Farmers. This study will give them knowledge regarding the best possible
methods that might be used to address the shortage of water in cultivating agricultural
crops.
Barangay officials. This will serve as their basis in regulating and formulating
resolutions regarding the irrigation systems within the vicinity of barangay. This will also
help to enhance the water supply regarding the agricultural aspects of the area.
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Community. This study will serve as an eye opener to the community to sustain
government unit since this will give them ideas to develop and improve irrigation
systems.
their studies similar to this research. This might give them data and information that may
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CHAPTER II
Water is important for agricultural uses. The related literature and related studies
show the causes of water shortage in the farmer’s irrigation which are indicated below.
Related Literature
global water scarcity assessments have been conducted to measure water supply annually.
It showed that water scarcity has been prominent and exhibited seasonal fluctuations in
water consumptions and availability (Mesfin M., Mekonnen & Arjen Y. H., 2016). Food
and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation also mentioned that agriculture is
both a major cause and casualty of the water shortage. Farming accounts for almost
seventy percent (70%) of all water withdrawals, and up to ninety five percent (95%) in
some developing countries. Water, however, is highly needed to sustain agricultural life
2015), one target set forth by the United Nations for 2030 is to ensure sustainable
withdrawal and supple of freshwater in the coming decades. Water usage for irrigation
plays an important part of this development agenda. Irrigation has been supporting
agricultural crops and has contributed to almost forty percent (40%) of the world’s food
production (Pimentel, D., Berger, B., Filiberto, D., Newton, M., Wolfe, B., Karabinakis,
E., Clark, S., Poon, E., Abbett, E. & Nandagopal, S., 2004). Humans obtain the great
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majority of their nutrients from crops and live stocks which primarily require water, land
and energy. Water shortages has already shown great impact on food supply of the world
known to have declined by 17% over the past two decades (Pimentel et al., 2004).
Philippines is one of the agricultural countries that greatly relies on growing of numerous
crops and rice varieties. Large demand of water on rice paddies and croplands are very
prominent especially in provincial parts of the country. With the continuous demand for
water, shortage is now being felt by consumers. There are several factors that have been
identified on some studies that possibly contributed to this problem some of these are
In addition, Schyns, J.F. and Booij, M.J. (2015) also presented that water has
mainly focused on blue water, but green water is also scarce, because its availability is
limited and there are completing demands for green water. Crop production, grazing
lands, forestry and terrestrial ecosystems are all sustained by green water. Recent drought
reduced dry land farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated
(Quereshi, M. E., Hanjra, M. A., & Ward, J., 2013). However, Carrasco, F. M., Garrote,
L., Iglesias, A. & Mediero, L., (2012) revealed that water scarcity is an unacceptable risk
of facing water shortages to serve water demands in the near future. Water Scarcity may
permanent due to deeper causes such as excessive demand growth, lack of infrastructure
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In the Philippines, agricultural water management dwells on improving flood
control, dam operations, planning database, steward’s capability, and irrigation system
performance also precedes the rice self-sufficiency thrust (Bonifacio S., & Labiano, n.d.).
Furthermore, water is a key element in the pursuit of food security of the world in the
next century. Researches show a warning trend that sources of water for human
consumption have increasingly become less accessible to poorer segments of the world
population in recent years. Although there are no certain findings yet indicating severe
water scarcity hitting the Philippines after weathering the El Nino phenomenon since the
early 80s, The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is currently making
policies that would protect local food security (Enriquez, B. G., 2002).
Related Studies
Layyah (n.d.) in their study entitled “Water scarcity and its impact on agriculture”
stated the importance of water for agriculture use is very high and the major source of
income for rural household is agriculture because the district does not have any minerals
or other natural resources. Water Scarcity and Future Challenges for Food Production
(Mancosu, N., 2015), revealed that in the present century, water demand has reached
critical levels in many areas of the world, especially in countries with limited water
availability and the misuse of water resources, the lack of infrastructures to supply water
and also climate change are some of the reasons for water scarcity.
In addition, Mancosu, N. (2015), define the water scarcity and elaborated the
increasing demand on water around the globe. The study also suggested different
important uses of water which will also be applicable in constructing concepts supporting
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water shortage. Furthermore, Pereira, L.S., Oweis, T. & Zairi, A. (2002) in the study
entitled “Water and agriculture: Facing water scarcity and environmental challenges”,
gave emphasis on variety of conditions that farmers, managers, engineers and researchers
are facing. A sustainable water supply for agricultural purposes is now widely needed.
problem through water management and engineering such as soil and land resource
higher water and land productivity, as well as an improved adoption of models and
information organizations.
give stress on choosing suitable policy interventions for developing agricultural water
productivity and efficiency. The understanding of these terms and the related estimation
management of irrigation (Upali A., Mutuwatta, A. L., & Sakthivadivel, R., n.d.).
Water scarcity and water irrigation from the study of Longo, F. D. and Spears, T.
D. (n.d.) reveals the potential of agriculture in solving the severing problem of water
scarcity. Water from irrigation is the central aspect of both natural resources and
environmental economics. This study provides assessments for the impacts and
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Ngima, W. P., (2011) in the study entitled “Impacts of Water Shortage in Githurai
various sectors such as; agricultural, industrial, household and recreational activities.
More or less all of these human uses demand fresh water. Ninety seven percent (97.5%)
of water on Earth is salty leaving only 2.5% as fresh water (UNDP, 2003). However, IAU
water in Iraq Factsheet (2011) in this study entitled IOMIRAQ Special Report water
traditional flood irrigation techniques, leads to water logging, rising groundwater storage.
The related literature and studies are all pertaining to water scarcity. These
literature and studies explain some factors that might cause water scarcity and how are
these affect the food supply of the community and at the same time how are these
influencing the economic status of farmers in a certain area. These varieties of facts
gathered by the researchers only showed that shortage of water is now a common
dilemma on different parts of the world and a lot of people are trying to find solution to
address this problem. This generally has a lot of similarities with the proposed problem of
the researchers and this will all be useful as basis in justifying gathered facts and ideas
The related studies such as that of Mancosu, N., (2015), Pereira, L. S., Oweis, T.
& Zairi, (2002) and Susanne M. S. and Treguer, D. O., (2016) mainly focused on water
demand in many places, how scarcity of water affects the agricultural crop production
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which are relatively similar to the present study, however, the present study include the
Theoretical Framework
The exposition of this theory provoked Blue Initiatives to utilize a verified Health
Belief Model (HBM) in the analysis. In addition, inefficient use of grey water was taken
into consideration. Most of them are aware of using grey water that can save fresh water
for other activities. The population has a large gap between these two aspects and the
Health Belief Model was applied to understand it. These two aspects under the cultivation
theory both have similar general aim, to have enough water supply.
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The
Cultivation
Theory
by
Jordan,
November 7, 2011
Best methods:
- Blue Initiatives Enough water supply
- Use of greywater
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Conceptual Framework
This study focused on the ways in resolving the scarcity of water supply in
The Conceptual Framework is composed of the steps on how the research is made
and organized to be able to achieve the main objective of the study. The framework of
this research holds within the input, processes, and output of study.
The input of this study refers to the quality and volume of water supply in free
irrigation
The process of this study indicates the possible steps and methods that will apply
to identify the output of this research. The methods used were observation, interview,
The data gathered will justify the expected output of this research to resolve the
scarcity of water supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay,
Camarines Norte.
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Resolving the Scarcity of Water
Supply in Irrigation for Farmers of
Barangay San Francisco Talisay,
Camarines Norte
Irrigation System
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Definition of Terms
These words were defined operationally as to how these were used in the study to
Constraint. It pertains to the limitation and restriction for farmers about using the
irrigation system.
Irrigation. This is the application for agricultural uses to support the needs of
Scarcity. This term refers to the shortage of supply water in the rice paddies of
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This research study used descriptive qualitative design in determining the ways of
resolving the scarcity of water supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San
Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte. This descriptive design was employed to determine
the causes in scarcity of water, how it affects the rice fields of farmers as well as the best
possible methods to prevent this problem. This study had chosen the employees of
wherein the researchers chose the employees of NIA and the farmers as the respondents
of the study. The response of the respondents to the interview guides of the researchers
were the main source of data of the study. The researchers selected fifteen (15) farmers
from Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte and five (5) employees of NIA
to be interviewed.
Instrumentation
guides wherein the researchers prepared interview guide questions administered to the
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The interview guides were divided into two (2) parts. The first part focused on the
basic profile of the respondents such as name, age, gender specific occupation and
address. This helped the proponents to make follow up questions, however, the
respondent’s profile was confidential and was solely for the research purpose of the
proponents. The second part was the interview proper, which was consisted of four (4)
subparts based on the number of the statement of the problem of the research study. The
first two (2) questions focused on the causes of water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco,
Talisay, Camarines Norte. The second part was comprised of questions giving emphasis
on the effects of water scarcity to rice fields. The third portion of the interview guide
highlighted the ways to prevent the water scarcity in the chosen Barangay. Lastly,
another three (3) questions were formulated that focused on the possible methods to
improve the irrigation water supply system was also asked by the researchers to the
respondents. Follow up questions might also be employed depending on the data that the
researchers need.
The researchers conducted personal interviews with the respondents with the use of
prepared interview guides. The interview selected twenty (20) respondents via purposive
sampling. They chose a group of farmers and the employees of NIA in order to answer
the prepared questions by the researchers. This was conducted for three (3) days until all
the respondents are interviewed. The responses of each were collated and summarized by
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Data Analysis
proponents of the study to collate the ideas and opinions of the respondents that served as
the data bank of the researchers to answer the specific questions of the study.
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CHAPTER IV
This chapter indicated the analysis presentation of data gathered from the
The researchers have collated and analyzed the responses of various respondents.
The interview revealed several causes of water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco,
Talisay, Camarines Norte. Sixteen (16) out of twenty (20) agreed that extreme heat
during summer deliberately affect the volume of water supply in barangay. In addition,
due to water shortage supply, farmers tried to spare water earlier than their expected
schedule. Several garbage thrown by the residents clog irrigation systems, thus, affecting
Scarcity in the supply of water made the farmers experience several dilemmas in
growing their crops specially rice plants. Drying of rice fields made it impossible to grow
rice abundantly. The respondents also mentioned that farmers have difficulty in
germinating the seeds of rice plants due to dryness of soil. Thus, farmers are delayed to
plant crops for the season. This leads to rice shortage in the market. Rice plants have
stunted growth due to hot condition which affects the abundance of the production. Less
production of rice causes the price to hike at a certain level; however, farmers’ gain is
deliberately lesser.
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Ways to Prevent the Water Scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines
Norte
As the researchers collated and analyzed the information from the respondents.
The interview shows the ways to prevent the water scarcity in irrigation. The government
projects can give a program which is suitable to resolve the scarcity of water supply.
Installing of water pump from every portion of the rice fields can help in drawing water
to the rice fields. Preservation program like restoring of water ways to improve the water
supply from the irrigation systems. Proper seminar for farmers about the causes and
effects of water shortage supply should also be manifested in doing such activities which
Based from the interview, the respondents suggested various methods to improve
the irrigation water supply system. The water supply in irrigation systems was not enough
to the needs of the farmers for agricultural aspects and most of the farmers always
complain about this problem, especially, to the owner of the rice fields which was located
far from the irrigation systems. Proper understanding of farmers on the usage of irrigation
systems and maintaining the cleanliness of the water ways to prevent the clogging of
water channels by various types of wastes are highly important to put into consideration.
Conducting of seminars for farmers regarding the use of irrigation systems must be
highlighted. In addition, modernizing or upgrading the irrigation systems for the efficient
service for the farmers should also be given emphasis by the authorities. In addition,
having a personal pump to each rice field can also be a way to resolve the problem.
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CHAPTER V
Summary
Determine the ways in resolving the scarcity of water in irrigation for farmers
following specific questions: (1) What are the causes of water scarcity in Barangay San
Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte? (2) How does water scarcity affect the rice fields?
(3) What are the ways to prevent the water scarcity in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay,
Camarines Norte? (4) What specific methods could be used in improving the irrigation
resolving the scarcity of water supply in irrigation for farmers of Barangay San
prepared by the researchers. Furthermore, five (5) respondents were the employees of
National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and the remaining fifteen (15) were farmers of
Conclusions
1. The respondents of the study agreed that extreme heat during summer cause
the decrease in the water supply. In addition, lack of discipline of the residents
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has also contributed in the shortage of water supply. Garbage and wastes were
thrown in the irrigation water ways that causes clogging of the channels of
2. Due to extreme heat and lack of understanding about the proper use of water,
rice fields received minimal water supply from the irrigation systems. This
causes drying of rice fields which gives huge setbacks on the part of farmers.
One of these is the difficulty in germinating seeds of the rice because of too
much heat, another is the delayed of planting crops which lead to shortage of
rice production in the market. In turn, decreasing the profit of the farmers.
4. Upgrading the design of irrigation systems from different areas for the
efficiency of the supply of water was one of the potential ways in resolving of
Recommendations
According to the results of this study, the researchers want to recommend the
following:
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1. The same study should be conducted concerning irrigation designs for
2. Same study might be operated about building irrigation systems from different
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A
APPROVAL LETTER
February__, 2019
ROLANDO UBANA
Barangay Captain
San Francisco Talisay, Camarines Norte
Dear Sir,
Greetings!
This is to inform you that we, the Grade 11- Simplicity (STEM) of La Consolacion
College of Daet, will conduct a research study about “Resolving the Scarcity of Water Supply in
Irrigation for Farmers of Barangay San Francisco Talisay, Camarines Norte”as part of
requirement in our subject Practical Research 1.
Respectfully Yours,
HECTOR A. ALEGRE
Research Adviser
Approved by:
ROLANDO UBANA
Barangay Captain
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APPROVAL LETTER
Dear Sir,
Greetings!
This is to inform you that we, the Grade 11- STEM students of La Consolacion
College of Daet, will conduct a research about “Resolving the Scarcity of Water Supply
in Irrigation for Farmers of Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte”. This
study is part of the requirements in our subject Practical Research 1.
In connection with this, we kindly seek that you will give us information
regarding the irrigation system for the purpose of our research. Thank you and God bless.
Respectfully Yours,
Approved by:
ENGR. ALVIN L. MACASINAG
Acting Manager, Camarines Norte IMO
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APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondents,
The
Researches
Name: Age:
Specific Occupation:
Gender:
Address:
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1. What are the government projects that address water scarcity on irrigation
systems?
APPENDIX B
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QUESTIONNAIRE
Pangalan: Edad:
Tirahan:
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1. Bakit ang palayan ay natutuyo?
2. Paano naaapektuhan ang mga pananim na palay sa kakulangan ng tubig sa
irigasyon?
III. PARAAN UPANG MAIWASAN ANG KAKULANGAN NG TUBIG SA
IRIGASYON SA BARANGAY SAN FRANCISCO, TALISAY,
CAMARINES NORTE
1. Ano ang mga proyekto ng gobyerno upang lutasin ang kakulangan ng
tubig sa irigasyon?
Appendix C
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Documentation
30
Interview with the Farmer in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte
Interview with the Farmer in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte
31
Interview with the Farmer in Barangay San Francisco, Talisay, Camarines Norte
32
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273905838_Water_Scarcity_and_Future
_Challenges_for_Food_Production
Mesfin M., M. &. (2016). Four billion people facing severe water scarcity.
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