READING MATERIALS IN TRENDS SY 2021-2022 SECOND QUARTER

LESSON 8

People casting votes for their candidates; a mass action denouncing corrupt
officials in government; students rallying against successive tuition fee increases,
consumers complaining through the media the exorbitant prices of basic commodities;
and demonstrations in support of a country’s claim to territorial rights in contentious
waters. The mass actions and public rights are eventually heeded by politicians whom
people elected to formulate and execute laws, maintain peace and order, pursue
development, and forge ties with other nations. These characterize a society where
democracy rules.
Democracy is rooted from the Athenian Democracy of the ancient Greeks and
Romans. Athenian democracy’s three main branches were the Council of 500, the
Assembly of the Demos, and the People’s Court.

The idea of democracy was also drawn from England’s Magna Carta of 1215. It
was the document that started to challenge the authority of the monarch and put him
under the rules of law. It also contained provisions to protect the people from the abuses
of the feudal lords.

Democracy did not evolve into its present form until the Age of Enlightenment
with the adoption of the U.S. Declaration of Independence in 1776 and, not long after,
the creation of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, with heavy borrowings from the English
Magna Carta. From then on, democracy has come to mean a government which provides
for the separation of powers, fundamental civil rights, freedom of religion, and separation
of church and state.

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

There are various types of democracy. The following are some of them:

TYPES DECRIPTION
1) Jeffersonian Formulated by Thomas Jefferson, it presupposed that all male
Democracy citizens were entitled to equal political opportunities. It
underscored the need for leadership by those with greatest
abilities, to be chosen by the people.
2) Jacksonian Symbolized by Andrew Jackson, it focused on the needs of the
Democracy ordinary people rather than on the needs of the elite and the
educated. In pursuit of equality. It granted more rights to the
common people and extended suffrage even to men who did not
possess property in contrast to the political norm of the era.
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3) Liberal/ Founded on the principles of free and fair elections, a universal

Constitutional right to vote, and a competitive process where qualified people
Democracy can run and be voted for office.

It can be in the form of a:

3.1) Constitutional Monarchy – where the monarch’s power is
limited by the constitution such as Thailand, Norway, Sweden, UK,
Spain, and the Netherlands.

3.2.) Constitutional Republic – which can be unitary or federal.

3.2.a) Unitary republic – is run as one entity and has a
strong central and national government as exemplified by the
Philippines, Vietnam, Bangladesh, South Korea, and Peru.

3.2.b.) Federal republic – is composed of self-governing

states that have consolidated together, thus forming a federation.
They share some administrative powers with a higher national or
federal government. Examples of federal republics are India, USA,
Mexico, Argentina, Germany, and Nigeria.

4) Parliamentary A democratic form of government that began in Great Britain. It

Democracy features a leading party or coalition of parties whose leader
becomes the prime minister or chancellor. When the leading party
weakens in falls out of favor, the party that replaces it installs its
leader as prime minister or chancellor.
5) Social Conceived in the 19th century, it promotes universal access to
Democracy health, education, just compensation for workers, and social
services. It seeks to reform capitalism through state laws and
other regulatory policies.

DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY

It is important to know the different dimensions of democracy to better comprehend what

democracy is all about. Michael S. Perry (2015) presents four dimensions of democracy
as follows:

1. THE This refers to the “body-politic” or the people who rule.

SOVEREIGN They are in some sense of unified people who exercise
sovereignty either by direct means or through
PEOPLE elected representatives (indirect/pure).
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2. THE Equality is the underlying principles of democracy. It is

the idea that people are the ultimate source of
PRINCIPLES OF sovereignty. Political Thinkers Thomas Hobbes, John
DEMOCRACY Locke, and Baron de Montesquieu were the common
view that people in a democracy are sovereign equals.

3. THE This pertains to the various formulations, mechanisms,

STRUCTURE OF and institutions which are crafted to enable the people
DEMOCRACY to actualize their sovereign will in the democratic
processes.

4. THE This involves the translation of the concept of

democracy into reality or making the rule of the people
PRACTICE OF concretely manifested. A high turnout during election
DEMOCRACY presuppose a strong commitment to democracy while
a low turnout signifies the opposite.
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COMPONENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

• respect of law • Universal
and the Declaration of
constitution Human Rights
(UDHR)

Rule of Basic
Law Rights

Division
Elections of
Powers
• right to vote • Executive
• Integrity, • Legislative
transparency, • Judiciary
and legitimacy

Representative Democracy, Participatory Democracy, Direct Democracy, and

Demarchy/ Klerostocracy

1) Representative/ It is a political system where the qualified citizens exercise

Indirect their political power through representatives. The sovereign
Democracy power remains on the citizens, through their votes, allow
these representatives to make choices and decision on their
behalf.
It motivates individual citizens to contribute to policy making.
2) Participatory It offers more opportunities for members of a population to
Democracy contribute to decision-making through popular assemblies.
Tracing its roots from ancient Greece, the exercise of
participatory democracy has undergone enhancements since
around 500 B.CE to facilitate more direct involvement,
especially of all free male citizens.
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3) Direct All the eligible citizens and qualified voters directly or

Democracy personally involve themselves in making political decisions.
Example: ancient Greece, EDSA Revolution in the Philippines
4) Demarchy/ It is a system where the government is devolved into smaller
Klerostocracy independent groups which is in charge of one or more societal
functions. These groups are controlled by committees
composed of officials who volunteered to be selected by
sortation or drawing lots.

LESSON 9

Social Scientists have noted the glaring gap between political institutions and their
citizens. Democracies are losing their voters, while many nation-states in the world today
do not allow representation of citizens in their governance. Politics is failing everywhere.
This dislocation in the age of globalization is visible in people’s protests on the streets
against their leaders and in their apparent withdrawal from democratic procedures such
as voting in elections, turning out in community meetings, and public office. Political
analysts believe that democracy has been too weak to manage the economy in its
globalized form. Social cohesion has declined. We are witnessing the growing anxieties
about the soundness of our social institutions, the decline of the family, reductions in
social capital, the absence of consensus on unifying moral principles, and the
disappearance of voluntary associations.

SOME PREFERRED DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES

This section illustrates some of the ways by which the rules of the people and the
principles of equality are made concrete. Briefly, it provides an explanation on why
people choose to do them:

There are certain requirements from applicants who want to file an

application for registration as a voter. These requirements are embodied
in Section 9 of Republic Act No. 8189, and stated by the
Commission in Section 5 of COMELEC Resolution No. 10549.
Qualifications to Register
Any Filipino citizen who is not yet a registered voter, may apply for
Suffrage for registration, provided he/she possesses the following qualifications:
eligible
citizens and
Sample Date: May 11, 2020 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan
qualified Elections:
registered Barangay Elections:
voters a) At least eighteen (18) years of age on or before May 11, 2020
elections;
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b) A resident of the Philippines for at least one (1) year and in the
place wherein he/ she proposes to vote, for at least six (6)
months immediately preceding the May 11, 2020 Barangay and
Sangguniang Kabataan Elections; and
c) Not otherwise disqualified by law.
Sangguniang Kabataan Elections:
a) At least fifteen (15) but not more than thirty (30) years of age
and a residing in the barangay for at least six (6) months on or
before May 11, 2020 elections; and
b) Registered voters as of May 13, 2019 elections shall not register
anew.
Source:
https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=VoterRegistration/WhatisVoterRegistration/RegistrationR
equirements
Protest 1986 Snap Election
against On November 1985, then President Ferdinand Marcos announced
election fraud
before an American television audience that he would hold a snap
election for the presidency to confirm that he still had the mandate of
the people. On Feb. 7, 1986, a snap election was held amid reports of
fraud, violence and disenfranchisement.
On the day of the election, NAMFREL guarded ballot boxes and tried
to get a rapid tally of the results in order to prevent irregularities. A
team of United States observers, which included a joint congressional
delegation, issued a mild criticism of electoral abuses, but individual
members expressed shock and indignation: Senator Richard Lugar
claimed that between 10 and 40 percent of the voters had been
disenfranchised by the removal of their names from registration rolls.
The results tabulated by the government's Commission on
Elections (COMELEC) showed Marcos leading, whereas
NAMFREL figures showed a majority for the Aquino-Laurel
ticket. On February 9, computer operators at COMELEC observed
discrepancies between their figures and those officially announced and
walked out in protest, at some risk to their lives. The church condemned
the election as fraudulent, but on February 15, the Marcos-dominated
National Assembly proclaimed him the official winner.
Sources: http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10408.html
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/868826/did-you-know-1986-snap-election#ixzz6TK56y5ql

A citizen’s enjoyment of human and political rights is coupled with

his or her fulfillment of civic responsibility which is composed of acts
Communicati
ng with local
and attitudes related to social involvement and democratic governance.
government Voting, behaving ethically, obedience to laws and
officials as a regulations, and participation in community activities are some
civic examples of civic responsibilities.
responsibility Civic responsibility differs from civic duty; the former is not
necessarily a requirement but the latter refers to acts which the citizens
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are legally required to do such as paying taxes, attending school, or

registering for military services.
Public Republic Act 880, also known as “The Public Assembly Act of
assembly and 1985,” ensures the people’s exercise of their rights to a peaceful
consultation
assembly. This act stipulates that rallies, demonstrations, marchers,
public meetings, processions, or parades (collectively referred to as
public assembly) can be held in public places to express opinion, to
protest against, or to air grievances on certain issues.
Protesters, for example, should be treated with maximum tolerance
or the highest degree of restraint by the police. Law enforcers are
not allowed to interfere with as well as to assist and protect the people
holding a peaceful march, rally, or protest.
A plebiscite is an electoral process for approving or rejecting a change
Conduct of a or amendment in the constitution. Any initiative on the constitution such
plebiscite to
amend a
as an amendment, revision or change should be undertaken according
constitutional to the law. The change in a provision of the constitution, such as
provisions increasing the number of years in a term of office of the president,
cannot be carried out without the approval of the people or general
constituencies in a process called plebiscite.

The mentioned democratic practices allow people to exercise and actualize their
civil and political rights. These likewise facilitate the participation of people in the affairs
of the government which concern improving lives.

SOME UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES

Oppressive acts or practices that curtail human rights and obstruct the exercise of
one’s free and sovereign will are undemocratic practices. Their impacts can be gleaned
from various factors.

GENDER  Gender bias

 Matriarchal and Patriarchal Societies
 Gender Equality
WEALTH  Gap between the Rich and the Poor
DISTRIBUTION AND  Conflict Theory by Karl Marx
POVERTY  Lack of Political Will
RACE RELATIONS,  Major socio-cultural dimensions: religion, socio-
SUFFRAGE, AND economic classes, ethnicity, nationality
POLITICAL  Racial Discrimination
MARGINALIZATION  Example: Genocide (Adolf Hitler)
CULTURAL  Multicultural, multi religious, multiracial
DOMINATION,  Ethno linguistics groups
REPRESENTATION,  Majority vs. Minority
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AND THE POLITICS OF

RECOGNITION

LESSON 10

There is an increasing disenchantment of the State of society in our globalized

world. In a study about democratic participation in different countries in the globe. 44
out of 47 countries that took part in the study asserted that the conditions of a good
society were not met (Barry Knight: 2002, p. 107).
On the other hand, according to World Top 20 Project (2017). In 2015 there are
195 nations agreed with the United Nation that they can change the world for the better.
This will be accomplished by bringing together their respective governments, businesses,
media, institutions of higher education, and local NGOs to improve the lives of the people
in their country by the year 2030 which called The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

History
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations
Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people
and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries -
developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty
and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and
education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate
change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.
Source: United Nations Department of Public Information https://www.globalgoals.org/

The SDGs are:

A set of 17 goals for the world’s Backed up by a set of 169 detailed

future, through 2030 Targets
Negotiated over a two-year period Agreed to by nearly all the world’s
at the United Nations nations, on 25 Sept 2015

What is new and different about the 17 SDGs?

First, and most important, these Goals apply to every nation and every sector.
Cities, businesses, schools, organizations, all are challenged to act. This is called:
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UNIVERSALITY
Second, it is recognized that the Goals are all inter-connected, in a system. We
cannot aim to achieve just one Goal. We must achieve them all. This is called:

INTEGRATION
And finally, it is widely recognized that achieving these Goals involves making
very big, fundamental changes in how we live on Earth. This is called:

TRANSFORMATION
According to United Nations Department of Public Information, The SDGs build on
decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of Economic and
Social Affairs.
In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178
countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global
partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the
environment.
Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the
Millennium Summit in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led
to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce
extreme poverty by 2015.
The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan
of Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in South
Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty eradication
and the environment, and built on Agenda 21 and the Millennium Declaration by including
more emphasis on multilateral partnerships.
At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome document "The
Future We Want" in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a set
of SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the UN High-level Political Forum on
Sustainable Development. The Rio +20 outcome also contained other measures for
implementing sustainable development, including mandates for future programs of work
in development financing, small island developing states and more.
In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member Open Working Group to
develop a proposal on the SDGs.
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In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on the
post-2015 development agenda. The process culminated in the subsequent adoption of
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 SDGs at its core, at the UN
Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015.

Now, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.

Today, the Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) provides substantive
support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues, including
water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and technology, the
Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR), partnerships and Small Island
Developing States. DSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN system wide
implementation of the 2030 Agenda and on advocacy and outreach activities relating to
the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs
must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global
goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement.

LESSON 11
Today’s generation has grown up in an environment in which technology is
deployed everywhere. The advent of information and communications technology allows
learners to critically comprehend its expansive capacity to make and create social change,
enhance democratic processes, local and global networks, and relationships.
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Research shows that we are all becoming more familiar with the extraordinary
power of information and communications technologies (ICTs). Its pervasiveness the
globe a small village. ICTs have much potential to improve the standards of living
throughout the world. Our challenge now is to harness that potential for the benefit of all
people.

According to Technopedia, ICT refers to “all the technology used to handle

telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems,
audiovisual processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and
monitoring functions.”
ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through
telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily
on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell
phones, and other communication mediums.
Source: https://techterms.com/definition/ict
FUNCTIONS OF ICT
New ICTs are providing the world with new communication services such as
video conferencing, instant, messaging, and voice-over Internet protocol (VoIP).
Moreover, social networking sites and mobile apps such as Twitter, Facebook, and
Instagram have made connecting and exchanging information among users scattered
all over the globe instantaneous due to minimal barriers. They also enable their users
to communicate regularly despite the distance. Thus, ICT is perceived to be
instrumental in creating a global village, which is the world conceived as a single
community linked by telecommunications.
The functions of ICT differ depending on the environment, area, or field it is
being utilized and on the mandate given by the user. Some of the functions of ICT are
technical, infrastructure, decision-making support, and facilitating
empowerment.
Technical function includes the provision of trainings, seminars, and
workshops on how to use the technology and providing the basic technological or
technical needs of the user. Some of the producers of certain technology offer to
conduct training in various schools and offices as a way of promoting the technology,
too.
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Learning Management System of HAU-SHS for Distance Education

Infrastructure function covers network, devices, and other related
equipment and setups such as for withdrawing cash from the ATM. When
mandated by the user, the ICT unit furnishes decision-making support when the user
consults the unit regarding branding, logo, and technology and equipment to buy, for
instance.

Top Banks in the Philippines

Last but not least, ICT functions to facilitate empowerment when it is
mandated by an institution to be actively engaged in realizing its mission, in enhancing
productivity, in improving its communication system, and in strengthening and
broadening its linkage structures.

ICT in the Workplace

How has ICT positively affected the life of the members of the society or the
digital citizens? The following can serve as examples:
Education. Many educators are already using and infusing technology as a
teaching-learning tool through the use of different platforms (e.g., Moodle, Edmodo,
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Edublogs, among others). For students, the different search engines, online libraries,
and the like are useful tools in researching different topics relevant to their subjects or
courses.
Business. Most entrepreneurs use the internet and different social networking
sites to promote their businesses and products. Through the use of the internet and
mobile phones, they are able to reach a wider range and bigger number of possible
customers.
Government. In the Philippines, many transactions with government offices
are now possible and available online. Applications for birth certificate, passport, NBI,
among others are maximized by citizens. This contributes to the reduction of
transaction costs (e.g., transportation costs in getting to and from officers and the
number of hours spent queuing).
ICT has benefitted human life in all dimensions. Alongside the benefits and
advantages of ICT are problems and disadvantages. Nevertheless, the benefits of ICT
far outweigh the drawbacks. Similar with functions, the benefits of ICT vary according
to the area or field of study.

ICT as Facilitator of Social Relations

and Political Movements
Information and communications technology has effects in social relations and political
movements, too, by facilitating collective actions among peoples and groups who do not
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even know each other but are united by common interests and concerns. The general
political climate may influence the success or failure of a social movement where it is
emerging, but the role of the Internet in enabling the “voiceless” to take center stage is
revolutionary. People of common interests and advocacies can easily locate one another,
converse, exchange ideas, and plan their actions and strategies through the Internet.
On the other hand, there are some issues, updates, and weakest links of ICT in the
21stcentury culture and society listed below. Read comprehensively each web links given.
Then, answer the becoming more critical activity afterwards.

ISSUES AND LINK

UPDATES ON ICT
1) Cyber-bullying https://asksonnie.info/free-speech-trolls-bashing/
2) Spreading of https://www.webwise.ie/teachers/what-is-fake-news/
Fake News
3) Online Fraud https://pnpacg.ph/main/gad-corner/iec-materials/2-
uncategorised/172-common-types-of-internet-fraud-scams
4) Digital Slaves https://www.returnofkings.com/82924/20-signs-youre-a-
slave-to-modern-technology
5) Cyber terrorism https://www.mmc.com/insights/publications/2018/nov/global-
cyber-terrorism-incidents-on-the-rise.html
6) Cyber warfare https://time.com/4263185/digital-warfare/

HOW ICTs IMPACT THE WORKPLACE

Source: https://www.siyavula.com/read/cat/grade-11-cat/general-concepts-of-computing/01-general-concepts-
of-computing?id=sec1-3

ICTs have also changed how workplaces are organized. ICTs allow employees to
be more flexible in where, when and how they work, giving rise to the concept of mobile
or virtual offices. Mobile offices are usually built for temporary purposes, usually within
moveable, temporary buildings (such as an old shipping container). They can be
completely virtual, with employees using mobile computing devices (such as laptops,
tablets and smartphones) to create an office space outside of the business environment.
Virtual offices can also be rented spaces that give businesses a physical address and
office-related services (such as a telephone exchange) without the business needing to
sign business leases or hire administration staff.
Virtual offices are especially popular with new businesses, as there are lower
starting and administrative costs, and a higher degree of flexibility and efficiency, since
staff members do not have to handle day-to-day administrative tasks.
This has led to a change in how companies employ staff. The rise in flexi-time
schedules (where staff work hours that suit them and not according to rigid timetables)
and mobile offices has led to something called the decentralization of labor. In the past,
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employees all worked at a central location according to a fixed time schedule (for
example, at an office from 9 am to 5 pm). Now, employees can be scattered across the
globe, all working at different times (that may or may not overlap with others) and in
different places. Employers and employees are able to keep in touch using the internet
and various software programs (such as Skype or email).
ICTs have also led to the rise of office automation. In some companies, ICTs have
completely replaced the need for reception staff to answer telephones and take
messages, due to messaging services and cellular technology.
OFFICES THEN AND NOW
A job that is slowly being phased out of existence due to ICTs is the receptionist
or switchboard operator. Their job was to take calls and direct those calls to the correct
department or person in a company. This is now handled by automated responses, like
those used by large service providers such as MTN or Vodacom.
When you dial their customer support number from your smartphone, an
automated message plays, asking you to select a number to be put through to the correct
department to help you with your query. In some cases, you might not even need to
speak to a person, since there may be a computer on the other side of the line that is
programmed to answer your questions with a series of automated responses.
Another change that ICTs have brought to the workplace has been the rise of
bring your own device (BYOD) policies. As smartphones and tablets have become
more cost-effective to buy, there has been a rise in the number of companies adopting a
BYOD policy. BYOD means that businesses can avoid the costs of purchasing computing
equipment for new staff members, as staff are encouraged to bring their own computers.
Staff can also tailor their computers to their needs. However, BYOD is mostly only cost-
effective for small to medium businesses, as larger businesses have the buying power to
make arrangements with ICT providers to get the best devices for their staff.
BYOD polices also allow staff to take their devices home, meaning that businesses
have a lower insurance risk as they do not need to keep expensive technology on their
premises.
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LESSON 12
As society changes, so do the skills that are necessary for survival. These skills
include critical thinking and problem-solving skills, communication skills, creativity, and
innovation. ICT provides an extraordinary opportunities to hone these skills. The advent
of the internet empowers learners to go beyond the confined of their classrooms and
access more information on the topics they are discussing in class. ICT, as applied to
education, creates a positive impact, enabling learners to learn at their own pace. These
are numerous researches that show how integration of ICT in the curriculum leads
students to be more productive, self-confident, and motivated to excel in class.

Classrooms are transformed into a complex learning environment where

technology transmits sounds, pictures, and written documents around the globe in
seconds. With ICT in our schools, learners are not only consumers, but content
creators are they write, edit, publish, participate, co-create, and collaborate
with others through the use of technologies.
The widespread use of wireless networking technologies and mobile applications
enable users to become content producers. The transformation of ICT brought varied
opportunities in the way we access scientific data and information. Using technology to
communicate and collaborate across different countries creates a more global learning
environment, allows cross-cultural studies, and enhances understanding and
appreciation of education in contexts other than our own (Driscoll, 2007, p.12).
Furthermore, ICT hastens global and democratic networks across the planet.
The internet is not only a tool for causal interaction, but can also become a democratic
public sphere where people can voice out their concerns.
ICT can generate global social awareness through social networking sites. Social
networking sites also facilitate the mobilization of grassroots movements and
advocacies especially among the younger generation.
ICT also promotes social development by sharing knowledge, fostering cultural
creativity, increasing democratic participation, and enhancing social cohesion.
Technological advances have improved life and brought the world’s people closer.
Indeed, ICT potentially enhances the quality of life and well-being of many
citizens across the planet. It facilitates social development characterized by sharing and
democratic participation. Technological advances have improved life and brought the
world’s people closer. Given the wide variety of benefits of ICT, humanity has to
harness this potential in promotion of justice, peace, and integrity of creation.
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LESSON 13
This lesson introduces us to the idea and importance of a network for us human beings.
A network can be understood as a group of people interacting regularly like families,
peers, neighbors, teachers, and managers. This networks has a certain structure where
members exchange and communicate information and experiences for both social and
professional purposes. It is like connecting and chatting with our online friends in social
media, engaging in a discussion with our peers, visiting the members of our religious
community, or volunteering for a community work in school.
More so, this lesson discusses a local network, which refers to interconnected
processes internal to the individual person’s mind, mental faculty, or thoughts such as
intuitive thinking and strategic analysis are ultimately demonstrated in decision-making.

DECISION-MAKING
It is the process of making choices by
identifying a decision, gather information,
and assessing alternative solutions.

Using a step-by-step decision-making

process can help you make more
deliberate, thoughtful decisions by
organizing relevant information and
defining alternatives. This approach
increases the chances that you will choose
the most satisfying alternative possible.

In psychology, decision-making is
regarded as the cognitive process
resulting in the selection of a belief or a
course of action among several
alternative possibilities.
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SEVEN STEPS
TO EFFECTIVE Identify the Gather
DECISION- Decision Information
MAKING

Choose
Weigh the Identify
among
Evidence Alternatives
Alternatives

Review your
Take Action
Decision

INTUITIVE THINKING
Intuitive thinking is sensing or knowing without using rational processes such as
reading facts and instructions. According to the dictionary, intuition is “something
that is known or understood without proof of evidence.” Simply put, intuitive
thinking is making choices and decisions according to one’s hunch and gut feeling
without knowing the reason why.

Good intuition results from long years of knowledge and experience which enable you
to comprehend how people think, act, and react, perceive and interpret, and interact
with one another.

Intuitive thinking involves a more spontaneous, instinctive, and unplanned process of

solving problem. It tends to be imaginative and more applicable in situations where
facts are insufficient and previous related decisions are not readily available.

Intuitive thinkers do certain things which others do not. Carolyn Grergorie (2014), a
senior writer The Huffington Post, provided in her article “10 Things Highly Intuitive
People, Do Differently” some activities that intuitive thinkers do. Presented her are six
activities.

1) Listening to an inner voice.

2) Taking time to be alone and to reflect.
3) Listening to their bodies.
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4) Observing everything.
5) Paying attention to their dreams.
6) Connecting deeply with others and staying in a positive mood.

Legal practitioner and mediator Charles B. Parselle (2005) believes that combining
analytical and intuitive abilities leads to holistic thinking abilities which are essential “to
move people out of a rights/ obligation / win-lose mindset into a needs / mutual gain
mindset.” This means the concern for individualistic, legal, and predictable aspects is
balanced by the concern for cultural, flexible, and mutual or communitarian aspects.

For Francis Cholle (2011), an international business consultant, “we need both instinct
and reason to make the best possible decisions for ourselves, our businesses, and our
families.” Intuition plays a good part as it as it is “bridging the gap between the
conscious and non-conscious parts of our mind, and also between instinct and reason.”

While intuitive thinking is historically old and has in use since the beginning of time,
analytical thinking employed in strategic analysis is historically new. It is said to have
been introduced by Greeks, developed by the Romans and rediscovered during the Age
of Enlightenment after its “disappearance” during the Dark Ages in Europe.
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Key Components of Intuitive Thinking

The components of intuitive thinking differ from those of strategic analysis and planning.
According to Amy Baylor (1997), there are three components of intuition and intuitive
thinking: immediacy, sensing relationships, and reason.

SENSING
IMMEDIACY REASON
RELATIONSHIPS

• This refersto • This refers to • It involves a

the timing of the certain type of
intuitive establishment reasoning.
thinking; mind or formulation Baylor qoutes
pooping when of connections Nel Noddings
thoughts, among ideas. and Paul Shore
ideas, and it is also (1984) stating
solution come associated that intuition
to mind non- with a person's and reason
deliberately knowledge complement
when one is that implies his each other and
engaged in or her it is impossible
irrelevant train expertise. to isolate the
of thought. two discretely.

Using Intuitive Thinking in Social Networks

Each person is engaged in a variety of networks associated with his or her multiple roles
and interests in the community. These networks can be, among others, political,
economic, and socio-cultural.
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• government official
Political • community leaders
Networks • student government

• manufacturers
Economic • stores, markets, groceries
Networks • money lenders

Socio- • frienship clubs

cultural • veterans associations
• theater company
Networks
In general, social networks appear as clusters and support groups of people who share
similar interests, backgrounds, and real-life connections. They are avenues for meeting
new friends, reuniting with old and lost friends, exchanging gifts and favors, and
developing cooperation.
LESSON 14
In the previous lesson, you learned about intuitive thinking as one of the local networks
and its impact in political, economic, and socio-cultural networks and dimensions.
More so, this lesson introduces us to the idea and importance of a network for us
human beings. A network can be understood as a group of people interacting regularly
like families, peers, neighbors, teachers, and managers. This networks has a certain
structure where members exchange and communicate information and experiences for
both social and professional purposes. It is like connecting and chatting with our online
friends in social media, engaging in a discussion with our peers, visiting the members of
our religious community, or volunteering for a community work in school.
Furthermore, this lesson discusses a local network, which refers to interconnected
processes internal to the individual person’s mind, mental faculty, or thoughts such as
intuitive thinking and strategic analysis are ultimately demonstrated in decision-making.
Looking Glass: Data Grid regarding
Intuitive Thinking and Strategic Analysis
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Elements Strategic Analysis Intuitive Thinking

Logic Logical mind needed Logical mind not needed
Reason Starts from an idea or concept Focuces on the idea or concept
and moves on to what can be and its attributes
associated with it
Center Brain-centered Heart-centered
Basis Hard facts, data, instructions Hunch, instinct, gut feeling
Time Needs time to finish in one or Spontaneous, quick, finished at
more sittings or sessions one time
Tools SWOT, TOWS, PEST, Problem- Experiences
solving analysis
Planning Well-planned Unplanned

Strategic Analysis is the process of examining, using one’s rationality or reason,

the organization’s surroundings and resources, and how they relate with each other to
formulate a strategy to meet objectives and improve performance. It is the understanding
of an organization’s external and internal environments to create a strategy for better
utilization of resources in the pursuit of the organization’s objectives and priorities. Such
understanding is drawn from facts, data, and instructions at hand.
Strategic analysis, for example, can be done by an organization to analyse its losing
performance based on data and information about the internal profile of its employees
and their capabilities and work attitudes. Strategic analysis can also be done by the
organization to investigate the external profile of its surroundings, opportunities, and
possible rivals.
The conduct of strategic analysis involves identifying and evaluating necessary
data for formulating a strategy, description of the organization’s internal and external
environment, and identification and use of certain analytical tools or methods. Basically,
it involves reviewing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats founds in both
the organization’s internal and external environments.
Strategic analysis is useful not only to an organization but also to an individual
such as student like you. Your current situation striving to finish senior high school can
be assessed by knowing your strengths such as your competencies and values,
weaknesses such as negative attitudes and needs to be filled, threats such as events and
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situations that prevent you from focusing on your studies, and other factors that can help
you improve your skills.

Strategic analysis is a means to turn your weaknesses into strengths and to take
advantage of situations and other factors that will boost your strengths as a student. It
will guide you in staying on course toward finishing senior high school.

Different types of Strategic Analysis

Problem-
solving
Analysis

PEST
Analysis

SWOT and
TOWS
Analysis

A variety of analytical tools can be employed in the conduct of strategic analysis.

The purpose of an analytical tool is to sharpen the focus of the analysis and to ensure a
methodical and balanced approach. This means that the analysis will center only on the
questions being raised by the organization and will follow step-by-step, logical, and
integrated procedures.
The tools are also used in making strategic decisions. Three of the most commonly
used analytical tools are the SWOT/ TOWS, and PEST analysis. Another popular analytical
tool is the Problem-solving Analysis.

SWOT ANALYSIS
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It is a useful technique for understanding

your Strengths and Weaknesses, and for
identifying both the Opportunities open
to you and the Threats you face.

 Strengths – these are the internal

attributes of the organization that
can contribute to the attainment of
its objectives and priorities.

 Weaknesses – these are the

internal attributes of the organization
that can obstruct the attainment of
its objectives and priorities.

 Opportunities – These are external

factors that can contribute to the
attainment of its objectives and
priorities.

 Threats – These are external factors

that can obstruct the attainments of
the organization’s objectives and
priorities.

Benefits of a SWOT Analysis

It includes:
(1) Exploring new solutions to problems,
(2) Identifying potential barriers to achieving business goals,
(3) Deciding on which course of action to take to minimize costs, increase sales, and
maintain staff / customer satisfaction along the way.

TOWS ANALYSIS

TOWS Analysis helps you get a better understanding of the strategic choices that
you face. Remember that "strategy" is the art of determining how you will "win" in
business and life.
It helps you ask, and answer, the following questions:
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How do you How do you

make the most circumvent
of your your
strengths? weaknesses?

How do you
How do you
capitalize on
manage your
your
threats?
opportunities?

A PEST Analysis is a strategic business tool used by organizations to discover,

evaluate, organize, and track macro-economic factors which can impact on their business
now and in the future. The framework examines opportunities and threats due
to Political, Economic, Social, and Technological forces. Outputs from the analysis inform
strategic planning processes and contribute to market research.
Why do a PEST Analysis?
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 Helps to evaluate how your strategy fits into the broader environment and
encourages strategic analysis.
 Provides an overview of all the crucial external influences on the organization.
 Supports more decisive and knowledgeable decision-making.
 Assists planning, marketing, organizational change initiatives, business and
product development, project management, and research papers.

PEST Analysis Matrix

POLITICAL ECONOMIC
 Political or politically motivated factors  Overall economic forces that could
that could impact the organization. impact on your success.
Examples include: Examples include:
 Government policy, political stability  Economic trends, growth rates,
or instability, bureaucracy, corruption, industry growth, seasonal factors,
competition regulation, foreign trade international exchange rates,
policy, tax policy, trade restrictions, International trade, labor costs,
labor/environmental/copyright/consu consumer disposable income,
mer protection laws, funding grants & unemployment rates, taxation,
initiatives, etc. inflation, interest rates, availability
Questions to ask: of credit, monetary policies, raw
 What government policies or political material costs, etc.
groups could be beneficial or Questions to ask:
detrimental to our success?  What economic factors will affect us
 Is the political environment stable or moving forward?
likely to change? How does the performance of the
economy affect us at the moment?
 How are our pricing, revenues, and
costs impacted by each economic
factor?
SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL
 Social attitudes, behaviors, and trends  Technology that can affect the way
that impact on your organization and you make, distribute, and market
target market. your products and services.
Examples include: Examples include:
 Attitudes and shared beliefs about a  Technology and communications
range of factors including money, infrastructure, legislation around
customer service, imports, religion, technology, consumer access to
cultural taboos, health, work, leisure, technology, competitor technology
the environment; population growth and development, emerging
and demographics, technologies, automation, research
and innovation, intellectual property
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immigration/emigration, family regulation, technology incentives,

size/structure, lifestyle trends, etc. etc.
Questions to ask: Questions to ask:
 How do our customer’s beliefs and  What technological advancements
values influence their buying habits? and innovations are available or on
 How do cultural trends and human the horizon?
behavior play a role in our business?  How will this technology impact on
our operations?

Key Components of Strategic Analysis

1) Committed people.
The initial step in strategic planning is getting the right people at the right time. They
are essential in effectively carrying out a strategy. These people comprise the
management staff, officers, and stakeholders. They are also called engagers.
2) Long-term strategic objectives.
The objectives are poised to enhance the organization’s performance. There is a need
to identify the beneficiaries (owners, shareholders, members) who will receive the
benefit from the gains brought by improved efficiency in the operations and delivery
of services of the organization. The people involved in setting the objectives are
referred to as aimers.
3) Strategic alternatives.
The planning team should able to derive options from brainstorming and SWOT
Analysis. These alternatives may be of higher quality than the current strategy or may
enable the organization to respond with ease, speed, and effectiveness when changes
occur in the environment.
4) Evaluation and choice of strategies.
The process of formulating a strategy involves evaluating and picking out which
strategies could facilitate the attainment of long-term improvements.
5) Monitoring of strategy information.
There should be a plan for formal and regular reporting and other measures of plan
implementation. These will enable the organization to know whether or not the plan
is carried out properly and the objectives are met.
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