A

PROJECT REPORT

"A STUDY ON ANALYZE RATIO ANALYSIS"

CARRIED ON

AT
B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd.

A training report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

degree of

MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

2021-2023

Submitted by:

Khushpreet Singh

MBA– 6th Semester

Uid:

BABA FARID GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, DEON (BATHINDA)

Page 1
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project titled “A STUDY ON ANALYZE RATIO ANALYSIS” is an

original piece of research work carried out under the guidance of supervisor the information has been

collected from genuine & authentic sources.

The work has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of MBA (Batch 2021-2023) of

BABA FARID GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, DEON (BATHINDA)

Khushpreet Singh

Page 2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Perseverance, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in success of any
venture. In the present world of competition there is a race of existing in which those
who are having willed to come forward succeed. Project is like a bridge between
theoretical and practical working. With willing I join this particular project.

To design and compare a project report is very laborious work, which no student
complete without taking any help from any professional.

First of all, I would like to thank the supreme power of almighty God who is obviously
the one who has always guided us to work on right path of our life. 

I express my deep gratitude to my guide for his invaluable guidance during the project.
His unlimited guidance, innovative ideas and tireless efforts helped along the way in
completing the project. I am also thankful to the staff members for their encouragement
and cooperation in this successful completion of my project.

In the end I would like to thank my parents whom greatly indebted for having me
brought me love and encouragement of this stage

Table of contents
Page 3
Sr. no. Chapter name Page no.

1. CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION ABOUT INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

2 CHAPTER-2
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

3. CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHDOLOGY
4. CHAPTER-4
OBSERVATIONS, ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION
5. CHAPTER-5
RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS
6. CHAPTER-6
SUMMARY / CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
8. APPENDIX

Page 4
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Page 5
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRY

B2BINFOTECHNOGEN PRIVATE LIMITED

INTRODUCTION TO COMAPNY

B2BInfotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. is an information and technology services provider focusing on providing
highly scalable business solutions with innovative approach and advanced methodologies for all the
developed and blooming companies covering all the sectors. They provide strategic development for
the global business community with their wide array of effective solutions and services customized to a
range of key verticals & horizontals.

Their approach is based on commencing the projects with clear objectives, delivering significant
outcomes to help overcome the needs of all their clients with proficiency. They work with a dynamic
and fervent team of IT professionals driven by par excellence to deliver the best possible solutions by
utilizing state of art technologies.

With a customer centric focus they ensure their clients with satisfied results every time and therefore
they provide full support to their clients even beyond project completion. They are acknowledged for
their quality standards, work process, professional service, and suppleness by all their clients.

B2BInfotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. deals with different services provided by our family by keeping in mind
the customer satisfaction the on-time delivery with the effective work done.

Page 6
SERVICES PROVIDED BY B2BINFOTECHNOGEN PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY

 Ecommerce Development
 Web Development
 Modules/ Plugins Development
 Software/ SAAS Development
 Mobile Apps Development
 Migrations
 Digital Marketing
 Artificial Intelligence
 Web designs Services
 ERP Software Development

Page 7
1.2 Background of the problem task undertaken

INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC:-

It is a systematic use of ratios to interpret/ assess the performance and status of the firm.

 A ratio expresses a mathematical relation between two quantities.

 Ratios are tools providing us which clues and symptoms of underlying conditions. Ratios can help
us to identify areas requiring further investigation.

 The usefulness of ratio depends on the quality of the numbers in their calculation.

That is our ability to draw useful insights and make valid intercompany comparisons is enhanced by
our skill in adjusting reported numbers prior to inclusion in these analyses.

 Ratios are interpretable only in comparison with

1) Prior ratios

2) Predetermined standards.

3) Ratios of competitors.

 Ratio analysis of a firm’s financial statements of interest to shareholders, creditors, and the
firm’s management. Stockholders are interested in the firm’s current and future level of risk
and return, which directly affect the stock price. The firm’s creditors are primarily interested in
the short-term liquidity of the company and in its ability to make interest and principal
payments.
Internal management is concerned with all aspects of the firm’s financial performance. Therefore, they
attempt to produce financial ratios that will be considered favorable to both owners and creditors.
Additionally, management uses ratios to monitor the firm’s performance from period to period.
Unexpected changes or variances are identified to isolate developing problem areas.

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STEPS IN RATIO ANALYSIS

 The first task of the financial analysis is to select the information relevant to the decision under
consideration from the statements and calculates appropriate ratios.

 To compare the calculated ratios with the ratios of the same firm relating to the pas6t or with the
industry ratios. It facilitates in assessing success or failure of the firm.

 Third step is to interpretation, drawing of inferences and report writing conclusions are drawn
after comparison in the shape of report or recommended courses of action.

IMPORTANCE OF RATIO ANALYSIS

 Aid to measure general efficiency

 Aid to measure financial solvency

 Aid in forecasting and planning

 Facilitate decision making

 Aid in corrective action

 Aid in intra-firm comparison

LIMITATIONS OF RATIO ANALYSIS

 Differences in definitions

 Limitations of accounting records

 Lack of proper standards

 Ignores price level changes

 Different in accounting policies

 Historical information only

 Ignores qualitative information

Page 9
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF RATIOS

The use of ratio analysis is not confined to financial manager only. There are different parties
interested in the ratio analysis for knowing the financial position of a firm for different purposes.
Various accounting ratios can be classified as follows:

1. Traditional Classification

2. Functional Classification

3. Significance ratios

1.Traditional Classification

It includes the following.

 Balance sheet (or) position statement ratio: They deal with the relationship between two balance
sheet items, e.g. the ratio of current assets to current liabilities etc., both the items must,
however, pertain to the same balance sheet.

 Profit & loss account (or) revenue statement ratios: These ratios deal with the relationship
between two profit & loss account items, e.g. the ratio of gross profit to sales etc.,

 Composite (or) inter statement ratios: These ratios exhibit the relation between a profit & loss
account or income statement item and a balance sheet items, e.g. stock turnover ratio, or the
ratio of total assets to sales.

2. Functional Classification

These include liquidity ratios, long term solvency and leverage ratios, activity ratios and
profitability ratios.

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3. Significance ratios

Some ratios are important than others and the firm may classify them as primary and
secondary ratios. The primary ratio is one, which is of the prime importance to a concern. The other
ratios that support the primary ratio are called secondary ratios.

IN THE VIEW OF FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION THE RATIOS ARE

1. Liquidity ratio

2. Leverage ratio

3. Activity ratio

4. Profitability ratio

Types of ratios:-

Ratios can be classified into six broad groups:

1. Liquidity ratios
2. Capital structure/ leverage ratios
3. Profitability ratios
4. Activity/ efficiency ratios
5. Integrated analysis of ratios
6. Growth ratios.

Page 11
1. Liquidity Ratios:

Liquidity refers to the ability of a concern to meet its current obligations as & when there becomes due.
The short term obligations of a firm can be met only when there are sufficient liquid assets. The short
term obligations are met by realizing amounts from current, floating (or) circulating assets The current
assets should either be calculated liquid (or) near liquidity. They should be convertible into cash for
paying obligations of short term nature. The sufficiency (or) insufficiency of current assets should be
assessed by comparing them with short-term current liabilities. If current assets can pay off current
liabilities, then liquidity position will be satisfactory.

To measure the liquidity of a firm the following ratios can be calculated

 Current ratio

 Quick (or) Acid-test (or) Liquid ratio

 Absolute liquid ratio (or) Cash position ratio

a) Current Ratio:-
Current Ratio is the ratio between Current Assets and Current Liabilities. It calculated by dividing
Current Assets by Current Liabilities. Current assets include all assets, which can convert easily into
near money within a year. Current assets include cash in hand, cash at bank, debtors, stock, and money
at short or call notice etc. Current liabilities are the sum of all short-term payables within a year, which
include Sundry Creditors, Bills payable, Bank overdraft, Expenses outstanding etc. the current ratio of a
firm measures its short term solvency that is, its ability to meet short-term obligations.

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Significance of the ratio

Current ratio provides a margin of safety to the creditors. In a sound business, a current ratio of 2:1 is
considered an ideal one. Current ratio indicates firm’s ability to pay its current liabilities, i.e. day-to-
day financial obligation. Current ratio is an index of the firm’s financial stability i.e., an index of
technical solvency and an index of the strength of working capital, which means excess of current
assets over current liabilities. Higher ratio more than 2:1 indicates sound solvency position. Lower ratio
less then 2:1 indicates inadequate working capital.

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Components of current ratio

CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES

Cash in hand Out standing or accrued expenses

Cash at bank Bank over draft

Financial management
Meaning of Financial Management

Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial activities
such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general management
principles to financial resources of the enterprise..

Scope/Element

Investment decisions

Investment Decision includes investment in fixed assets (called as capital budgeting). Investment in
current assets are also a part of investment decisions called as working capital decisions.
a) Financial decisions - They relate to the raising of finance from various resources
which will depend upon decision on type of source, period of financing, cost of
financing and the returns thereby.
b) Dividend decision - The finance manager has to take decision with regards to the
net profit distribution. Net profits are generally divided into two:

i. Dividend for shareholders- Dividend and the rate of it has to be decided.

ii. Retained profits- Amount of retained profits has to be finalized which will depend upon
expansion and diversification plans of the enterprise.

Page 13
Financial Statement Analysis

The purpose of the financial statement analysis is to help users to understand the organization and the
business decisions. These users are both internal and external. The internal users include the
management, employees, and the external users include the shareholders, researchers, bankers,
customers, suppliers’ government representatives.

Boards of directors analyze the financial statements to understand the impact of the decisions and use
the same for future decision making. Employees use the financial statements to negotiate the union
demands. Potential investors use the financial statements to decide about the investment to be made.
The common goal of these users is to understand the past and use the data to predict the future.

For answering the above mentioned questions one has to undertake a detailed analysis of the financial
statements. Financial statement analysis is a comprehensive analysis of all three financial statements:
balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. Financial statements provide useful
information. However, one has to meticulously look for the right information from the right data. One
can undertake the financial statement analysis from different stakeholders’ perspective: creditors,
bankers, credit rating agencies, existing shareholders, potential shareholders, internal management, and
employees too. There are different tools of financial statement analysis: common-size statement,
comparative statements, and ratio analysis. Before we get into the financial statement analysis, in the
first section we will recapitulate the financial statements.

Page 14
1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1. The study has great significance and provides benefits to various parties whom directly or
indirectly interact with the company.

2. It is beneficial to management of the company by providing crystal clear picture regarding

important aspects like liquidity, leverage, activity and profitability.

3. The study is also beneficial to employees and offers motivation by showing how actively they
are contributing for company’s growth.

4. The investors who are interested in investing in the company’s shares will also get benefited by
going through the study and can easily take a decision whether to invest or not to invest in the
company’s shares

Page 15
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is limited to collecting financial data published in the annual reports of the
company every year. The analysis is done to suggest the possible solutions

Page 16
 CHAPTER – 2

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Page 17
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and control of financial
resources of a concern. The objectives can be-

1. To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the concern.

2. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which will depend upon
earning capacity, market price of the share, expectations of the shareholders.
3. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they should
be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost.
4. To ensure safety on investment, i.e, funds should be invested in safe ventures
so that adequate rate of return can be achieved.
5. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition
of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital.

Page 18
 CHAPTER – 3
RESEARCH METHODLOGY

Page 19
Research Methodology
This project is on descriptive research and some extent it regards to causal research, and to use the
available facts as information and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the materials this is also
a causal research with an aim to find a solution for an immediate problem facing by industry or
business organization. The control aim of descriptive research is to discover a solution for some
pressing problem.

1. Type of research – Descriptive research

2. Tool – Ratio analysis

3. Company annual reports and e-mail at

Source of data

Secondary data:

Secondary was collected through available records/annual reports of 5 year period from 2017-2018 and
web sites of Live Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd.

Data Collection:

The required data was collected from the annual report of the company and direct Personal interview
with the officer of the company and also through company website.

Limitations of the study

 It was difficult to collect some information because of some company rules.

 Interaction with the employees was limited because of the work schedule.

 It was difficult to cover all the types of ratios because of lack of information i.e. regarding
inventories, debtor’s turnover etc…..

Page 20
 CHAPTER – 4

OBSERVATION,ANALYSIS

& DISCUSSION

Page 21
a) Current Ratio:
Current Ratio is the ratio between Current Assets and Current Liabilities. It calculated by dividing
Current Assets by Current Liabilities. Current assets include all assets, which can convert easily into
near money within a year. Current assets include cash in hand, cash at bank, debtors, stock, and money
at short or call notice etc. Current liabilities are the sum of all short-term payables within a year, which
include Sundry Creditors, Bills payable, Bank overdraft, Expenses outstanding etc. the current ratio of a
firm measures its short term solvency that is, its ability to meet short-term obligations.

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Significance of the ratio

Current ratio provides a margin of safety to the creditors. In a sound business, a current ratio of 2:1 is
considered an ideal one. Current ratio indicates firm’s ability to pay its current liabilities, i.e. day-to-
day financial obligation. Current ratio is an index of the firm’s financial stability i.e., an index of
technical solvency and an index of the strength of working capital, which means excess of current
assets over current liabilities. Higher ratio more than 2:1 indicates sound solvency position. Lower ratio
less then 2:1 indicates inadequate working capital.

Page 22
Components of current ratio
CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES

Cash in hand Out standing or accrued expenses

Cash at bank Bank over draft

Bills receivable Bills payable

Inventories Short-term advances

Work-in-progress Sundry creditors

Marketable securities Dividend payable

Short-term investments Income-tax payable

Sundry debtors

Prepaid expenses

Page 23
Table: 1

Table showing: the Current Ratios of Live Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. FENESTRATION
from the year 2014-18.

Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

(RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000)

Current assets 9,643,629 8,575,727 5,325,536 3,869,728 1,143,024

Current 9,029,038 6,251,168 3,905,497 2,687,296 1,090,355

liabilities

Current ratio
1.07% 1.37% 1.36% 1.44% 1.05%

Analysis:

Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. is having a low current ratio in the year 2018 (1.05%) and a high
current ratio in the year 2017 ( 1.44%). It has been increased to(1.37%) in the year of 2015, and in the
year 2016 current ratios reduced further (1.36%). But again the current ratio has decreased in the year
2018 (1.05%).

Inference:
Page 24
 The Current assets in the year 2018 is Rs.1,143,024,000, in the year 2017 is Rs. 3,869,728,000, in the
Year 2016 Rs. 5,325,536,000, in the year 2015 Rs. 8,575,727,000, and in the year 2014 Rs.
9,643,629,000. When there is an increase in current assets in the same way Current liabilities are also
increasing from year to year. In the year 2018 the current liability was Rs. 1,090,355,000, in 2017 it
increased to Rs. 2,687,296,000 and it increased in the year 2016 to Rs. 3,905,497,000 and in the year
2015 it increased more than the last year that is Rs. 6,251,168,000. And in 2014 it increased much more
i.e., 9,029,038,000.

Since the current ratio is not Satisfactory in the year 2014 & 18. But in the year 2015, 2016, and 2017
Current ratios is not up to the level.

Graph-1

Graph showing: the Current ratios of Ambika Infra Ventures Pvt. Ltd. from the year 2014 to 2018.

Current Ratio

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

YEARS

Page 25
Quick ratio:

Quick ratio is also known as liquid ratio or Acid test ratio. Quick ratio shows the liquidity of the
business. Quick ratio is the ratio between quick assets and quick liabilities. The term quick asset refers
to current assets, which can be converted into, cash immediately or at a short notice without diminution
of value. Quick assets comprise of all current assets minus stock and pre paid expenses.

The formula to find quick ratio is as follows.

Quick Assets = Current assets – (Stock + Prepaid expenses)

Quick liabilities comprises of all current liabilities minus Bank over draft.

The formula is shown below:

Quick Ratio = Quick assets / Quick Liabilities

(Or)

Quick Ratio = Quick assets/Current Liabilities

Significance of the ratio

It is the true test of business solvency. Generally an acid test ratio of 1:1 considered as satisfactory, by
that a firm can easily meet all current claims. Higher ratio more than 1:1 indicates sound and good
financial position. If the ratio is less then 1:1, that is, liquid assets are less than current liabilities, the
financial position of the concern shall be deemed to be unsound. This ratio gives a picture of firm’s
ability to meet its short-term debts out of short-term assets.

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Components of quick or liquid ratio

QUICK ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES

Cash in hand Out standing

Cash at bank Bank over draft

Bills receivable Bills payable

Sundry debtors Short-term advances

Marketable securities Sundry creditors

Temporary investments Dividend payable

Accrued expenses

Page 27
 Table-2

Table showing the quick or Acid Test ratios of Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. from the year
2014-18.

Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

(Rs.’000) (Rs.’000) (Rs.’000) (Rs.’000) (Rs.’000)

Liquid assets 9,643,629 8,575,727 5,325,536 3,869,728 1,143,024

Liquid liabilities 9,029,038 6,251,168 3,905,497 2,687,296 1,090,355

Acid test ratio

1.07% 1.37% 1.36% 1.44% 1.05%

Analysis

Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. is having a low acid test ratio in the year 2018 and 2014 i.e. (1.05 and
1.07). When compare to next years, in the year 2017, 2016 and 2015, it has 1.44, 1.36 and 1.37
respectively.

Inference:

As a rule of thumb quick ratios for the past consecutive years are well above the rule of thumb.
It indicates that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current or liquid liabilities in time.

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Graph – 2

Graph showing the quick ratios or Acid test ratio of Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. from the
year 2014 to 2018.

1.6

1.4
P

E 1.2

R 1
C
0.8
Column2
E
N 0.6
T
0.4
A
G 0.2
E
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Years

b) Net working capital:

Working capital is the lifeblood of the business. Working capital refers to that part of the firm’s capital,
which is used for financing short term or current assets, such as, cash, marketable securities, debtors,
inventories, bills receivables etc. in a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working
capital. Net working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities.

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 Net working capital = Current assets – Current liabilities

Components of Working Capital

CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES

Cash in hand Out standing or accrued expenses

Cash at bank Bank over draft

Bills receivable Bills payable

Inventories Short-term advances

Work-in-progress Sundry creditors

Marketable securities Dividend payable

Short-term investments Income-tax payable

Sundry debtors

Prepaid expenses

Page 30
Table: 3

Table showing: Working Capital of Live Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. from the year 2014-18.

Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

(RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000)

Total Current Asset 9,643,629 8,575,727 5,325,536 3,869,728 1,143,024

Total Current Liability 9,029,038 6,251,168 3,905,497 2,687,296 1,090,355

Net working Capital

614,591 2,324,559 1,420,039 1,182,432 52,669

Page 31
Graph –

Graph showing the Net working capital of Over Night Marketing.Pvt.Ltd. from the year 2014 to
2018.

2500000

2000000

1500000

Column2
1000000

500000

0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

c) Turnover ratios:

It measures the speed with which various accounts /assets are converted into sales or cash. It is
concerned with measuring the efficiency in asset management. These ratios are also called efficiency
ratios or asset utilization ratios.

The liquidity ratios mentioned above are related to the liquidity of a firm as a whole. Another way of
examining the liquidity is to determine how quickly certain current assets are converted into cash. The
ratios to measure these are referred to as turnover ratio.

Page 32
A. Debt –equity ratio:

The financing of total assets of a business concern is done by owner’s equity as well as outsider’s
debts. The relationship between borrowed funds and owner’s capital is a popular measure of long-term
financial solvency of a firm. The relationship is shown by the debt equity ratio. This ratio indicates the
relative proportions of debts and equity in financing the assets of a firm the formula we use is Total
long-term debts by Shareholders fund. Total long-term debts include mortgage loans, long term loans;
debentures etc. share holders fund includes Preference share holders, Equity share holders, capital
reserve, revenue reserve etc.

Debt equity ratio = Total long term funds/Share holders fund

Significance of the ratio:

Acceptable norm for this ratio is considered to be 2:1. A higher debt-equity ratio is allowed in the case of
capital-intensive industries, a norm of 4:1 is used for fertilizer and cement units and a norm of 6:1 is used
for shipping units. A high ratio shows that the claims of creditors are greater than that of owners. A very
high ratio is unfavourable from the firm’s point of view. A high debt company, also known as highly
leveraged or geared, is able to borrow funds on very restrictive terms and conditions. A low debt-equity
ratio implies greater claim of owners then creditors. From the point of view of creditors, it represents a
satisfactory capital structure of the business since a high proportion of equity provides a larger margin of
safety for them. This ratio shows the extent to which debt financing is used in the business.

Page 33
Table: 4

The debt equity ratios of Live from the year 2014 to 2018.

Years 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

(RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000)

Outsiders 97,578,470 84,012,076 45,999,541 23,633,655 8,470,669

Funds

Share
Holders
18,433,462 13,263,132 8,360,441 6,331,725 3,194,450
Fund

Debt Equity
5.29% 6.33% 5.50% 3.73% 2.65%
Ratio

Page 34
Analysis:

The ratio of 2:1 is considered satisfactory, the debt equity ratios of this company is 2.65, 3.73, 5.50, 6.33,
and 5.29 from the year 2014 – 2018 respectively. It has crossed more than maximum level also. A high
ratio shows that the claims of creditors are greater than that of owners.

Inference:

There is continues increase in Share holders’ Funds and also in an outsider funds from the year 2014 to
2018. Outsider’s funds are increased more than the shareholders fund. Hence the outsider’s funds has
been increased year by year, it shows the larger outsiders funds are available to the company. It has
crossed more than maximum level also. A high ratio shows that the claims of creditors are greater than
that of owners. A very high ratio is unfavorable from the firm’s point of view. Since this is quite
satisfactory and in the same way it is not good to the shareholders point of view and also to the
company.

Page 35
Graph- 4

Chart showing: the debt equity ratios of Overnight Marketing Pvt. Ltd. from the year 2014-18.

Debt equity ratios

6
P
e
5
r
c
4
e
n Column2
3
t
a
g 2

e
1

0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Years

b). Debt –assets ratio:

Another approach to calculating the debt to capital ratio is to relate the total debt to the total assets of
the firm. The total debt of the firm comprises long- term debt plus current liabilities. The total assets
consist of permanent capital plus current liabilities. Thus,

Debt to total assets/capital ratio= Total debt/ Total

assets

Page 36
Table: 5

Debt - assets ratio table

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Particulars (Rs.’000) (Rs.’000) (Rs.’000) (Rs.’000) (Rs.000)

Total debt 116,011,932 97,275,208 54,359,982 29,965,380 11,665,119

Total assets 11,091,335 9,907,527 6,061,590 4,471,073 1,874,848

Debt-assets 10.45% 9.82% 8.97% 6.70% 6.22%

Ratio

Analysis:

The ratio of 2:1 is considered satisfactory, the debt equity ratios of B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. is
10.45, 9.82, 8.97, 6.70, and 6.22 (in%) from the year 2014 – 2018 respectively.

Inference:

There is continues increase in total debt and also in total assets from the year 2017 to 2018. Debt ratio is
increasing more than the assets ratio. Hence the debt ratio has been increased year by year; it shows the
larger total debt is more than the total assets available to the company. Since this is quite satisfactory
and in the same way it is not good to the share holder’s point of view and also to the company.

Page 37
Graph: 5

Debt assets ratio of B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. from the year 2014 to 2018.

P 12

E
10
R
8
C

E 6
Series 3
N
4
T
2
A

G 0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
E

Years

c) Equity assets ratio:

Still another variant of the debt/equity ratio is to relate the owner’s/proprietor’s funds with total assets.
This is called the proprietary ratio. The ratio indicates the proportion of total assets financed by
owners. Symbolically, it is equal to:

Proprietary ratio = Proprietor’s funds / Total assets x 100

Proprietary Fund to Fixed Assets

Proprietary ratio relates shareholders funds to total assets. It is a variant of debt equity ratio. This ratio
shows long term or future of the business. It calculated by dividing shareholders funds by the total
assets.

Page 38
 Proprietary ratio = shareholders funds/ Fixedassets
Preference share capital and equity share capital plus all reserves and surplus items are called
shareholders fund. Total assets include all assets including goodwill.

Significance of the ratio:

The acceptable norm for the ratio is 1: 3. The ratio shows the general strength of the company. It is very
important to creditors as it helps to find out the proportion of shareholders funds in the total assets used
in the business. Higher ratio indicates a secured position to creditors and a low ratio indicates greater
risk to creditors. Proprietary ratio is also analysis in the following manner

Page 39
Table: 6
Table showing: the Proprietary Ratio of Live B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. from the year 2014-
18.
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Years (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000)

Fixed Asset 1,447,706 1,331,800 736,054 601,345 731,824

Shareholders
18,433,462 13,263,132 8,360,441 6,331,725 3,194,450
Fund

Proprietary ratio
12.73% 9.96% 11.36% 10.53% 4.37%

Analysis:

The ratio of 1:3 is considered satisfactory; the Proprietary Ratio of B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd.

is having a proprietary ratio of 4.37, 10.53, 11.36, 9.96, and 12.73 (in%) in the year 2018, 2017, 2016,
2015, and 2014 respectively.

Inference:

The Proprietary Ratio of B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. is increasing over the years. It shows Good
investment over by the company in Fixed Asset.

Page 40
Graph: 6

Proprietary ratio of B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. from the year 2014 to 2018.

14
P

E 12

R 10

C
8
E
6 Column2
N
4
T
2
A

G 0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
E

Page 41
 CHAPTER-5

SUGGESTIONS &
RECOMMENDATIONS

Page 42
 It can try to create awareness about this company through some programmes.

 There may be proper and immediate response in case of any queries from customers.

 It can concentrate to increase its sales revenue as finance is life blood of any business.

 It is able try to increase its profits through using better portfolios.

 There can be an outstanding after sales service which is one of the important factors.

 There may be more effective response in case of any incidents/events.

 Feedback information can be inculcated.

 It is able to concentrate on decreasing other expenses and it has to spend the expenses which are
really required to the development of the company.

 Proper management is to be there and also it should supervise the activities of the company very
well.

Page 43
CHAPTER- 6

CONCLUSION

Page 44
Ratio analysis is an important tool for financial statement analysis. Here we studied various ratios
relating to measurement of the financial performance such as current ratio, quick ratio, debt equity
ratio, proprietary ratio, gross profit ratio etc. In the previous chapter we made a detailed analysis of the
Live S B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. from 2014 to 2018. The major findings are given below

 The study shows there is a continuous changes in the current ratio and also it is not satisfactory
when compare to actual standard of 2:1.

 Current ratio in the year 2017, it is showing 1.05% and later on it went on increasing way i.e. in
2018 – 1.44%, 2016 – 1.36, 2017-1.37%.

 Current ratio in past three years it was getting to meet the standard, but in the year of 2018 again it
went down to 1.07%.

 The quick ratio for this company is same as mentioned in the above table. Because as there is no
inventory and prepaid expenses to deduct in this company as it is insurance company we cannot
find inventory.

 The study shows that the net working capital in the companyis Rs.52,669,000 in 2017,
Rs.1,182,432,000 in 2018, in 2016 – Rs.1,420,039,000, in 2017 – Rs.2,324,559,000 and in 2018
again it decreased to Rs.614,591,000.

 The study shows that the debt equity ratio is satisfactory from the creditors point of view that is in
the year 2017 the percentage of ratio is 2.65%, in 2018 –3.73%, in the year 2016 – 5.50%, in 2017-
6.33% and in 2018 it is 5.29%.
Page 45
 The study shows that the proprietary ratio to fixed assets is 2017- 4.37%, 2018- 10.53%, 2016-
11.36%, 2017- 9.96%, 2018- 12.73%.

 The study shows that the proprietary ratio to current ratio is in 2017-2.79%, 2018- 1.64%, 2016-
1.55%, 2017- 1.55%, 2018- 1.91%.

 The study shows that gross profit ratio of the company was went on decreasing but it is recovering
from more loss to less loss and the percentage of ratio is, in the year 2017 is -0.13%, in 2018 it is -
0.08%, in 2016 it is -0.04%, in 2017 it is -0.05%, in 2018 it is -0.09%

Page 46
BIBILOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

 WWW.GOOGLE.COM
 WWW.YAHOOSEARCH.COM

REFERENCE BOOKS:

 PRASANNA CHANDRA: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, (TMH), 6/e, 2004

 M.Y. KHAN & P.K. JAIN: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, (TMH), 4/e, 2004

OTHER REFERENCES:

 NEWS PAPERS:

o TIMES OF INDIA

o ECONOMIC TIMES

 MAGAZINES:

o BUSINESS WORLD

Page 47
 ANNEXURES

Balance sheet of B2B Infotechnogen Pvt. Ltd. as at March 31 for five years

Particulars Schedu 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

le
(Rs.‘000) (Rs.‘000) (Rs.‘000) (Rs.‘000) (Rs.‘000)

SOURCES OF
FUNDS

SHAREHOLDERS’
FUNDS:

Share Capital 5 17,958,180 12,706,359 8,007,148 6,192,718 3,190,898

Share application
money received - - 287,391 - -
pending allotment of
shares

Reserve and Surplus 6 552,892 552,892 65,902 65,902 -

Credit / [Debit] Fair

Value Change Account
(77,610) 3,881 - 73,105 3,552

Sub-Total 18,433,462 13,263,132 8,360,441 6,331,725 3,194,450

BORROWINGS 7 - - - - -
POLICYHOLDERS’
FUNDS:

Page 48
Credit / [Debit] Fair
Value Change Account
(296,885) 193,745 91,247 209,569 174,980
Policy Liabilities

Insurance Reserves
29,092,419 24,366,747 17,391,531 11,487,996 6,377,397
Provision for Linked
liabilities - - - - -

Add: Fair value change 84,085,083 56,317,976 25,934,264 9,732,781 1,918,292

(15,302,147) 3,133,608 2,582,499 2,203,309 -

Total Provision for 68,782,936 59,451,584 28,516,763 11,936,090 -

Linked Liabilities

Sub-Total 97,578,470 84,012,076 45,999,541 23,633,655 8,470,669

Funds for Future 586,395 - - - -

Appropriations

Funds for future

appropriation - 531,970 246,951 59,485 25,516 -
Provision for lapsed
policies unlikely to be
revived

Surplus Allocated to - - - - -
Shareholders

TOTAL 117,130,297 97,522,159 54,419,467 29,990,896 11,665,119

APPLICATION OF
FUNDS:

INVESTMENTS

Shareholders’
8 4,291,597 4,213,064 1,529,743 1,380,910 984,253
Policyholders’

Page 49
Assets held to cover 8A 30,050,097 23,299,043 17,782,866 11,695,010 6,087,916
Linked Liabilities
8B 68,782,936 59,451,584 28,516,763 11,936,090 1,918,292
LOANS
9 30,248 18,618 12,638 29,356 11,984
FIXED ASSETS
10 1,447,706 1,331,800 736,054 601,345 731,824
CURRENT ASSETS

Cash and bank

balances 11 4,108,660 4,493,238 3,363,556 2,879,622 733,529

Advances and Other

Assets 12 5,534,969 4,082,489 1,961,980 990,106 409,495

Sub-total (A) 9,643,629 8,575,727 5,325,536 3,869,728 1,143,024

CURRENT 13 8,820,225 6,129,149 3,874,652 2,658,567 1,069,635

LIABILITIES

PROVISIONS
14 208,813 122,019 30,845 28,729 20,720

Sub-Total (B) 9,029,038 6,251,168 3,905,497 2,687,296 1,090,355

NET CURRENT
ASSETS (C) = (A - B)
614,591 2,324,559 1,420,039 1,182,432 52,669

MISCELLANEOUS 15 - - - - -
EXPENDITURE (to
the extent not written
off or adjusted)

DEBIT BALANCE IN 11,913,122 6,883,491 4,421,364 3,165,753 1,878,181

PROFIT AND LOSS
ACCOUNT
(Shareholders’

Page 50
account)

TOTAL 117,130,297 97,522,159 54,419,467 29,990,896 11,665,119

CONTINGENT
LIABILITIES

1. Partly paid-up
investments - - - - -

2. Claims, other than

against policies, not
- - - - -
acknowledged as debts
by the company

3. Underwriting
commitments
outstanding (in respect - - - - -
of share and securities)

4. Guarantees given by
or on behalf of the
Company - - - - -
5. Statutory demands /
liabilities in dispute,
not provided for 1,465,718 262,091 309,494 119,829 -

6.Reinsurance
obligations to the
extent not provided for - - - -
in the accounts -

7.Others
- - - -
-

Total 1,465,718 262,091 309,494 119,829 -

Profit & Loss Account for year ended March 31, from 2014 to 2018

Shareholders’ Account (Non-technical Account)

Page 51
 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Particulars sched (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000) (RS.’000)

ule

Amounts transferred from 794,984 516,341 - - -

the Policyholders Account
(Technical Account)

Income from Investments

(a) Interest, Dividends

& Rent - Gross

(b) Profit on sale / 302,367 242,109 126,836 138,496 65,321

redemption of
investments

(c) (Loss on sale / 13,924 98,694 114,192 7,989 10,117

redemption of
investments)
(35,870) (11,142) (12,470) (6,933) (4,043)
(d) Transfer / gain on
revaluation / change
in fair value

(e) Amortization of
(premium)/discount 51,887 (21,384) (23,909) (6,594) -
on investments

(2,965) 561 (2,375) (8,926) (5,156)

Sub Total 329,343 308,838 202,274 124,032 66,239

Other Income 300 531 764 3,650 1587

TOTAL (A) 1,124,627 825,710 203,038 127,682 67,826

Expenses other than those 3A 5,307 12,596 8,252 18,251 10,490

directly related to the
insurance business

Bad debts written off - - - - -

Provisions (other than

Page 52
taxation)

(a) For diminution in the - - - - -

value of Investments
(net)

(b) Provision for - - - - -

doubtful debts

(c) Others - - - - -
Contribution to the 6,148,951 3,248,208 1,450,397 1,397,003 954,744
Policyholders Fund

TOTAL (B) 6,154,258 3,260,804 1,458,649 1,415,254 965,234

Profit / (Loss) before tax (5,029,631) (2,435,094) (1,255,611) (1,287,572) (897,348)

Provision for Taxation - - - - -

Profit / (Loss) after tax (5,029,631) (2,435,094) (1,255,611) (1,287,572) (897,348)

APPROPRIATIONS

(a) Balance at the (6,883,491) (4,421,364) (3,165,753) (1,878,181) (980,833)

beginning of the
Year

(b) Interim dividends - - - - -

paid during the Year

(c) Proposed final - - - - -

dividend

(d) Dividend
distribution tax - - - - -

(e) Transfer to liabilities

on account of
- (27,033) - - -
Employee benefits

Profit / (Loss) carried

forward to the Balance
Page 53
Sheet (11,913,122) (6,883,491) (4,421,364) (3,165,753) (1,878,181
)

Earnings per share - Basic (3.28) (2.42) (1.83) (2.92) (3.38)

Earnings per share - Diluted (3.28) (2.42) (1.81) (2.92) (3.38)

Page 54
Page 55