Chapter-1 Principles of object oriented Programming [ 1. What is object-oriented programming? Ans: Object: nted Programming : "Object-Oriented Programming" (2020,2018,2015,2014, 2012, 2010) refers to a programming methodology based on objects, instead of just functions and procedures. These objects are organized into classes, which allow individual objects to be group together. Most modern programming languages including Java, C++, PHP are object-oriented languages, and many older programming languages now have object-oriented versions. An “object” in an OOP language refers to a specific type, or "instance," of a class. Each object has_a structure similar to other objects in the class, but can be assigned individual characteristics. An object can also call functions, or methods, specific to that object. 2 “What is Procedure — oriented programming? : . (2016, 2015) Ans: Procedure — oriented programming : A program in a procedural language is a list of instruction where each statement tells the computer to do something. It focuses on procedure (function) & algorithm is needed to perform the derived computation. When program become larger, it is divided into function & each function has clearly defined purpose. Dividing the program into functions & module is one of the cornerstones of structured programming. E.g.:- c, basic, FORTRAN. Scanned with CamScanner—— Object Oriented Programming Pa = ving ject-oriented programming different from procedure-oriented language ? 3, How does object-oriented programming ao a i :_Provedure Ori Difference Between Object Oriented Programming (OOP) & Procedure Orienteq ming Procedure Oriented ied into parts | In POP, program is divided into small parts called functions In POP, Importance is not given todata but 10 funct as well as sequence of actions to be done, Object Oriented Progra Divided into | In OOP, program is di called objects. Importance | In OOP, Importance is given to the data rather than procedures or functions because it. works as a real world. ‘Approach (O0P follows Bottom Up approach. POP follows Top Down approach, ‘Accessspecificr | OOP has access specifiers named Public, | POP docs not have any access specifier Private, Protected. etc. DataMoving | In OOP, objects can move and|in POP, Data can move freely from | communicate with cach other through | function to function in the system, | member functions. Expansion (OOP provides an easy way to add new data [To add new data and function in POP is and function not so casy. DataAccess | In OOP, data can not move easily from | In POP, Most function uses Global da furiction to function, it can be kept public | for sharing that can be accessed freely or private so we can control the access of | from function to function in the system daa | DataHiding OOP provides Data Hiding so | POP does not have any proper way for | provides more security. hiding data so it is less secure Examples Example of OOP are > C+, JAVA, | Example of POP are : C, FORTRAN, L VB.NET, C#.NET. Pagal. | [ 4. Basic organization of dats and function in an object-oriented programming, 2016.13.10) | Basic organization of data and funétion‘in an object-oriented programming: Object-oriented programming as an approach that provides a way of modularization programs by creating partitioned memory area for both data and functions that can be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on demand. An object is considered to be a partitioned area of computer memory that stores data and set of operations that can access that data . Since the memory partitions arc independent the objects can be used in a v: if : arity er ? without modifications ania Object A Object Date Date Taste aaTTanctons ia OOP Scanned with CamScannerObject Oriented Programming _ 5, Describe the features ‘Ans: f object -ori 7 , ‘The features o riented progr : ® Emphasi ramming: Programs Data structures are desi Functions that operate structure Data is hidden ject oriented programming, (2018,2016,2014.2012,2010) is on data rather than procedure are divided into what are known as objects. igned such that they characterize the objects on the data of an object arc tied together in the data and cannot be accessed by external functions. New data and functions can be casily Follows bottom-up approach in progr added whenever necessary. am design, (6. Difference between Structured Programming and Object Oriented Programming, (2012) | Ans: Difference between Structured Programming and Object Oriented Programming: Structured Programming ‘Object Oriented Programming Structured Programming is designed which focuses on process/ logical structure and then data required for that process. Object Oriented Programming is designed which | focuses on data. Structured programming follows approach. top-down, Object oriented programming follows bottom-up | approach, | Structured Programming is also known as Modular Programming and a subset of procedural programming language. ‘Object Oriented Programming supports | inheritance, ‘encapsulation, abstraction, | polymorphism, ete. In Structured Programming, Programs are divided into small sclf contained functions. In Object Oriented Programming, Programs are | divided into small cntitics called objects. | Structured Programming is less secure as there is no way of data hiding Object Oriented Programming is more secure as having data hiding feature. Structured Programming can solve moderately complex programs. Object Oriented Programming can solve any complex programs. Structured Programming provides less reusability, more function dependency. Less abstraction and less flexibility. Object Oriented Programming provides more | reusability, less function dependency More abstraction and more flexibility. | [ - Application of object-oriented programming technology in various area. 2015) ] Great deal of excitement and interest in software engine Applications of OOP are gaining importance in many ar interface design such as windows. 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How can memory atone Answer: C++ supports these functions and also has two operators new and delete that Perform the task of allocating and freeing the memory. Memory allocation operator new , The new operator denotes a request for memory allocation on the Heap. If sufficient memory is available, new operator initializes the memory and returns the address of the newly allocated and initialized memory to the pointer variable, Syntax to use new operator: To allocate memory of any data type, the syntax is: Pointer-variable = new data-type; Here, pointer-variable is the pointer of type data-type. Data-type could be any built-in data type including array or any user defined data types including structure and class. Example: // Pointer initialized with NULL / Then request memory for the variable int’*p = NULL; P= new int; Memory deallocation operator delete delete-expressions to deallocate storage Previously allocated for a sin, the standard library implementation of this function is undefined unle: Pointer previously obtained from the standard new(size._t) or operator new(sige_1, std::nothrow vt) Since it is Programmer’s responsibility to Programmers are provided delete operator by. igle object. The behavior of $s ptr is a null pointer or is library implementation of operator deallocate dynamically allocated memory, C++ language. Syntax: Release memory pointed by pointer-variable delete pointer-variable; Here, pointer-variable is the pointer that points to the data object created by new. Scanned with CamScannerobject Oriented Progamming Page No #125 [10 Explain the use of Unary and Ternary operator (2013) ‘Ans: 5 ‘Unary operator: Ithas only one operand. There are two main un; 4 increment operator + decrement operator Increment Operator The increment operator(++), ‘nwo types like pre-increment ary operators ‘hich is to increment the variables or the constants. Increment is of and post-increment operator. The pre-increment operator will assign then increment the value by one. The post-increment operator will increment and then assign that value to the variable. we will use increment Operators mostly in the looping like for, while and do.....while, Decrement Operator The decrement operator(-), which is to decrement the values of variables or constants. Its similar like increment types. But here it’ll decrease the value instead increasing Ternary Operator Temary operator is also known as conditional operator. It has three operands. Syntax: expr?stmt] :stmt2; Ifthe expression is true, then the statement! will be executed. Else statement2 will be executed, 11. Role of scepe resolution operator in C++. Explain with example. (2018,2012) Ans: Scope resolution operator: In C++ language the scope resolution operator is written C++ supports to the global variable from a fun function name. te iction, Local variable is to define the same * "dentify variables with use of scope resolution operator when we use the same name for local variable and global variable ( or in class or namespace ) Resolution operator is placed between the front of the variable name then the global Variable is affected.If no resolution operator is placed between the local variable is affected. CO lution Operator Syntax ‘identifier // for Global Scope class-name identifier // for Class Scope namespace identifier // for Namespace Scope “simple syntax *global variable name Example: finclude “sing namespace std; Scanned with CamScanner';// global variable int main() { char ¢ ='b'; /Mocal variable cout << "Local variable: "<< <<"\n"; son operator cout << "Global variable: "<< ::¢ << "\n"; //using scope resolution opera return 0; } Output: Local variable: b Global variable: a Scope resolution op in class: #include using namespace std; class programming { public: void output(); //fanction declaration 1 // function definition outside the class void programming::output() { cout << "Function defined outside the class.\n"; 3 int main) { programming x; x.output(); return 0; } Output: Function defined outside the class [ 12. How does the following statement differ? 013,201) _| i) Char *const p; ii) Char const *p; Ans: i)Char_*const_p- char * const p is a constant pointer to a variable(i.c. you can’t change the pointer) #include int main() { char z; char y; /* Invalid, gives compiler error "uninitialized const p" */ 1 char * const p; // Need to initialize at declaration time char * const p = &z; // Address cannot be changed, Must be initialize at declaration time *p='AS Scanned with CamScannerObjest Oriented Progeny. J/ const pointer can't be change, must be initialize at declaration time printf(" %c \n",*p); return 0: } ji)Char_const_*p /const char *p and char const *p both are same] char const *p points to constant character(You can change where p points, but you can’t change pointed characters using that pointer). #include a iival gives compiler error "assignment of read-only location *p" */ '; _ // You can’t change pointed characters using pointer printf(" %c \n",*p); return 0; } 13. write a program to evaluate the following function to 0,0001% accuracy:. (2017,2014)_| SUM= 1+ (1/2)*2 + (1/3)°3 + ...(1/n)*n #include #include #include Void main() { . clrscr(); float i,n,sum,k; cout<<"Enter the last number:", cin>>n; { kepow(1/i,i); Sum=sum+k; Cout<<"The sum of the series is:"< #include c #include int fact(int n) { if(n=0) return n*fact(n-1); 3 void main() { clrser();, long int i; Tong float sinx=0,x=30; X=(3.1416/180)*x; forli=1;i<=7;i+=2) sims=sinx (pow(-L,i+1)*pow(,))/fact(i); . 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Tn function overriding we can have only one overriding function in the child class 3.When function overloading needed. With example. Or,What do you mean by Describe with an example. ‘Ans Function over loading is yet another feat function name but different class area int sq.l.b; float r; public: draw() {cout<<"no shape"}; float draw(float }; int draw(int ); int draw(int ,int ); h float shape:: draw(float cir) { cir; return(3.14*r*r); b int shape::draw(int sq) { return(sq*sq); overloading of.a function? When do we use this concept ? (2015) ture of polymorphism, Different functions with the same arguments are defined in a class, Dui function is called depend on the arguments passed. ring compile time the appropriate Scanned with CamScannerint shape::drawCint Lint b) I-(atb); retumn(2*1); he so depenids on the argument passed we get the area of circle square or rectangle. [ 7, What is an inline function? (2016,2013) ‘Ans: Inline function: An inline function is a function which is expanded in line when it is invoked. That is the compiler replaces the function call with the corresponding function code.It's general syntax is as follows: inline data-type function-name(argument-list) function-body; } For example: inline int sum(int a, int b) { return (a + b); Inline functions are best used for small functions such as accessing private data members. The main purpose of these inline functions (usually one or two lines of code) is to retum state information about objects; short functions are sensitive to the overhead of function calls.Longer functions spend proportionately less time in the calling /returning sequence and benefit less from in lining, : 5.What are inline function advantages and disadvantages? (2016,2013) Ans: Inline function advantages and disadvantages: Advantages :- 1. It speeds up your program by avoiding function calling overhead, 2. It save overhead of variables push/pop on the stack, when function calling happens. 3. It save overhead of retum call from a function 4, It increases locality of reference by utilizing instruction cache. 5. By marking it as inline, you can’put a function definition in a header file (i.e. it ean be included in multiple compilation unit, without the linker complaining) . 1. Itincreases the executable size due to code expansion, 2. C+ inlining is resolved at compile time, Which means if y function, you would need to recompile all the code using it 3. 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Programming 17. Write a program classes using friend function, (2018,2015) 18. Write a class to represent time that includes the member function to perform the following: - Take input for time in hours and minutes - Multiply time by scalar value - Add two times - Display the time in form. hours : minutes (2010) 20. Write a C++ program that introduces the use of static data member and member function. (2013,2010) 21. Define Static data member.(2020) ~~ 22, Mention the properties of Static data member (2029) Scanned with CamScannerobject Oriented Programming, Class and Objects [What is a class? (2015,2011) “Ans: . . ‘ Class: A class is a way to bind that data and it's associated functions together. It allows‘the data fand functions) to be hidden,if necessary from external use. It is a user defined data type, which holds its own data members and member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating, aninstance of that class. A class is like a blueprint for an object. For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars with different names and brand but all of them will share some common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit, Mileage range etc. So here, Car is the class and wheels, speed limits, mileage aré their properties keyword user-defined name lads Classtiam { Access specifier: Jean be private public or protected Data members; 1/ Variables to be used Memberfunctions() (} //Methods to access data members J{ Class name ends with a semicolon 3. How does a class accomplished data hiding. (2015,2011) Ans: " Itis a process of combining data and functions into a single unit..This is the central idea of OOP. Usually, the data within a class is private & the functions-are public The data is hidden (in OOP data is given more importance than function as data is the reason for program's existence) so that it will be safe from accidental manipulation Example: We go’a bank & access the staff rather than the computers and files over there. The bank staff knows hiow to access those Computers and files. Data Data hiding::- 'tmeans that data is concealed (masked) within a class so that it canni Outside the class even by mistake. ‘The mechanism used to hide data is it private . ot be accessed by functions to put it ina class & make Scanned with CamScannerNT Page.Ni Example of Data hiding in C++ #include using namespace std; class MyRank{. , int a; //dofault accessibility is private public void read(); void print(); }: void MyRank :: read(){ cout<<"Enter any Integer value"<>a; } void MyRank :: print(){ cout<<"The value is "< class student private: intrn; float fees; void readQ. TN=12; Sees=145.10; void show() readQ; cout<<"\n Rollno = "<) ‘Ans: Once a class is defined, it cai relation between an object and a class is the same as that of The syntax for declaring an object is class_name = object_list; To understand the concept of instantiation, consider this example. n be used to create variables of its type known as objects, Thy ‘a variable and its data type. Example : Declaring objects of a class class book ’ { I body of the class , hy » . int main () i { ‘book bookl, book2, book3; //objects of class book return 0; } . In this example, three objects namely, book1, book2 and book3 of the class book have been created in main (). . . book bookl, book2, book3; // declaration of objects } 4 Memory Allocati in for Objects Before using a member of a class, it is necessary to allocate the required memory space to that member, The way the memory space for data members and member functions is allocated is aa regardless of the fact that both data members and member functions belong to the same i memory space is allocated to the data members of a class only when an object of the classis declare, andi not when the data members are declared inside the class. Since a single da the chee ron have different values for different objects at the same time, every object declared fo" class has an individual copy of all the data members, | On the other hand, the me — class is defined Tie Emory space for the member functions is allocated ‘only once when the shared among all the object the class book have individ one copy of the member fu ] ‘ords, there is only a single copy of each member function, which s. For instance, the three objects, namely, book1, book2 and book3 ©! lual copies of the data members title and price, However, there is oY inctions getdata () and putdata () that is shared by all the three objec!S 8.”Encapsulation reduce com, Ans: . cela reat um He * Encapsulation is binding the code and data together? (orate, public and comp! a ly ki @ class. Encapsulation has less to do with access spool OF profane itd Protected) In encapsulation members inside a class can be private, P!! ‘ted. The private members of a class are only accessible to the objects ofthat class &” plexity” justified your position, (2018,2014,2012) Scanned with CamScanneri and the public members are accessible to the objects of the class as well as they are accessible from outside the class. Encapsulation helps the end user of a system to learn what to do with the gystem instead of how it must do, Let us understand encapsulation with the help of an example of a car. Ifa driver of a car wants to change the gear of car, what he needs is to just change the position of the liver operating gears of the car and it thus changes the gear of a car. A driver docs not need to understand the complexity of, what is the mechanism behind changing the gear. This is how cncapsulation reduces the complexity ofa system. Encapsulation makes the system easier to operate by the end user. d:Relation between class and object. (2010) ‘Ans: *, Class is mere a blueprint or a template. No storage is assigned when we define a class. Objects are instances of class, which holds the data variables declared in class and the member functions work on these-class objects Each object has different data variables. Objects are initialised using ‘special class functions called Constructors. Class is a container which collection of variables and methods.object is a instance of class.One class definition should cxist only once in the program. 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Object. Qriented Programming Page No #158... a Chapter: 5 Operator overloading | —) bles of user defined types with the same that C++ has the ability to provide the ‘anism of giving such special meaning vides a flexible option 1)_ What is operator ‘overloading? (2018, 2017, 2010) Ans: Operator overloading: C++ perm syntax that is applied to the basic F ie a data type. The mech: operators with a special meaning fo y to an operator is known as operator overloading. Operator overloading pro’ for the creation of new definition for most of the C++ operators. nits to add two varial ic type. This means 2) What is operator function? (2017) | ‘Ans: Operator function: An overloaded operator is called an operator function. You declare an ‘operator function with the keyword operator preceding the operator. Overloaded operators are distinct from overloaded functions, but like. overloaded functions, they arc distinguished by the number and types of operands used with the operator. 2017) | 3) Describe the syntax of an operator function. ‘Ans: To define an additional task to an operator, we must specify what it means in relation to the class. to which the operator is applied. This. is done with the help of special function, called operator function, which describes the task. ; : The general form of an operator function is: return-type ‘class name:: operator op(argument_list) { } Where retum- type is the type of value returned be the specified operation and op is the operator being overloaded. Operator functions must be cither member functions or friend functions. Function body; 4 When is a friend function compulsory? 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