PROJECT REVIEW

The major goal of this project/product is to reduce the amount of labor

required while retaining worker efficiency. Our goal is to improve the present
lawn mower's marketing and mobility while also reducing the amount of time it
takes to complete the task. Our project/product comes with a few more
features, such as a rechargeable battery, a vacuum pump, and increased
mobility while using an environmentally responsible method.

2.1 PROJECT FUNDAMENTAL AND THEORIES

Figure 2.1: Example of a lawn mower

A lawn mower (also known as a mower, grass cutter, or lawnmower) is

a machine that cuts a grass surface to an equal height using one or more
spinning blades. The cut grass height may be fixed by the mower's
construction, but it is usually changeable by the operator, often by a single
master lever or a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. The
blades may be operated by hand, with wheels physically attached to the
cutting blades so that they spin as the mower is pushed forward, or the
equipment may feature a battery-powered engine.

This project will be created in an environmentally friendly way with the

primary goal of reducing the time it takes to clean up the catted grass once
the cutting process is completed. The majority of workers/users can keep their
productivity while utilizing our solution. As previously said, we use an
environmentally friendly solution by replacing the present lawn mower engine
with an electric power engine powered by a rechargeable battery.
Rechargeable batteries are a well-known issue in the eco-friendly system
since they do not pollute the environment and can be purchased absolutely
anywhere nowadays.

2.1.1 Parts of Normal Lawn Mower

 Handle

Figure 2.2: Example of a lawn mower handle

As previously said, the lawn mower is operated by pushing forward so

that the mounted cutting blade may cut the grass. We chose a firm grip for the
lawn mower in order to prevent the user/worker from slipping while operating
it. However, if used for an extended period of time, a firm grasp might be
difficult and can hurt the arm. This will be a problem for a long-term worker
who uses the machine at work, therefore we'll come up with a decent solution
to ensure our handle has a solid grip and doesn't leave scars. To achieve this,
we modify the grip material and the structure with an appropriate option.
  Tyres/rim

Figure 2.3: Example of a lawn mower tyres

The lawn mower will be equipped with tyres so that it can be readily
transported and stored after usage. The tyres will be able to move freely over
the grassed region as intended, as well as through a difficult obstacle. It will
be designed with exceptional grip tyres and a robust rim to prevent it from
breaking easily.
  Motor

Figure 2.4: Example of a lawn mower motor

To prevent pollution, we installed an electric motor that is driven by a

rechargeable battery in our machine. A variable number (usually 1–4) of 12-
to-80-volt rechargeable batteries power cordless electric mowers. Higher
batteries usually imply more run time and/or power (and more weight).
Batteries can be found both inside and outside the lawnmower. If the
exhausted batteries are found outside, they may be readily replaced with
recharged batteries. Cordless mowers have the mobility of a gasoline mower
and the environmental friendliness of a corded electric mower, but they are
more costly and offer fewer models (especially the self-propelled variety) than
either. Worn-out batteries are difficult to dispose of (though some
manufacturers provide recycling), and the engines in certain cordless mowers
are less powerful than gasoline motors of the same overall weight (including
batteries).
  Vacuum

Figure 2.5: Example of a Vacuum pump

As an added feature, we integrate a vacuum in our lawn mower, which

might be considered an improvised innovation. The vacuum cleaner that was
used to clean up the catted grass will be discarded and kept in the disposable
bag. The bag may be discarded or emptied, allowing it to be reused several
times. The vacuum pump will be placed strategically so that it can effectively
suck up the grass and minimize as many grasses as necessary. The vacuum
will operate automatically during the cutting process, sparing the worker or
user time cleaning up the dispersed grasses once the cutting is completed.
This concept is mostly utilized to lessen the amount of labor required,
particularly for women and the elderly.
2.2 FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE

The lawn mower's functional performance is determined by the

scenarios and location. Our machine's functional performance is defined by its
distinctive extra features and design. There are a few drawbacks to our
design that we are aware of, including the maximum number of grasses that
can be held in the sack and the sustained area through which it cannot pass.
As a result, we'll have to deal with this issue so that our machine runs
smoothly.

This section contained details on the machine's essential

characteristics that have an impact on its operation. It also lays out the trade-
offs that must be made when selecting certain design elements. A few issues,
including as the machine's weight, the battery's lifetime, the sustained area
that cannot be passed, and the vacuum power, must be addressed in order to
achieve the functional performance requirement.

2.2.1. Mobility of the machine

The machine's mobility is critical to the project's success since it allows

workers to operate more effectively while still being accessible to women, the
elderly, and youngsters. We designed the machine to be family friendly since
our major objective is for the equipment to be used by everyone, not just the
laborer. As previously said, our equipment is equipped with tyres so that it
may be conveniently moved and stored. The mass of the lawn mower, aside
from the tyres, will be sustainable for individuals. It will be feasible to achieve
with the use of appropriate materials for each component of the machine,
particularly the body.
2.3 TYPES OF MATERIALS

2.3.1 STAINLESS STEEL

Stainless steel is a ferrous alloy with a minimum chromium

concentration of roughly 11%, a composition that typically avoids corrosion
and provides heat resistance. Stainless steel contains carbon, nitrogen,
aluminium, silicon, sulphur, titanium, nickel, copper, selenium, niobium, and
molybdenum, among other elements. Certain stainless-steel variants are
typically identified using AISI three-digit numerals, such as 304 stainless steel.
The ISO 15510 standard incorporates the chemical compositions of stainless
steels defined in current ISO, ASTM, EN, JIS, and GB standards in an usable
interchange table. In stainless steel alloys, chromium forms a passive coating
that shields the underlying material from corrosion and may self-heal in the
presence of oxygen.

Stainless steel is a wise choice for many applications that require both
steel strength and corrosion resistance, given to its corrosion and stain
resistance, ease of maintenance, and recognisable shine. Stainless steel may
be rolled into a variety of shapes, including sheets, plates, bars, wire, and
tubing. Cookware, cutlery, surgical tools, major appliances, autos, large-scale
building materials, industrial equipment (such as paper mills, chemical plants,
and water treatment), and chemical and food storage tanks and tankers all
contain these contaminants.
2.3.2 ALUMINIUM

Aluminium Is a chemical element with the atomic number 13 and the

symbol Al. Aluminium has a lower density than most other common metals,
about one-third that of steel. When exposed to air, it has a strong affinity for
oxygen and creates a protective coating of oxide on the surface. Aluminium
has a hue that is similar to silver and has a high propensity to reflect light. It is
ductile, soft, and non-magnetic.

Hans Christian a Danish physicist, announced the discovery of

aluminium in 1825. In 1856, French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire
Deville began the first industrial production of aluminium the majority of
aluminium was used in transportation, engineering, construction, and
packaging in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan during the
twenty-first century.

Despite its widespread presence in the environment, no living entity is

known to employ aluminium salts in their metabolism; yet, plants and animals
tolerate aluminium well.
2.3.3 CARBON STEEL

Carbon steel is a steel that contains between 0.05 and 2.1 percent
carbon by weight. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon
steel as follows:
-For chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium,
tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element to be added to create a
desired alloying effect, no minimum content is stated or required;
-Copper must not exceed 0.40 percent of the stipulated minimum;
-If any of the following elements' maximum content set does not
exceed the percentages noted: Manganese is 1.65%, silicon is 0.60 percent,
and copper is 0.60 percent.

Carbon steel can also refer to steel that isn't stainless steel; in this
case, carbon steel can also refer to alloy steels. Milling machines, cutting
tools (such as chisels), and high-strength wires are just a few of the
applications for high carbon steel. This type of application necessitates a finer
microstructure, which increases toughness. Carbon steel is a common metal
for knife manufacture because of its high carbon content, which gives the
blade better edge retention. It is critical to heat treat this sort of steel
appropriately in order to get the most out of it. Otherwise, the knife may
become brittle or too soft to keep an edge. Steel can get harder and stronger
by heat treating as the carbon percentage concentration increases, but it
becomes less ductile. A larger carbon concentration reduces weldability
regardless of heat treatment. The melting point of carbon steels decreases as
the carbon content increases. 
2.4 REVIEW ON RUBBER

2.4.1 NATURAL RUBBER

As originally formed, rubber, also known as India rubber, latex,

Amazonian rubber, couch, or caoutchouc, is made up of polymers of the
organic compound isoprene, with tiny impurities of other chemical
compounds. Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia are the top three rubber
producers in the world.

Elastomers are different types of polyisoprene that are utilised as

natural rubbers. Rubber is currently obtained mostly as latex from the rubber
tree (Heave Brasiliense) or other sources. Latex is a sticky, milky, white
colloid that is extracted from the bark by creating incisions and collecting the
fluid in vessels, a technique known as "tapping." After that, the latex is refined
into rubber, which is ready for commercial use. Latex is allowed to
agglomerate in the collection cup in large places. The coagulated lumps are
collected and dried before being sold.

Natural rubber is widely employed in a variety of applications and

products, both alone and in conjunction with other materials. It has a high
stretch ratio, great toughness, and is water-proof in most of its practical forms.
[requires citation]. By the end of the nineteenth century, industrial demand for
rubber-like materials had outstripped natural rubber supply, prompting the
chemical production of synthetic rubber in 1909.
2.4.2 SYNTHETIC RUBBER

Any artificial elastomer is referred to as a synthetic rubber. They're

polymers made from petroleum waste products. In the United States, some 32
million metric tonnes of rubber are manufactured each year, with synthetic
rubber accounting for two-thirds of that total. In 2020, global revenues from
synthetic rubbers are expected to reach around US$56 billion. Tires, door and
window profiles, seals such as O-rings and gaskets, hoses, belts, matting,
and flooring are all examples of synthetic rubber's many usages in the
automotive industry. They have a wide spectrum of physical and chemical
qualities, which can help a product or application be more reliable. In two key
ways, synthetic rubbers outperform natural rubbers: thermal stability and
resistance to oils and similar chemicals. They are more resistant to oxidising
elements like oxygen and ozone, which can shorten the life of products such
as tyres.
2.5 NEOPRENE RUBBER

One of the oldest varieties of synthetic rubber is neoprene, commonly known as

chloroprene. It has an extremely low susceptibility to burning, corrosion, and
degradation when compared to natural rubber and other synthetic rubbers. It's ideal as
a base material for adhesives and corrosion-resistant coatings because of this property.
It's also suitable for use in high-pressure gaskets, belting, and window and door seals
due to its ability to maintain strong mechanical qualities throughout a wide temperature
range.

2.6 SILLICONE RUBBER

Silicone rubber, also known as polydioxanone, is characterised by its malleability,

biocompatibility, and resilience to severe temperatures, fire, ozone, and ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. It comes in a range of hues, both solid and liquid. Its chemical inertness
makes it suitable for biocompatibility and chemical resistance in parts and goods such
as gloves, breathing masks, implants, and other medical devices (such as baby care
items, cosmetic applicators, and food containers and instruments).

2.7 Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)

EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer) is a synthetic rubber that is

extremely durable and resistant to damage and deterioration due to harsh temperatures
and weather conditions. These characteristics make it excellent for outside parts and
goods including roofing sealants, hoses, and seals. It is also suitable for use in car
systems due to its high noise and thermal insulation qualities.
2.4 STUDY ON RECENT RESEARCH AND RELATED PRODUCT

2.4.1. Walk Mowers

The term "walk mower" refers to a variety of lawnmowers that the

user walks behind. They are best suited to smaller lawns of up to half an
acre in size (although a half-acre lawn would take you a few hours to mow
with a walk mower, and you'd be excused for opting for a ride-on to tackle a
lawn of this size.) Walk mowers provide the most diversity and adaptability
among lawnmowers. They might be very varied in terms of price, quality,
and features. The following categories apply to the majority of walk
mowers.
2.4.2. Push Mower

As the name implies, push mowers need the operator to manually push
the equipment over the grass. The engine spins the blades, but the wheel
motion is entirely up to you. These mowers are popular since they are
generally the most affordable, as well as lightweight and simple to maneuver.
A push mower is easy to manage, allowing the operator to decide where it
travels, steer around obstacles and corners, and even reverse. Its modest
weight may come in handy if you need to hoist the mower onto a trailer or
truck bed, or if you need to move it up and down stairs.

These mowers require some physical work, which is wonderful if you

want to get some additional exercise into your routine, but they may not be
suitable for persons with health issues or anybody who does not want to break
a sweat. It should be mentioned that push mowers work best for flat lawns
because pushing it up a hill, as well as chasing it down a slope, may be highly
labor-intensive! Due of their demanding nature, they are best suited to tiny
yards and are perhaps the most basic form of lawnmower available. Push
mowers are the greatest alternative for anybody worried about the
environmental effect of mowing their lawn because they emit no pollutants.
They also provide no noise pollution, unlike motorized lawnmowers.

2.4.3. Battery-Powered Mower

Battery-powered mowers are powered by a battery, which is often a

lithium-ion battery, which is lightweight and long-lasting. These mowers have
all of the benefits of an electric mower without the cord length limitation.
Because they are not powered, these mowers are suitable for gardens of any
size. They are slightly heavier than an electric mower but far lighter than a
gas-powered mower. These mowers provide amazing convenience, but at a
premium.

The main drawback of a battery-powered mower is its short run

duration. Many of these mowers will only work for approximately an hour
before needing to be recharged, which might be inconvenient if you're only
halfway through mowing your lawn when the battery dies. Batteries, too, do
not endure indefinitely and must be replaced every few years.