ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 1
HUMAN ORGANISM
ANATOMY – scientific discipline that
investigates the structure of the body.
Anatomy = dissect or cut-apart and
separate the parts of the body for study.
2 basic approaches to study anatomy:
Systemic anatomy- studying the body
based on systems. (skeletal, nervous)
Regional anatomy – by region (shoulder,
head region of the body.)
2 general ways to examine the internal
structure of a person:
Surface anatomy – study of external
features
Anatomical imaging – involves the use of
(x-rays,mri) to create pictures of internal
structures.
PHYSIOLOGY – the scientific
discipline that deals with the processes/
functions.
Main goal is to understand and predicts
the body’s stimuli.
Human physiology – study of specific
organism in HUMANS.
Cellular and systemic physiology –
subdivisions of specific organizational
levels.
HUMAN ORGANISM
6 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF
THE BODY:
Chemical level – cell level – tissue level –
organ level – organ system level –
organism level.
Organ systems overview:
Integumentary system – (hair,skin)
function is to be a barrier to pathogens .
Skeletal systems – provides framework in
our body.
Muscular systems – incharge of moving
the skeleton system for body movement.
Nervous system – (brain,nerves) incharge
of detecting information.
Endocrine system – consist of glands that
will secretes hormones.
Cardiovascular system – transporting
nutrients and waste products throughout
the body.
Lymphatic system – system that will
remove foreign substances from the blood
and combat disease.
Respiratory system – in charge of
exchanging oxygen and co2 that will help
regulate the blood ph.
Digestive system – helps in digesting and
absorbing the nutrients.
Urinary system -removing waste products
from the blood.
Reproductive systems - consist of two; the
female and male REPRO SYSTEM.
Function is for production of eggs and
sperm.
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF LIFE:
1. ORGANIZATION
2. METABOLISM
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 1
HUMAN ORGANISM
3. RESPONSIVENESS Superior ABOVE
4. GROWTH /cranial/cephalic
5. DEVELOPMENT Inferior /caudal Below
6. REPRODUCTION Anterior /ventral Front/belly
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Posterior /dorsal back

Anatomic position: SHAFT

Proximal Closer to
Stand erect Feet trunk/midline
slightly apart Distal Further away
Head in midline Toes
pointing front Medial Towards the
midline
Arms slightly away with palms facing
Lateral Away from the
front
midline
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Superficial Near the surface
Deep Further from the
surface

BODY PARTS AND REGION

Cephalic head
Frontal forehead
Orbital eye
Nasal nose
POSITIONS :
Buccal Cheeks
SUPINE – lying on our backs Oral mouth
Mental chin
PRONE – lying on our bellies Cervical neck

Trunk
thoracic Area between our
neck and ribs
sternal Breast bone
Axillary armpits
Pectoral chest
Abdominal abdomen
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 1
HUMAN ORGANISM
Umbilical Navel
Pubic Genital area
POSTERIOR /DORSAL VIEW

Upper limbs Occipital Back of the head

Scapular Shoulder blade
Acromial Highest point of Vertebral Spinal column
our shoulder Lumbar Low back
deltoid Curve of the Sacral Between hips
shoulder Gluteal buttocks
Brachial Arm
Antecubital Anterior surface
of our elbow Olecranal Posterior side of
Brachial Forearm the elbow
Carpal Wrist Sural calf
Manus Hand Calcaneal Heal
Fingers/toes Digital Plantal Sole of the foot
Dorsum Area above the
foot
LOWER EXTREMITY/ LIMB
Coxal Hip
Femoral thigh
Patellar Knee cap
Crural Leg
Fibular Lateral part of the
leg
Pedal Foot
Tarsal Ankle
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 1
HUMAN ORGANISM
BODY PLANES
1.Sagittal planes – lengthwise cut
Mid-sagittal plane; body is equally cut in
the middle
Serous membranes; 2 names the inner and
outer surface; § Line the trunk cavities
and cover the organs
Inner of the balloon wall is called
VISCERAL SEROUS SURFACE. covers
the internal organs.

Parasagittal – not equal Outer balloon wall is called PARIETAL

2. Frontal/coronal plane – divides the
body into anterior and posterior side
3. transverse plane – crosswise cut ;
SEROUS MEMBRANE; lines the wall of
the cavity.
Mesentery- which connect the visceral
peritoneum some organs to the parietal
peritoneum.

Quadrants of abdomen
Right upper Left upper
quadrant quadrant
Right lower Left lower
quadrant quadrant
Regions
divides the body into superior and inferior
part.

Body cavities and their

membranes
It is any space or compartment for organs.
2 sets of internal body cavity;
Right Epigastric Left
Dorsal – back hypochondriac region hypochondriac
region region
Ventral – much larger than dorsal Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar
region region region
Mediastinum – partition containing the Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac
region region region
heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: LESSON 1
HUMAN ORGANISM
HOMEOSTASIS AND
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
 maintenance of a relatively
constant internal condition despite
changes in external/internal
environment.
 Homeo: same; stasis: standing still
 Balance / Equilibrium
Positive feedback – amplify the starting
signal.
Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy
individ
§ Positive; when a value deviates from
normal, the
system’s response is to make it greater
§ Massive blood loss, child birth.

Set point – normal range

Homeostatic control mechanism:
1.Receptor – detects change
2.Control center- analyzes information
and
determines the appropriate response.
3.Effector - provides the meant o control
the
value of a variable.
Afferent -signal or message transmitted
TOWARDS the control center.
Efferent – exit; Signal is moving AWAY
2 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Negative feedback – inhibitory that
reduce the intensity of the stimulus.
§ Regulates most systems of the body to
maintain
homeostasis
§ Negative; any deviation from the set
point is
Resisted