Yarmouk University

Civil Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Laboratory
CE 354

Name :Mohammad faris tamimi

ID #: 2020988279

Section #:3

Experiment : Measurement of Density, Specific gravity and viscosity of

liquids

Date of submission:10/27/2022

Notes :
Introduction:
All fluid in this life have certain characteristics: one of this is physical
properties, which its physical condition may be described. As density,
specific gravity and viscosity.
In this experiment we goal about how measure this properties
experimentally in lab and understanding that. After that, we make some
calculation and discuss the result.
In addition, we will know the resource of error that maybe we fall in it.

Objective:

 To identify and certain numerical value for a number of basic physical

characteristics of some fluids as ( Specific Gravity , Density , and
Viscosity )
 In theoretical part: we will learn how to Derivation the equations and
how we use it.
 Discussion some information involve by the experiment and the effect of
Temperature and pressure .

Materials and apparatus:

1- Four Liquids [Water, Glycerol, Engine Oil, and Corn Oil]

2- Balls made of steel with different Diameters.
3- Hydrometer
4- Timer
5- Jars (Graduated Cylinder)
6- Scale
 Procedure:

Part (1) Part (2)

Measure the Specific gravity Measure the Viscosity
1- put the hydrometer in one of 1- Bring two steel ball with
Jars (slowly and vertically) and known diameters.
take the reading of the scale. 2- Drop balls freely in first
liquid and turn on timer at
2- after that we must clean the the same moment
hydrometer and repeated last 3- Turn off the timer when the
steps for all liquids ball reaches the bottom of jar
4- Repeat last steps for another
ball on the same liquid
* Finally ; use reading in your 5- Repeat last steps for all
Calculation liquid
6- Record the time in each trial.

3
Data & Results : ρw = 1000Kg/m
ρl= Sl X ρw
Barometric Pressure:760 mmHg 3
Density of steel ρs = 7.8 g/cm
Temperature: 19C

Measures Diameter of balls: 3.95 mm, 3.12 mm

Density & Specific Gravity:

Scale reading =
Liquid Liquid density, ρl
Specific gravity , Sl
Water 0.99 990
Glycerol 1.27 1270
Corn Oil 0.9 900
Engine Oil 0.88 880
 Viscosity:

Water
Time , T Falling
Travel
Ball velocity ʋ=µ/ ρl
Distance , µ(pa.sec)
Diameter Min sec U= L/T 2
(m /sec)
L (m)
(m/sec)
3.12 0.41 0.27 0.658 0.0549 5.55*10-5
3.95 0.21 0.27 1.286 0.0450 4.55*10-5
0.04995 5.045*10-5
Average
Viscosity
 Engine Oil
Time , T Falling
Travel
Ball velocity ʋ=µ/ ρl
Distance , µ(pa.sec)
Diameter Min sec U= L/T 2
(m /sec)
L (m)
(m/sec)
3.12 3.29 0.27 0.0820 0.4477 5.087*10-4
3.95 2.4 0.27 0.1125 0.5230 5.943*10-4
Average 0.04854 5.516*10-4
Viscosity

Glycerol
Time , T Falling
Travel
Ball velocity ʋ=µ/ ρl
Distance , µ(pa.sec)
Diameter Min sec U= L/T 2
(m /sec)
L (m)
(m/sec)
3.12 6.31 0.27 0.0428 0.8119 6.49*10-4
3.95 3.81 0.27 0.0708 0.7867 6.29*10-4
Average 0.7993 6.39*10-4
Viscosity

Corn Oil
Time , T Falling
Travel
Ball velocity ʋ=µ/ ρl
Distance , µ(pa.sec)
Diameter min sec U= L/T 2
(m /sec)
L (m)
(m/sec)
3.12 1.4 0.27 0.1928 0.1898 2.109*10-4
3.95 0.9 0.27 0.3 0.1955 2.172*10-4
Average 0.1926 2.140*10-4
Viscosity
 Discussion :
1.a. Compare the calculated density and viscosity for each fluid with standard values.

Density

Water Engine oil Glycerol Corn Oil

Standard: 998.2 878.7 1261.108 992
Calculated: 990 880 1250 900

Viscosity
Standard: 0.01 0.63 0.95 0.56
Calculated:0.04995 0.28391 0.799023 0.19269

b. Calculate percent error and discuss sources of error.

Error water :
Density: 0.8214%
Viscosity:399.5%
Error engine oil :
Density :0.1479%
Viscosity :54.934%
Error glycerol:
Density :0.88%
Viscosity :15.8923%
Error corn oil :
Density :9.27%
Viscosity:65.59%
 2. Arrange the density and viscosity values in ascending order.

Large ← ←←←← small

• ρ glycerol > ρwater > ρCorn Oil > ρ Engine Oil
• µGlycerol > µ Engine Oil > µCornOil > µWater
• VGlycerol>VEngine oil>VCORN OIL >VWATER

3. Discuss the effect of temperature and pressure in calculated values.

• Temperature Effect:
If the temperature increased the volume will be increase then density decrease

the temperature is affected also on viscosity

if temp decrease the viscosity will increased
• Pressure Effect:
the increasing in pressure caused decreasing in volume, then density increase
 Conclusion :

In this experiment, we have some notes:

○ We learnt how to measure the properties of fluid
○ We learnt the relation between each of temperature and pressure and the
properties of fluid in other side.
○ We must be accurate while conducting the experiment; in order to get the
values closer to the correct value (standard) .in other meaning; for get a lower
value of percent error.

Sample of calculations:

Part 1: Density and specific gravity

Density for Water = specific gravity * ρw =0.99*1000=990 kg/m^3

Part 2: Viscosity

Sample of calculation

ρ_s=7.8 g/(cm^3 )*1000=7800 kg/m^3

 falling velocity (Water) = (Travel distance)/time = 0.27/0.41 = 0.658 m/s

µ = ((ρs- ρl)/u) × g × r2 × 2/9

µ = ((7800-990)/0.658) × 9.81 × ((3.12*10ˉᶟ)/2)2 × 2/9

µ = 0.0549 pa.sec

v = µ/ρl = 0.0549/990 = 5.545×10-5 m2/s\

•% Error= (True value-calculated value)/(True value)*100%

= (998-990)/998*100%=0.8%