Engineering Drawing and

Computer Drafting (EGCD)

Mr. G. Naveen Kumar

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering
RGUKT RK Valley
 UNIT-I
Introduction to Engineering Drawing

Contents:
 Introduction: Tools and Standards

 Geometric Constructions and Scales

 Conics: Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola

 Special Curves: Cycloids, Involutes

Artistic way Engineering way
 Introduction:

 The pictorial representation of an object is

one of the simplest and common
communication modes adopted by the
mankind.

 When the need arose to develop and

manufacture a product for human use, the
pictorial (Graphical) representations of the
products are required.
 These are further refined and became a
common communication tool among all
engineers of the world.

 By means of engineering drawing, the shape,

size, finish, color and construction of any
object can be described accurately and clearly
no matter how complex it is.
APPLICATIONS:
Engineering Drawing is a core subject for all the
branches of engineering. It is used in different
engineering disciplines.
Mechanical and Production Engineering: To design
and draw machine components, transmission systems,
CNC machine tools, Robotics etc.
Civil and Architectural Engineering: To design and
draw structures, Plan of buildings, bridges, stadium etc.
Electrical and Electronic Engineering: To draw
Circuit layouts, Electrical-wiring diagrams, panel
design, Control schematics, etc.
Electronics and Computer Science Engineering: To
draw schematic diagrams of printed circuits,
microprocessors, integrated circuits, etc.
Chemical Engineering: To design and draw heat and
mass transfer equipment.
Metallurgical Engineering: To draw grain structures,
specimen shapes and microscopic views.
Automobile Engineering: To draw I.C. Engines,
Kinematics, steering, Hydraulic circuits, etc.
Aeronautical Engineering: To design and draw
Spacecraft, Jet propulsion, Flight simulator, lofting, etc.
Instrumentation Engineering: To draw Measuring
instruments, sensors etc.
Textile Technology: To design and draw fashion
garments.
 Can Computer Aided Drafting
(CADr) replace the Manual Drafting
for learning process

No.
Calculators are used to solve math problems, but
knowledge of math is still required by the user to
solve problems.
Tools
 Drawing Board  Drawing Pencils

 Drawing Sheets (HB, H & 2H)

 Mini-Drafter  Sharpener

 Compass  Clips

 Set-Squares  Pencil Eraser

(450 & 300-600)  French Curves

 Protractor
Drawing Board
Drawing Board is rectangular in shape and is
made of strips of well-seasoned soft wood about 25
mm thick.
One of the edges of the board is used as the
working edge.
Drawing board is made in various sizes.
Its selection depends upon the size of the drawing
sheet to be used.
The sizes of drawing boards recommended by the
Bureau of Indian Standards (IS:1444-1989) are,
Drawing Sheet
 Drawing sheets are available in many varieties.

 For ordinary pencil-drawings, the paper

selected should be tough and strong.

 It should be uniform in thickness and as white

as possible.

 When the eraser is used on it, its fibres should

not disintegrate.
The standard sizes of drawing sheets recommended by the
Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.) are,

A2 size drawing sheet is preferred for class use.

Mini-Drafter
One end of the mini-drafter is clamped by means
of a clamping screw to the longer edge of the
drawing board.

At its other end, an adjustable knob having

protractor markings is fitted.

Two scales of transparent celluloid, set at right

angles to each other are attached to the knob.
 How to use Mini-Drafter
 Setthe reference mark on the protractor head to
read 00 and tighten the knob.

 Then, clamp the drafter to the left-side top edge of

the drawing board using the clamping screw, such
that the horizontal scale is parallel to the horizontal
edge of the drawing sheet.

 Now, the scales along with the protractor head as a

unit can be moved easily to any location on the
drawing sheet without altering the position of the
two scales.
 How to use Mini-Drafter
 To draw horizontal and vertical lines, the reference
mark on the protractor head has to be set to 00.

 To draw inclined lines, the scales should be fixed

with the reference mark, indexing the required
angle.

 Do all the positioning by one hand and draw lines

by the other.
Instrument box
It contains the following instruments:

Compasses, are used to draw circles and arcs.

Dividers, are used:

 For setting-off dimensions from the set-scale to the
drawing.
 For transferring dimensions from one part of the
drawing to another part.
 For dividing straight or curved lines into a number
of equal parts.
Protractor and Pro-circle
 Protractor is divided into 180 number of equal
divisions.

 It is used to mark or measure accurately such

angles that cannot be precisely drawn or
measured with the mini-drafter.

 Pro-circle is used to draw small circles of

different diameters without using the compass.
Drawing Pencils
Drawing pencils are different from ordinary pencils
and are in grades HB, H, 2H, 3H etc.

Grade HB denotes medium soft.

Grades H, 2H, etc., denote the degree of hardness in
increasing order.
Grades B, 2B etc., denote the degree of softness in
increasing order.
Sharpener
Drawing pencils are sharpened by the pencil
sharpener.

Adhesive tape/Clips
A thin adhesive tape is used to fix the drawing sheet on
the drawing board. Best quality clips can also be used.

Pencil Eraser
It is used to rub off unwanted lines. A non-dusting
good quality eraser called Eraser Soft should be used.

French Curve
It is used to draw irregular curves or non circular
curves which cannot be drawn with a compass.
 Standards
 The representation of any matter by some sign on
the drawing is known as Code.

 These codes are specified by Bureau of Indian

Standards (BIS).

 BIS was formerly known as Indian Standards

Institute (ISI).
Layout
Borders:
Border is the drawing space left all around and in
between the trimmed edges of the drawing sheet and
the frame.
Border has a minimum width of 10mm for A2
Drawing sheets.
Filing Margin:
It is provided for perforations for filing the drawing
sheets.
It shall have a minimum width of 20 mm with the
border included therein.
Title Block
 Title block is provided at the bottom right-hand
corner of the drawing sheet. It is a rectangle of
170 mm X 65 mm size.

 It should be visible when folded.

 If more than one drawing sheet is used for only

one purpose, Sheet No. should be like 1/2, 1/3, etc.

 If only one sheet is used, Sheet No. 1/1.

Title Block for Class Use
Lines

 In Engineering Drawing, the details of various

objects are drawn by different types of lines.

 Each line has a definite meaning and sense to

convey.
Lettering
 Lettering is defined as writing of Titles, Sub-titles,
Symbols, Dimensions, etc., on a drawing.
 Lettering should be done freehand with speed
using HB grade pencil.

Lettering is freehand Drawing.

Single Stroke Letters:
 The word single stroke does not mean that the
lettering should be made in one stroke without
lifting the pencil.
 It means that the thickness of the letter should be
uniform such as is obtained in one stroke of the
pencil.
Height of the Letters
 Width of the Letters
If Letter Height is 10 mm then the width
to be maintained is;

For I --- 1mm,

For J,L --- 5mm,
For M,W --- 10mm,
All other --- 8mm.
Dimensioning
Indicating the sizes of the features of the object and
other details essential for its construction and
function on a drawing by the use of lines, numerals,
symbols, notes, etc., is called Dimensioning.

Elements of Dimensioning:
 Dimension line
 Extension line
 Leader line
 Arrow heads
Dimension Line:
 It is a continuous narrow line, drawn parallel
to the edge or surface whose measurement
should be shown.
 It should be placed outside the view.
 Some times it may be placed inside the view, if
the drawing becomes very clear by doing so.
Extension Line (or) Projection Line:
 It is a continuous narrow line drawn
perpendicular to the outline to be dimensioned
and without leaving a gap from the outline.
 It is drawn extending slightly beyond the
dimension line by about 2 mm.
Leader Line:
 It is a continuous narrow line, connecting a
dimensional value with the corresponding
feature on the drawing.
Arrowheads:
 An arrowhead is placed at each end of a
dimension line.
 The arrowhead may be open, closed or closed
and filled in. Only one style should be used.
The length of an arrowhead is about three
times the width.
The size of the arrowheads should be
proportionate to the size of the drawing.
 Methods of Dimensioning
 Aligned Method
Dimensional values are marked so that they can
be read either from the bottom or from the right
hand side of the drawing.
 Unidirectional Method
 Dimensional values are indicated so that they may
be read from the bottom of the drawing.
 Non-horizontal dimensional lines are interrupted
near the middle and the dimensional values are
inserted.

 Aligned method is Preferable.

 Only one method should

be used on a drawing.
Unit of Dimensioning
 All dimensions in one particular drawing should be
expressed in one unit only.

 B.I.S. recommended unit is millimeter.

 Abbreviation mm for millimeter need not be shown

on each dimension of the drawing.

 A foot note stating “ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm”

is written at prominent place near Title Block.
 “Technical drawing is the language of Engineers”

 “Scientists study the world as it is!

Engineers create the world that never has been!!”

 “ A neat drawing is worth pages of explanation ”

 “ Universal Language of Engineers ”

SCALE of a Drawing

A scale is defined as the ratio of the linear

dimensions of element of the object as
represented in a drawing to the actual
dimensions of the same element of the
object itself.
Full Scale : 1:1
Reducing Scale : 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000
Enlarging Scale : 10:1, 100:1, 1000:1
Representative fraction:
The ratio of the length of the object
represented on drawing to the actual length
of the object represented is called the
Representative Fraction.
When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter
length of the object, the R.F. is equal to

and the scale of the drawing will be 1 : 100.

The R.F. of a drawing is greater than unity when it is

drawn on an enlarging scale.
For example, when a 2 mm long edge of an object is
shown in a drawing by 10 cm long, The R.F. is

Such a drawing is said to be drawn on scale 5 : 1 or five

times full-size.
 Geometric Constructions
1. Bisecting a Line.
2. Bisecting an Angle.
3. Dividing a line into any no. of equal parts.
4. Dividing a circle into 12 equal parts.
 Compass method
 Protractor method
5. To Draw a Pentagon with given side length.
6. To Draw a Hexagon with given side length.
 Geometric Constructions
Bisecting a line:
1. Let AB be the given line.
2. With center A and radius greater than half of AB,
draw arcs above and below of AB.
3. Now with center B and with the same radius draw
arcs intersecting the previously drawn arcs at C and
D respectively.
4. Draw a line joining C and D and cutting the line
AB at E. Then AE = EB = ½ AB.
 Geometric Constructions
Bisecting an Angle:

1. Let ABC be the given angle.

2. With B as center and with any radius draw an arc
cutting AB at D and BC at E.
3. With centers D and E and with the same radius
draw arcs intersecting each other at F.
4. Draw a line joining B and F. Then Angle ABF =
Angle FBC.
 Geometric Constructions
Dividing a line into any number of equal parts:
1. Draw a line AB of any length say 80 mm.
2. Draw a thin line AC of any length inclined at a
convenient acute angle say 30 degrees to AB.
3. From A and along AC mark 7 equal divisions of any
convenient length successively.
4. Name the division points as 1, 2, 3 up to 7 on AC.
join B and 7.
5. Draw lines parallel to be 7 through 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
to cut AB at 11 , 21 , 31 , 41 , 51 and 61.
6. These are the division points that divides AB into 7
equal parts.
 Geometric Constructions
Dividing a circle into 12 equal parts:
Compass method:
1. O as center draw a circle of 50 mm diameter.
2. Draw the horizontal diameter AB and vertical
diameter CD.
3. With A, B, C&D as centers and radius equal to
the radius of the circle draw arcs on either sides to
cut the circle into 12 equal parts.
4. Connect the points to O.
 Geometric Constructions
Dividing a circle into 12 equal parts:
Protractor method:
1. O as center draw a circle of 50 mm diameter.
2. Draw the horizontal diameter AB and vertical
diameter CD.
3. Through O draw the diameters inclined at 30
degrees and 60 degrees to the horizontal on either
sides to cut the circle into 12 equal parts.
 Geometric Constructions
Constructing a Polygon (Pentagon) of given side
length:
1. Draw line AB equal to the side length of the Pentagon
say 40 mm.
2. Draw an isosceles triangle OAB with AB as base and
base angles 54 degrees(interior).
3. O as center and OA as radius draw a circle passing
through A and B.
4. AB as radius cut the circle successively at C, D & E.
5. Join BC, CD, DE and EA. ABCDE is the required
Pentagon.
 Geometric Constructions
Constructing a Polygon(hexagon) of given side length:
1. Draw a line AB equal to side length of the hexagon
say 30 mm.
2. Draw the second side BC equals to 30 mm with
exterior angle 60 degrees.
3. Similarly draw line AF equals to 30 mm with exterior
angle 60 degrees.
4. Draw perpendiculars at A and B.
5. C and F as centers and 30 mm as radius draw arcs to
cut the perpendiculars at points D and E respectively.
6. Join CD, DE and EF. ABCDEF is the required
hexagon.
 Engineering Curves
In Engineering practice, we come across various types
of Non-Circular Curves.

These are used in finding the path of space vehicles

(aircrafts, missiles etc.), Machine Components
(elliptical gears), Civil structures (bridges, arches etc.),
electrical equipment (reflectors), electronic
transmitters and receivers (radar antenna), solar
concentrators.
 Engineering Curves

These curves cannot be drawn by compass alone.

Sufficient no. of points are first located and then a

smooth curve passing through them are drawn
freehand.

Examples: Conics, Cycloids, Involutes, Spirals, Helices

etc.
 Cone
A cone is a surface generated by the rotation of a straight
line whose one end is in contact with a fixed point while
the other end is in contact with a closed curve.

A right circular cone is a cone having its axis

perpendicular to its base.
Apex or Vertex is the top point of the cone.

Axis is an imaginary line joining apex and center of base.

Generator is the straight line generating the surface of the

cone.

Base of the cone is the closed curve.

 Conic Sections
A right circular cone can be cut by section (Cutting)
planes in different positions relative to the axis of the
cone to obtain cut sections of different shapes, namely,

Circle, Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola and Rectangular

Hyperbola.

These cut sections seen on the cone are called Conic

sections or simply Conics.
 Conic Sections - Definitions
Circle: When the cutting plane AA is perpendicular to
the axis and cuts all the generators, the section obtained
is a circle.
Ellipse: When the cutting plane BB is inclined to the
axis of the cone and cuts all the generators on one side
of the apex, the section obtained is an Ellipse.
Parabola: When the cutting plane CC is inclined to the
axis of the cone and parallel to one of the generators,
the section obtained is a Parabola.
 Conic Sections - Definitions
Hyperbola: When the cutting plane DD makes a smaller
angle with the axis than that of the angle made by the
generator of the cone, the section obtained is a
Hyperbola.

Rectangular Hyperbola: When the cutting plane EE is

parallel to the axis of cone, but does not pass through
the apex, the section obtained is a Rectangular
Hyperbola.
 Conic Sections Defined as Loci
Conic is defined as locus of a point moving in a plane such
that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point to a fixed
straight line is always a constant. This ratio is called
Eccentricity (e).
Ellipse: Ellipse is the locus of a point moving in a plane such
that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (F) to the
Fixed straight line (DD) is a constant. It is always < 1.
Parabola: It is the locus of a point moving in a plane such
that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (F) to the
fixed straight line (DD) is a constant and is always = 1.
 Conic Sections - Definitions
Hyperbola: It is the locus of a point moving in a plane in
such a way that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(F) to the fixed straight line (DD) is constant and is > 1.

Focus (F): The fixed point is called the Focus.

Directrix (DD): The fixed line is called the Directrix.

Axis (CA): Axis is the line passing through focus and

perpendicular to the directrix.

Vertex (V): Vertex is a point at which the conic cuts its axis.

Eccentricity:
 Ellipse--Methods to draw
Ellipse

 General Method (or) Eccentricity Method

 Arcs Method

 Concentric circles method

 Rectangle (or) Oblong method