From: yoursylabus Sent: 02 Way 20222635 To:cmail, Subject: ESSENCE, DETERMINANTS SND CONSEQUENES OF ETHICS IM HUMAN ACTIONS Ethics and Human interface MY Administrator ex Quotes examples 4. Ethics may be defined as systematic study of human actions from the point of view of right fulness or wrongfulness as means for the attainment of uttimate happiness, 2. Ethics is a discipline based an logical Justification of human actions 3. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing defending and recommending concept of right and wrong conduct4. Ethics concentrates on human actions or on the consequences of human actions - teleological perspective From deontological perspective ethic teaches that we ought to perform good actions and it provides us with rules for doing so. Essence of ethics Ethics is the study of morality. The essence of ethics (core of ethics) is to understand those philosophies which guide us in determining what is right or wrong, Hedonism- (Pleasure is the ultimate purpose of human action) Stoicism -(Cuttivation of mind or control over knowledge is the ultimate purpose) ‘Materialism -(Material gain is the ultimate purpose of human action) Humanism -(Achieving prosperity for human race is the uttimate purpose) Humanitarianism - (Service to mankind is the ultimate purpose),6 Utilitarianism -(Achieving greatest good of greatest number is the ultimate purpose) 7. Kant's Moral Rationalism (Being Duly bound is the ultimate purpose of human action) 8. Intuitionism Ethical decision making based on intu‘tion, Nor-universal) Elements of human action Ethic focuses on peoples deliberate actions (actus humanus ) and not on undeliberate human actions ( actus hominis ) 2. Knowledge - this implies that we can't will anything unless we first know it 2 Voluntariness (will) -When aperson makes a free decision on its own. 2 types - 4. Direct voluntary actions - actor himself chooses action as a means to end,Voluntary in cause - the action is not directly willed but arises from another direct y willed action Free will actor has will plus choices Impediments to human actions Ignorance -Interferes with knowledge and destroys voluntariness. Passion -destroys voluntariness Fear - destroys voluntariness diminishes free will pathology -blurs knowledge and interfere with voluntariness Violence -destroys free will temperament -may interfere with Voluntariness but never destroys it. Determinants of ethics in human actionThere ore 3 parts to every action that we shauld exam ine to determine morality of the act - 4. object of human action- bad object , good object , in different object (Object of any action is it's essence. it is that which makes an action by what it is and not something else. The object distinguishes the act ‘from every other act. Following principles apply to the object of every act ion: 1. an action whase object is bad by its very nature will remain bad neither circumstance is not purpose ‘nor intention change it 2.Action is good me became bad because of circumstances or purpose. Example: telling truth is good but not when to malign someone. 3 .action may become good ar bad because of circumstances or purpose. example running for ‘taking life is immoral while running for saving own life is moralCircumstances: Circumstance are those qualities that make an abstract act concrete an individual. Moral circumstances , not physical are the criteria for assessing the goodness or badness of human action, Some moral circumstances are aggravat ing when they increase the goodness or badness of the action . The stealing from ahomeless person is aggravating circumstance. Circumstances are extenuating when they decrease the amount of badness of an action Example stealing from arich person not as bad as abave but an evil act nonetheless. ‘Moral circumstances are specifying when they make an indifferent act become good or bad or when they give a new kind of goodness or badness to the action . Example drawing money from ATM - Indifferentif money belong to the taker -alright act If money belongs to someone else -immoral 2. Consequences of ethies in human action Principle of double effect: This principle deals with Action that produces two effects or consequences. Far example -a dactor giving pain relief medicine Euthanasia patient which may decrease his life as bad effect Principles that should be followed in deciding/examining ethicality of the acts of double effect are 4. The action that praduces two effects must be good or indifferent, notintrinsically wrong. 4. The good effect must be immediate ie not obtained through evil ef fect. 2 The intention or purpose must be good. 3. There should be proportionately good reason for performing the action. Criticism of Doctrine of double effect We are responsible for all the anticipated consequences of our actions, if we can foresee the two effects of our action we have to ‘take the moral responsibility for-both effects - we can't get aut of trouble by deciding to intend only the effect that suits us, Intention is irrelevant. Values 4. values are Individual Principles or qualities that guide judgment and behaviour of person or a group2 Values are the inbuitt mechanisms Which distinguish between Right from wrong, Do's and don't of any action , even when no one is looking, There are 2 types of values: a intrinsic values - 2. An intrinsic value is one which has worth in its own right. 2 It is on End in itself, 3. Truth, Beauty, Goodness, Temperance, Courage, etc. are considered os intrinsic values. 4 They are good not because of their consequences but because they are good in themselves. 5. These values retain even if they were to exist completely alone. 6 Intrinsic values are said to be Absolute values, B. extrinsic values 2. An Extrinsic value is one which is a means to some other value.2 It is of instrumental worth only. 3. . Extrinsic or Instrumental values are the part of larger whole. 4 They are means to an End. Wealth, fame, physical fitness, etc, borrow their worth from something extraneous to them. 4. Values can be graded os Positive Values and Negative Values Productive Values and Unproductive values; Permanent Values and Transient Values. 2. Human mind has three psychical functions (espects}—thinking, feeling and willing corresponding values to these functions are Truth, Beauty and Good which are Universal Values. Morality and Ethics 4. Moral is related to issues of right or wrong and to how individuals should behave.Therefore Morality means standards of conduct that are accepted as right or proper. 2. Morals define personal character, while ethics stress a social system in which those morals are applied. 4. Ethics define the code that a society or group of people adhere to, while morality delves into the right and wrong at amuch deeper level, bath personal and spiritual. 2. Morals define personal character, while ethics stress a social system in which those morals are applied Ethics, Values and Morals 2. . Ethics rely on lagical and rational criteria to reach a decision, an essentially cognitive process.2. Values, onthe other hand, describe ideas that we value or prize 3. Morals describe a behavioural code of conduct to which an individual ascribes They are used to negotiate, support, and strengthen our relationships with others. sent from ial for Windows