JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

THE STUDY ON FLOOD CONTROL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

IN
LIMBOTO-BOLANGO-BONE BASIN
IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME-IV SUPPORTING REPORT: PART-B

FLOOD MITIGATION MASTER PLAN

DECEMBER 2002

NIKKEN CONSULTANTS, INC.

AND
NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.
 THE STUDY ON FLOOD CONTROL AND WATER MANAGEMENT
IN
LIMBOTO-BOLANGO-BONE BASIN

FINAL REPORT

LIST OF REPORTS

VOLUME-I SUMMARY

VOLUME-II MAIN REPORT

VOLUME-III SUPPORTING REPORT: PART-A

EXISTING CONDITIONS

VOLUME-IV SUPPORTING REPORT: PART-B

FLOOD MITIGATION MASTER PLAN

VOLUME-V SUPPORTING REPORT: PART-C

FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR PRIOROTY PROJECTS

VOLUME-VI SUPPORTING REPORT: PART-D

EXECUTION OF STUDY

VOLUME-VII DATA BOOK

VOLUME-VIII DRAWINGS

The costs are estimated based on the price and average exchange rate in November
2001. The average exchange rate is assumed as follows:
US$ 1.00 = Rp.9,600
¥ 1 = Rp.77.4
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

THE STUDY ON FLOOD CONTROL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

IN
LIMBOTO-BOLANGO-BONE BASIN

FINAL REPORT
VOLUME-IV SUPPORTING REPORT: PART-B
FLOOD MITIGATION MASTER PLAN

Table of Contents

Glossary

B1. PLANNING BASIS......................................................................................B1-1

B1.1 Diagnosis of Flood and Sediment Problems................................................B1-1

B1.2 Administrative and Socio-Economic Frame................................................B1-4
B1.3 Approach to Planning ..................................................................................B1-5
B1.4 Principles for Planning Flood Mitigation Master Plan ................................B1-7

B2. HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES.................................B2-1

B2.1 Previous Hydrological Studies.....................................................................B2-1

B2.1.1 LBB Water Resources Development Master Plan ........................B2-1
B2.1.2 LBB Basin Water Management Master Plan ................................B2-1
B2.1.3 Probable Flood Discharge.............................................................B2-2
B2.2 Flood Analysis ...........................................................................................B2-4
B2.2.1 Runoff Analysis ............................................................................B2-4
B2.2.2 Flood Flow Analysis .....................................................................B2-7
B2.3 Studies on River Channels ...........................................................................B2-9
B2.3.1 Channel Flow Calculation ............................................................B2-9
B2.3.2 Evaluation of Existing Channel Capacity...................................B2-10
B2.3.3 Significant Tide Levels at River Mouth...................................... B2-11
B2.3.4 Effects of Tides to Channel Flows .............................................. B2-11
B2.4 Sediment Studies........................................................................................B2-12
B2.4.1 Land Use ...................................................................................B2-12
B2.4.2 Sediment Yield and Transport.....................................................B2-13

B-i
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

B2.4.3 Sedimentation of Lake Limboto .................................................B2-13

B2.5 Studies on Lake Limboto ...........................................................................B2-15
B2.5.1 Hydraulic Effects of Lake...........................................................B2-15
B2.5.2 Existing Functions of Lake .........................................................B2-17
B2.5.3 Design Water Levels of Lake Limboto .......................................B2-17

B3. STUDIES ON COMPONENT SCHEMES ...............................................B3-1

B3.1 Component Schemes for Studies .................................................................B3-1

B3.2 River Improvement Schemes.......................................................................B3-2
B3.3 Floodway Schemes ......................................................................................B3-3
B3.4 Flood and Sediment Retention Schemes .....................................................B3-6
B3.5 Watershed Management Schemes................................................................B3-9
B3.6 Flood Plain Management Schemes..............................................................B3-9
B3.7 Proposed Flood Mitigation Master Plan ....................................................B3-10

B4. PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATE...B4-1

B4.1 Preliminary structural Design ......................................................................B4-1

B4.2 Estimation of Project Cost ...........................................................................B4-2

B5 IMPLEMENTATION OF MASTER PLAN ..............................................B5-1

B5.1 Stage Construction .......................................................................................B5-1

B5.2 Organizational and Institutional Arrangements ...........................................B5-5

B6 PROJECT EVALUATION...........................................................................B6-1

B6.1 Procedures for Evaluation............................................................................B6-1

B6.2 Economic Evaluation ...................................................................................B6-1
B6.2.1 Project Benefits.............................................................................B6-2
B6.2.2 Basic Conditions for Economic Evaluation................................B6-16
B6.2.3 Economic Benefit........................................................................B6-18
B6.2.4 Economic Cost ............................................................................B6-21
B6.2.5 Result of Economic Evaluation ..................................................B6-22
B6.3 Financial Aspect.........................................................................................B6-23

B-ii
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

B6.4 Social Aspect..............................................................................................B6-26

B6.5 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)..................................................B6-27
B6.6 Overall Evaluation .....................................................................................B6-33

B7 SELECTION OF PRIORITY PROJECTS ................................................B7-1

B7.1 Procedures for Selection ..............................................................................B7-1

B7.2 Priority Projects ...........................................................................................B7-2

B-iii
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

LIST OF TABLES
Table
B1.4.1 Design Scale and Discharge of Rivers in Indonesia....................................B1-10
B1.4.2 Recommended Design Scale in Indonesia .................................................. B1-11
B1.4.3 Return Period of Recent Storms ..................................................................B1-12
B2.2.1 Probable Point Rainfall................................................................................B2-19
B2.2.2 Annual Maximum Daily Rainfalls ..............................................................B2-20
B2.2.3 Annual Maximum 1 to 24 Hour Rainfalls ...................................................B2-22
B2.2.4 Annual Maximum Daily Discharges ...........................................................B2-23
B2.3.1 Existing Channel Capacity ..........................................................................B2-24
B2.3.2 Estimated Monthly Tide Levels...................................................................B2-25
B2.4.1 Sediment Transport Capacity ......................................................................B2-26
B2.4.2 Data of Area and Depth in Lake Limboto ...................................................B2-27
B3.2.1 Basic Quantity of Channel Improvement Works.........................................B3-12
B3.3.1 Comparison of Alternatives: Tamalate Floodway Scheme..........................B3-13
B3.3.2 Comparison of Alternatives: Bolango-Limboto Floodway Scheme ...........B3-14
B3.4.1 Comparison of Alternatives: Toheti-Dehua Dam Scheme...........................B3-15
B3.4.2 Comparison of Alternatives: Kayu-Merah Dam Scheme ............................B3-16
B4.2.1 Summary of Project Cost for FM-MP ...........................................................B4-6
B4.2.2 Project Costs of Sub-Projects for FM-MP.....................................................B4-7
B5.2.1 Authorities of Province under Deconcentration ............................................B5-9
B5.2.2 Job Sharing in Flood Mitigation Authority .................................................B5-10
B6.2.1 Benefits of Flood Mitigation Project .......................................................B6-35
B6.2.2 Economic Value of Damageable Assets ..................................................B6-36
B6.2.3 Damage Rate ...........................................................................................B6-36
B6.2.4 Inventory of Assets in Flood Prone Areas in LBB Basin ........................B6-37
B6.2.5 Tax Revenue through Real Property Tax in Kota Gorontalo and
Kabupaten Gorontalo: 2000 .....................................................................B6-38
B6.2.6 Households and Houses in Kota and Kecamatan Related to Flood Prone
Areas in LBB Basin .................................................................................B6-39
B6.2.7 Estimated Average Value of Household Effects: 2001 ............................B6-40
B6.2.8 Farmgate Prices of Agricultural Commodities: 1998-2001 .....................B6-41
B6.2.9 Economic Price for Agricultural Products at 2001 Constant Prices ........B6-42
B6.2.10 Production Cost of Major Crops at Market Prices: 2001 ........................B6-43
B6.2.11 Average Damageable Value of Paddy Production in Irrigated Field .......B6-44
B6.2.12 Average Damageable Value of Crop Production in Rainfed Field ..........B6-45

B-iv
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

B6.2.13 Average Damageable Value of Paddy Production in Irrigated Field in

Future .......................................................................................................B6-46
B6.2.14 Standard Conversion Factor ....................................................................B6-47
B6.2.15 Damageable Property and Flood Damage under Present
Socio-Economic Conditions ........................................................................B6-48
B6.2.16 Damageable Property and Flood Damage under Future Socio-Economic
Conditions ................................................................................................B6-49
B6.2.17 Economic Costs and Benefits Stream of Proposed Project under Present
Socio-Economic Conditions ....................................................................B6-50
B6.2.18 Economic Costs and Benefits Stream of Proposed Project under Future
Socio-Economic Conditions ....................................................................B6-51
B6.5.1 Descriptions of Candidate Projects in FM-MP ...........................................B6-52
B6.5.2 Conceivable Impacts of Candidate Projects on Natural Environment ........B6-53
B6.5.3 Impact Matrix on Natural Environment Components .................................B6-55
B6.5.4 Conceivable Impacts of Candidate Projects on Natural Environment and
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures ...........................................................B6-56
B6.5.5 Conceivable Impacts of Candidate Projects on Social Environment ..........B6-58
B6.5.6 Impact Matrix on Social Environment Components ...................................B6-61
B6.5.7 Conceivable Impacts of Candidate Projects on Social Environment and
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures ...........................................................B6-62
B7.1.1 Selection of Priority Projects.........................................................................B7-4

B-v
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
B1.1.1 Mechanism of Flood and Sediment Disaster...............................................B1-13
B1.3.1 Interrelatedness of Flood and Sediment Disaster ........................................B1-14
B1.3.2 Comprehensive Flood Mitigation Measures ...............................................B1-15
B2.2.1 Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph .................................................................B2-28
B2.2.2 Rainfall Intensity Curve at Jalaluddin Airport.............................................B2-29
B2.2.3 River Basin Boundaries ...............................................................................B2-30
B2.2.4 Basic Probable Discharges of LBB Basin ...................................................B2-31
B2.2.5 Discharges of LBB Basin and Other Rivers in Indonesia ...........................B2-32
B2.2.6 Procedures of Flood Flow Analysis.............................................................B2-33
B2.2.7 Conceptual Structure of Flood Flow Simulation Model .............................B2-34
B2.2.8 Basin Model of Flood Analyses ..................................................................B2-35
B2.2.9 Result of Flood Flow Analysis ....................................................................B2-36
B2.3.1 Estimated Tide Level at Gorontalo in 2001.................................................B2-37
B2.3.2 Extent of Tidal Influence .............................................................................B2-38
B2.4.1 Land Use Map .............................................................................................B2-39
B2.4.2 Estimation of Historical Lake Volume ........................................................B2-40
B2.4.3 Estimation of Lake Sedimentation ..............................................................B2-41
B2.5.1 Water Level Records of Lake Limboto .......................................................B2-42
B3.1.1 Component Schemes for Flood Mitigation Studies.....................................B3-17
B3.2.1 Design Discharge Distribution (20-Year Flood)..........................................B3-18
B3.2.2 Design of Dike.............................................................................................B3-19
B3.3.1 Tamalate Floodway Scheme ........................................................................B3-20
B3.3.2 Bolango-Limboto Floodway Scheme..........................................................B3-21
B3.4.1 Toheti Dehua Dam Scheme .........................................................................B3-22
B3.4.2 Kayu Merah Dam Scheme...........................................................................B3-23
B3.7.1 Flood Mitigation Master Plan for Limboto-Bolango-Bone Basin...............B3-24
B3.7.2 Design Longitudinal Profile (Bone River) ..................................................B3-25
B3.7.3 Design Longitudinal Profile (Bolango River) .............................................B3-26
B3.7.4 Design Longitudinal Profile (Lower Tamalate River with Floodway)........B3-27
B3.7.5 Design Longitudinal Profile (Tamalate Floodway) .....................................B3-28
B3.7.6 Design Longitudinal Profile (Biyonga River) .............................................B3-29
B3.7.7 Design Longitudinal Profile (Meluopo River) ............................................B3-30
B3.7.8 Design Longitudinal Profile (Marisa River)................................................B3-31
B3.7.9 Design Longitudinal Profile (Alo-Pohu River) ...........................................B3-32

B-vi
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

B3.7.10 Design Longitudinal Profile (Rintenga River) ............................................B3-33

B3.7.11 Lake Limboto Management Scheme...........................................................B3-34
B3.7.12 Design Longitudinal Profile (Tapodu River)...............................................B3-35
B4.1.1 Tapodu Gate................................................................................................. B4-11
B4.1.2 Tamalate Weir ..............................................................................................B4-12
B4.1.3 Drainage Sluice ...........................................................................................B4-13
B5.1.1 Implementation Schedule of FM-MP .......................................................... B5-11
B5.2.1 Water Resources Management under Decentralization...............................B5-12
B5.2.2 Mechanism of Arrangement in Planning and Implementation....................B5-13
B5.2.3 Schematic Location of LBB Basin ..............................................................B5-14
B5.2.4 Proposed Organization for Implementation of FM-MP ..............................B5-15
B6.2.1 Procedure of Economic Evaluation .........................................................B6-63
B7.2.1 Priority Project in Limobot-Bolango-Bone Basin .........................................B7-5

B-vii
 GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

(ENGLISH ABBREVIATION)
ADB Badan Pembangunan Asia Asian Development Bank

ASTM American Standards for Testing

Materials

BCR, B/C Rasio Harga dan Keuntungan Benefit Cost Ratio

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

CEA Badan Pelaksana Kanada Canadian Executing Agency

CIDA Badan Penyandang Dana Kanada Canadian International Development

Agency

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DD, D/D Disain Teknis/Rencana Teknis Detailed Design

DGWR Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air Directorate General of Water Resources

DGWRD Direktorat Jenderal Pengairan Dir. General of Water Resources

Development

DO Dissolved Oxygen

EIA Analisa/Penelitian Lingkungan Environmental Impact Assessment

EIRR Tingkat Pengembalian Modal Internal Economic Internal Rate of Return

Ekonomi

FAO Organisasi Pangan Dunia Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations.

FS, F/S Studi Kelayakan Feasibility Study

FY Tahun Anggaran Fiscal Year

GDP Produk Domestik Bruto Gross Domestic Product

GIS Sistem Informasi Geografi Geographical Information System

GOI Pemerintah Indonesia Government of Indonesia

GPS Penentuan Posisi Global Global Positioning System

GRDP Produk Domestik regional Bruto Gross Regional Domestic Product

IBRD Bank Dunia International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development (World Bank)

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

G-i
 GLOSSARY

JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation

(Former OECF)

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

LAN Jaringan Komputer Lokal Local Area Network (Computer)

MCM Juta Meter Kubik Million Cubic Meters

MP, M/P Rencana Induk Master Plan

MSL Tinggi Muka Air Laut Rata-rata Mean Sea Level

NGO Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Non-Governmental Organization

NPV Nilai Sekarang Neto Net Present Value

O&M Operasi dan Pemeliharaan Operations and Maintenance

OECF Badan Penyandang Dana Jepang Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund

(Japan), Now reorganized JBIC

OJT Latihan di Lapangan On-the-Job Training

PCM Pertemuan Konsultasi Masyarakat Public Consultation Meeting

R Sungai River

S/W Scope of Works

TIU Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas Technical Implementation Unit

UNESCO Badan Pendidikan, Ilmu Pengetahuan dan United Nations Educational, Scientific,
Kebudayaan, P.B.B and Cultural Organization

USAID Badan Penyandang Dana Amerika United States Agency for International
Serikat Development

VAT Value Added Tax

WATSAL Wanita dalam Pembangunan Water Sector Adjustment Loan

WID Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air Women in Development

WUA Federasi Petani Pemakai Air Water Users Association

G-ii
 GLOSSARY

(INDONESIAN ABBREVIATION)
AMDAL Analisis mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Environmental Impact Analysis

ANDAL Analisis Dampak Lingkingan Environment Impact Statement

APBD Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Regional Income and Expenditure

Daerah

APBN Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja National Income and Expenditure

Nasional

Ass. Asisten Assistant

BAKORNAS Badan Koordinasi Nasional National Coordination Board of Disaster

PBP Penanggulangan Bencana dan and Evacuation
Penanganan Pengungsian

BAPEDAL Badan Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan Environmental Impact Management

Board

BAPEDALDA Badan Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan Regional Environmental Impact

Daerah Management Agency

Bappeda Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Provincial Development Planning Board

Daerah

Bappenas Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan National Development Planning Board

National

Binlak Pembinaan & Pelaksanaan Construction Management

BMG Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika Meteorological and Geophysical Institute

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik National Statistics Office

Bupati Kepala Daerah Tingkat II/Kabupaten Head of District (Regency)

CD, Cabdin Cabang Dinas Branch of Dinas

DATI I Daerah Tingkat I Regional Level I (Province)

DATI II Daerah Tingkat II Regional Level II (District)

DI Daerah Irigasi Irrigation Schemes

DinasPU, DPU Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Public Works Services

DIP Daftar Isian Proyek List of Project Budget

DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat National Parliament

DPRD Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Regional Parliament

DPU Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Ministry of Public Works

G-iii
 GLOSSARY

DPUP Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Propinsi Provincial Public Works Services

DTP Dinas Tanaman Pangan Office of Food Crops

Kanwil Kantor Wilayah Regional Office (of a Department)

Kaur Kepala Urusan Head of Sub Section

KDH Kepala Daerah Head of Regional Government

KDPP Kepala Daerah Pengamatan Pengairan Head of Water Resources Sub District

Kepmen Keputusan Menteri Minister’s Decree

Keppres Keputusan Presiden Presidential Decree

KIMPRASWIL Departemen Permukiman dan Prasarana Ministry of Settlement and Regional

Wilayah Infrastructure (MSRI)

KSDP Kepala Sub Dinas Pengairan Head of Provincial Water Resources

Service

KTL Kegiatan Tindak Lanjut Follow-up Activity

KUD Koperasi Unit Desa Village Cooperative Unit

LBB Limboto-Bolango-Bone Limboto-Bolango-Bone

LSM Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Non-Governmental Organization

MONEV Monitoring & Evaluasi Monitoring & Evaluation

O&P Operasi dan Pemeliharaan Operations and Maintenance

P3A Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air Water Users’ Association (WUA)

P3SU Proyek Pembinaan Pengairan Sulawesi North Sulawesi Water Resources

Utara Institutional Development Project

PDAM Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Regional Water Company

PDSA Pengumpulan Data Sumber Air Water Resources Data Collection

PEMDA Pemerintah Daerah Regional Government

PERDA Peraturan Daerah Regional Regulation

Pimpro Pemimpin Proyek Project Manager

Pinbagpro Pemimpin Bagian Proyek Sub Project Manager

PJP Program Jangka Panjang Long Term National Dev. Program

PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara State Electricity Company

PPTPA Panitia Pelaksanaan Tata Pengaturan Air Basin Water Management Committee

G-iv
 GLOSSARY

PSDA Pengamanan Sumber Daya Air Water Resources Conservation

PTPA Panitia Tata Pengaturan Air Provincial Water Resources Committee

PU Pekerjaan Umum Public Works

Puslitbang Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Institute of Hydraulic Engineering Center

Pengairan PU (Bandung)

PWS Pengembangan Wilayah Sungai River Basin Development

RKL Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan Environmental Management Plan

RPL Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan Environmental Monitoring Plan

SATKORLAK Satuan Koordinasi Pelaksanaan Implementation Coordination Unit of

PBP Penanggulangan Bencana dan Disaster Mitigation and Evacuation
Penanganan Pengungsian

SATLAK PBP Satuan Pelaksanaan Penanggulangan Implementation Unit of Disaster

Bencana dan Penanganan Pengungsian Mitigation and Evacuation

SDA Sumber Daya Air Water Resources

Sulut Sulawesi Utara North Sulawesi

Tkt. I Tingkat I Level I Administration (Province)

Tkt. II Tingkat II Level II Administration (Region)

UNSRAT Universitas Sam Ratulangi Sam Ratulangi University

UPTD Unit Pelaksana Teknis Dinas Technical Implementation Unit

G-v
 GLOSSARY

(SOME INDONESIAN WORDS)

Desa Village (rural area), The Lowest
Administrative Unit, Headed by Kepala
Desa or Kades who is elected by the
residents

Kabupaten, Kab. Administrative District Headed by Bupati

(regency)

Kecamatan, Kec. Administrative Sub District within the

Kabupaten

Kelurahan Village (urban area), The Lowest

Administrative Unit, Headed by Lurah
who is Appointed

Kota Municipality, Administrative District

Headed by the Walikotamadya

Kotamadya Municipality, Administrative District

Headed by the Walikotamadya

Propinsi Province

Ribu thousand = 1,000

Juta million = 1,000,000

Milyar billion =1,000,000,000

Trilyun trillion = 1,000,000,000,000

G-vi
 NAME OF RIVER

Meluopo
Alo River Biyonga
River
Marisa River
River

Reksonegoro River Alopohu

River Bolango
River

Pohu River Rintenga River

Lake Limboto

Tamalate
River

Tapodu River

Bone River

Tomini Bay

Bo
lan
go
R.
Tapodu R. Bolango R. (Stretch-III) Left Bolango R. (Stretch-IIL)

⑬ ⑮ ⑭ ⑫ ⑪ ⑩ ④ ⑨ ⑧ ⑦
⑥
Sie
nde ⑤
ng
R.
o
③
(St r Rig
retc ht B
② Bol
h-I (Str ango R R.
IR ) olang etch . ne
Low oR -I) Bo
er B .
ola
ngo
R.
⑯
Lower Bone R.

Bridge
① Tenda Bridge
② Siendeng-1 Bridge
③ Siendeng-2 Bridge
④ Donggala Bridge ⑫ Tapodu Bridge
⑤ Siendeng Bridge
⑥ (Footpath Bridge)
⑦ Biawu-1 Bridge
⑧ (Footpath Bridge)
①
⑨ Biawu-2 Bridge
⑩ Tenilo Bridge
⑪ Potanga Bridge
⑬ Tilote Bridge Sea
⑭ Road Bridge
⑮ (Footpath Bridge)
⑯ Talumolo Bridge
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

B1. PLANNING BASIS

B1.1 Diagnosis of Flood and Sediment Problems

(1) Flood and Sediment Disasters

Suffering Areas: Major areas suffering from flood and sediment disasters in the Study
Area are southern part of Gorontalo City, middle reaches of the Bolango River, Limboto
and Isimu-Pohu areas, and western area of Lake Limboto. Among these, problems are
more serious in the southern part of Gorontalo City near the confluence of the Bolango
and Bone rivers.

Flood Disasters: Types of flood disaster observed in the Study Area are flooding and
inundation.

1) Flooding: The flooding is due to floodwater overtopping river and canal banks
which is often seen along the river courses in the Study Area after heavy storm.
2) Inundation: The inundation is caused by stagnant floodwater in low-lying
lands and the areas where gravity drainage is difficult because of natural and
artificial obstacles. This type of flood disasters are seen near the confluence
of the Bolango-Bone-Tamalate junction, left bank areas of the lower Bolango
river, western lands of Lake Limboto, and Isimu-Pohu areas.

Sediment Disasters: Types of sediment disasters in the Study Area are Bank erosion,
silting-up of river and canal beds, sedimentation of Lake Limboto, and slope failures
and land slides.

1) Bank erosion: Bank erosion is found in most rivers of the Study Area, since
the natural river is apt to meander eroding riverbanks, and the river stretches
with bank protection works are very limited.
2) Silting-up of river and canal beds: Floodwater with high sediment
concentration may silt up river and canal beds in the lower reaches where
sediment transport capacity becomes low. The Alo-Pohu River is suffering
from silting-up due to heavy sediment transport.
3) Sedimentation of Lake Limboto: Lake Limboto destines to silted up sooner
or later, since it is functioning as a natural stilling basin for the sediment carried
by the Biyonga, Alo-Pohu and other numerous rivers around the lake. The

B1-1
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

sedimentation reduces lake’s water storage capacity.

4) Slope failure and land slides: Menaces of slope failures and land slides lurk in
the hillside slopes on the left bank of the Bone River, the right bank of the
Bolango river, and the both side banks of the lower Bone River downstream
from the Bolango junction.

(2) Causes of Disasters

Causes of Flood and Sediment Disasters: Flood and sediment disasters in the Study
Area are induced basically by the following problems of the basin:

1) Concentration of properties on narrow plain

2) Insufficient flood mitigation facilities
3) Devastation of watershed
4) Inappropriate land use in flood plain

These problems may be associated with financial constraint, shortage of engineers and
lack of comprehensive flood mitigation master plan to guide all the relevant activities.

Concentration of Properties on Flood Plain: Since the LBB basin is mountainous and
the flat lands are only 20% or less, most of the arable lands and settlement are located in
the flood plain formed by repeated river flooding for a long period. The flood prone
areas of the LBB basin are located in such flood plains.

Insufficient Flood Mitigation Facilities: Flood mitigation facilities such as channel

normalization, dikes and bank protection works are seen in the Bolango, Tamalate and
Alo-Pohu rivers. However, the works are of small scale and for local measure. Other
rivers and drainage channels are not improved yet and the drainage capacity remains
low, which causes frequent flooding and elongates the period of flood inundation.

Devastation of Watershed Management: Deforestation and land development for

agriculture and settlement take place in the watershed areas, especially in the Lake
Limboto and the Bolango river basins. According to our study, 54 km2 of bush lands
and 21 km2 of forest lands were converted to farm land during past 10 years. These
activities reduce natural retention capacity of water and sediment and result in increase
of floodwater and sediment runoffs.

B1-2
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

Inappropriate Land Use in Flood Plain: Inappropriate land use in flood plain is
another cause to aggravate the flood and sediment disasters. The flood plain is the
land originally formed by floods and flooding is apt to take place often there. The
inappropriate land use and development regardless this matter may cause the increase of
damages in vain.

(3) Mechanism of Flood and Sediment Disasters

Damages due to the disaster generally depend on the basin’s physical conditions,
peoples’ economic activities, and progress of disaster prevention activities in the Study
Area. These are illustrated in Figure B1.1.1. In order to secure the stability of
peoples’ livelihood and development of the region, appropriate watershed and flood
plain management are substantial as well as structural flood mitigation measures.
Major causes and mechanism of flood and sediment disasters for respective suffering
areas are briefed below:

Southern Part of Gorontalo City:

1) Southern part of Gorontalo City is located in the low land near the confluence of
the Bolango and Bone rivers.
2) Channel capacity of the lower Bolango River downstream of Tapodu junction is
low with only 88% of 2-year flood.
3) Water level of the lower Bolango is raised high for long period due to:
(1) Long lasting outflow from Lake Limboto which retains huge amount of
water,
(2) Back-water effects of the Bone River of which flood duration is longer
because of long shaped basin and better vegetation cover, and
4) Flush flood runoff from the upper Bolango River easily overtops the bank and
causes frequent flooding of the city.
5) The Tamalate River carries flood water from the north eastern mountainous basin
into the City and aggravates the conditions.

Lake Limboto and Western Area of Lake:

1) Lake Limboto receives flood runoff from drainage basins of a total area of 890
km2 including the Alo-Pohu and Biyonga rivers, etc.
2) During the flood of the Bolango River, flood water from the lake cannot be
drained due to high Bolango water level.
3) Even after the flood of the Bolango, it takes time to drain the stored water

B1-3
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

because of low channel capacities of the Tapodu and the lower Bolango rivers.
4) This situation brings about the long period inundation in the western part of the
lake and other lake side lands.
5) Sedimentation of the lake mainly due to sediments from the Biyonga, Alo-Pohu
and Meluopo rivers aggravate the situation reducing lake’s storage volume.

Limboto Area: The town of Limboto locating on the alluvial fan is subject to direct
attack of flush flood and sediment runoff. Flooding in the low-lying lands upstream of
the town area alleviate the flood and sediment disasters in the town area.

Middle Bolango River and Isimu-Pohu Areas: These are the low-lying lands
sandwiched by alluvial fans and local relief located at the head of plain basins. In
addition to the natural topography, artificial barriers like road embankment make the
gravity drainage difficult.

B1.2 Administrative and Socio-Economic Frame

(1) Administrative Innovation

Establishment of Gorontalo Province: The establishment of Gorontalo Province was

agreed by Central Government with the Law No.38/2000 and the organization and
working order of the Dinas in Gorontalo Province have been established, among which
Dinas of Public Works/Settlement and Regional Infrastructure was included. Though
the organizational and institutional setup of new Gorontalo Province is progressing, it
would take much more time to attain full function.

Decentralization Policy: Government administration changed to decentralization

system, mainly by the Law No.22/1999 pertaining regional governance and the Law No.
25/1999 pertaining fiscal balance between central and regional governments. Under
the decentralization system, all the authorities regarding the water resources matters are
to be transferred to local government (Kabupaten/Kota). In order to administrate
issues in the water resources sector, the local governments have established Dinas, i.e.,
Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kota Gorontalo and Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Prasarana
Wilayah Kabupaten Gorontalo. These two Dinas will have very big job. Formerly
the jobs in these regions were only operation and maintenance of irrigation facilities
carried out by branch offices of provincial Dinas.

B1-4
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

(2) Socio-Economic Situation

Relevant Kabupaten/Kota: The area of 94% of the LBB basin is located in Kabupaten
Gorontalo, 2% in Kota Gorontalo and 4% in Kabupaten Bolaang-Mongondow. Most
of the developed area of Kabupaten Grontalo and whole of Kota Gorantalo is located in
the plain area to be protected from flood and sediment disasters.

Population: According to the census 2000, the population was estimated 445,000 in the
LBB basin, among which urban population was 205,000 comprising 120,000 in Kota
Gorontalo and 85,000 in Kabupaten Gorontalo.

Regional Account: Per capita gross regional domestic products (GRDP) was estimated
at Rp.1,160,000 (US$122 equivalent) for Kabupaten Gorontalo and Rp.2,388,000
(US$251 equivalent) for Kota Gorontalo, which respectively correspond to only 18%
and 38% of the national average. The economic activity in Kabupaten Gorontalo is
specialized for agriculture, while that in Kota Gorontalo for services in particular.

(3) Roles of Flood Mitigation

Per capita GRDP of the Study Area is far low comparing with the national average.
The basin’s economic activities have been constrained by the flood and sediment
disasters. Flood mitigation is one of the basic infrastructures of the basin and is duly
necessary to support sound economic development of the basin and to stabilize people’s
livelihood, accordingly to alleviate poverty of the region.

B1.3 Approach to Planning

In order to cope with the problems mentioned above, the Flood Mitigation Master Plan
(FM-MP) is to be planned placing importance on the following.

1) Basin-wide approach
2) Comprehensive flood mitigation plan
3) Sustainable implementation of flood mitigation activities

(1) Basin-wide Approach

River is a continuous channel system to transport water and sediment from any point of

B1-5
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

the basin to the river mouth. Figure B1.3.1 schematically shows the locations of the
flood and sediment disasters in the LBB river system. As seen in the Figure, the flood
mitigation activities in the upper reaches may adversely influence the areas in the lower
reaches of the river system, and the work site and beneficiary area are not always the
same. Flood mitigation measures of the LBB basin must be discussed from basin-wide
view point.

(2) Comprehensive Flood Mitigation Plan

In order to cope with the natural and social issues related to the flood and sediment
disasters, the FM-MP of the LBB basin should be formulated in comprehensive manner,
employing every possible measures. The flood mitigation measures are divided, in
general, into structural and nonstructural approaches as shown in Figure B1.3.2.

(3) Sustainable Implementation of Flood Mitigation Activities

The flood mitigation activities should be conducted and sustained keeping up with the
changes of the physical and social features of the basin. It is desirable that the local
government conducts and sustains the flood mitigation activities with participation of
local communities. It is much more so under the recent decentralization policy. In
order to make the activities sustainable, the FM-MP should take the following into
account:

1) Real needs of Community: The plan must meet for real needs of the
community. It is important to involve the intentions of community people from
the initial stage, in order to make the project sustainable. Public consultation
(PC) contributes much to know actual flood conditions and people’s real needs.
2) Adoption of technology locally available: The local government and
communities shall implement the FM-MP. Local materials should be adopted
as much as possible. Capacity building is another important aspect for this
purpose. In order to secure the sustainability of the project, it is also useful to
learn from the current practice and experience in the region and other similar
basins, not only from successful projects but also from projects in difficulties.
3) Cost payable locally: Cost for the activities should be payable by the local
government and communities. The project scale and development level should
be determined considering the solvency of the implementing agency and the
immediate realization of the project effects as well as economic viability

B1-6
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

4) Participatory manner of implement: It is a general principle that the

beneficiaries should implement the work on their own cost. In view of this,
implementation of flood mitigation activities in participatory manner would be a
basic approach. In participatory manner, the community people would learn
the objectives of activities and functions of facilities for the flood mitigation,
and would contribute to make the activities and facilities more practical and
sustainable.

B1.4 Principles for Planning Flood Mitigation Master Plan

(1) Flood Mitigation Master Plan

Flood mitigation master plan (FM-MP) for the LBB basin was studied along the
following principles:

1) Objective of Master Plan: The FM-MP aims to direct or guide the flood
mitigation activities that will be conducted toward the target year by various
agencies and organizations concerned.

2) Scope of Planning: Flood mitigation, in the present study, includes the

mitigation of flood damages and sediment induced disasters. The FM-MP shall
cover structural and non-structural measures. The structural measures discussed
in the master plan are limited to the primary facilities to mitigate flood and
sediment damages of the area.

3) Target Year: In line with the phasing of National Five-Year Plan, target year of
the FM-MP was set at the end of Tenth Five-Year Plan in 2019. The proposed
project will be implemented to support basin’s socio-economic conditions at the
target year.

(2) Design Scale of Facility

Return period of 20 years was decided to be applied to the Flood Mitigation Master Plan
of the LBB basin, judging from the physical conditions of the basin and channels,
design scale of other similar rivers and socio-economic situation of the basin. Flood
control facilities are designed based on the 20-year flood, then, the economic and
financial soundness shall be examined.

B1-7
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

Design Scale: Design scale of the flood control facilities shall be determined in general,
considering characteristics of runoff and topography, capacity of existing facilities,
design scale of other rivers in similar conditions, importance of properties to be
protected at present and in future, fund available for the construction and maintenance
works, and economic viability.

Design Scale of Rivers in Indonesia: Design discharges of rivers in Indonesia are

summarized in Table B1.4.1 together with their design scales. As seen in the Table,
various return periods ranging from 10 years to 50 years are adopted for the design of
channels. The 50- and 40-year floods are applied to the long-term plans and the 10
year floods are to the short-term or urgent plan. The 20- and 25-year floods are
applied to the design of many rivers in Indonesia.

Recommended Design Scale: According to “Recommended Minimum Return Period

of Design Flood” in Flood Control Manual (DGWRD, 1993) shown in Table B1.4.2, the
design scale of river is stated as follows:

Project type Initial phase Final phase

Emergency project 5-yr. 10-yr.
New project 10-yr. 25-yr.
Updating project
- For rural or urban with population <2,000,000 25-yr. 50-yr.
- For urban with population >2,000,000 25-yr. 100-yr.

Return Period of Recent Storms: Only for reference to the design scale, return period
of recent floods was examined. Rainfall record is the only data available for the
examination. According to the data available at Jalaluddin Airport and Boidu Tapa, the
annual maximum daily rainfalls and their return periods are listed in Table B1.4.3. The
return period was worked out based on the probable point rainfall estimated based on
the data at each station. For the year 2002, rainfall records are available at four
stations installed by the Study Team. These data are also shown in the Table.
Looking over the return periods corresponding to respective annual maximum rainfalls,
return periods of the recent major storms are less than 20-year, except for those in 1989
and 2000 at Jalaluddin Airport and in 1997 at Boidu Tapa. These three records give
extremely high return period as point rainfall. However, considering the records
available at other stations in the same year, areal rainfall values, which have close

B1-8
 Part-B: Flood Mitigation Master Plan

correspondence with the magnitude of flood, are 67mm in 1989, 91mm in 1997 and
104mm in 2000 by using the arithmetic-mean method.

B1-9
Table B1.4.1 DESIGN SCALE AND DISCHARGE OF RIVERS IN INDONESIA

Chatchment Design Specific Return

Name of
No. Province Area Flood Discharge Period Remarks
River 2
(km )
3
(m /s)
3 2
(m /s/km ) (year)
1 Brantas East Java 10,000 1,500 0.15 50 *2
2 Ciujung North Banten 1,850 1,600 0.86 50 *2
3 Jenebarang South Sulawesi 729 3,700 5.08 50
4 Surabaya East Java 631 370 0.59 50
5 Kuranji West Sumatra 213 1,000 4.69 50 *2
6 Air Dingin West Sumatra 131 700 5.34 50 *2
7 Solo Central/East Java 3,400 2,000 0.59 40 *2
8 Madium East Java 2,400 2,300 0.96 40 *2
9 Citanduy West Java 3,680 1,900 0.52 25
10 Cimanuk West Java 3,006 1,440 0.48 25
11 Pemali Central Java 1,228 1,300 1.06 25
12 Ular North Sumatra 1,080 800 0.74 25
13 Serang Central Java 937 900 0.96 25
14 Cipanas West Java 220 385 1.75 25
15 Kuranji West Sumatra 213 870 4.08 25 *1
16 Air Dingin West Sumatra 131 600 4.58 25 *1
17 Arakundo Ache 5,495 1,800 0.33 20
18 Wampu North Sumatra 3,840 1,320 0.34 20
19 Walarue South Sulawesi 3,190 2,900 0.91 20
20 Bah Bolon North Sumatra 2,776 1,220 0.44 20
21 Kring Ache Ache 1,775 1,300 0.73 20
22 Biba South Sulawesi 1,368 1,900 1.39 20
23 Marmoyo East Java 290 230 0.79 20
24 Brantas East Java 10,000 1,350 0.14 10 *1
25 Solo Central/East Java 3,400 1,500 0.44 10 *1
26 Madium East Java 2,400 1,100 0.46 10 *1
27 Ciujung North Banten 1,850 1,100 0.59 10 *1
Note * 1 : For short-term or urgent plan
* 2 : For long-term plan

10.0
Specific discharge (m /s/km )
2
3

1.0

0.1
100 1,000 10,000
Basin area (km2)

50 40 25 20 10
 Table B1.4.2 RECOMMENDED DESIGN SCALE IN INDONESIA

Conveyance Project type (for river flood control project) and Initial Final
System total population (for drainage system) phase phase

River Emergency project 5 10

New project 10 25
Updating project
- for rural and/or urban with P < 2,000,000 25 50
- for urban with P > 2,000,000 25 100

Primary drainage Rural 2 5

system (catchment Urban P < 500,000 5 10
area > 500 ha) Urban 500,000 < P < 2,000,000 5 15
Urban P > 2,000,000 10 25

Secondary drainage Rural 1 2

system (catchment Urban P < 500,000 2 5
area > 500 ha) Urban 500,000 < P < 2,000,000 2 5
Urban P > 2,000,000 5 10

Secondary drainage Rural and urban 1 2

system (catchment
area < 500 ha)

Notes:
1. Higher design flood standard should be applied if an economic analysis indicates that it
is desirable, or if flooding is a significant risk to human life.

2. P = Total urban population

3. Emergency Project: Emergency projects are developed without preliminary engineering

and economic feasibility studies at sites where flooding is excessive and flooding
problems present a significant risk to human life.

4. New Project: New project include flood control projects where no previous flood
control projects have been developed or where Emergency Projects have been
developed.

5. Updating Project: Updating projects include rehabilitation projects and improvements to

existing projects. Most river basin development projects are considered to be updating
projects

Source: “Recommended Minimum Return Period of Design Flood” in Flood Control Manual,
Volume II, Guidelines for Planning and Survey (DGWRD, June 1993)
 Table B1.4.3 RETURN PERIOD OF RECENT STORMS

Annual Maximum Daily Rainfall Flood on May 2002

Jalalluddin Airport Boid Tapa Station Daily rainfall
Daily Daily (mm) Date Estimation
Year
Rainfall Estimation Rainfall Estimation Biyonga 30.0 8 May < 2-yr
(mm) (mm) Dulamayo 88.0 7 May 5-yr
1972 34 <2-yr Bongomeme 79.5 7 May 3-yr
1973 66 <2-yr Alale 108.5 11 May 15-yr
1974 99 6-yr
1975 82 4-yr 86 4-yr
1976 58 <2-yr 52 <2-yr
1977 73 2-yr 90 4-yr
1978 57 <2-yr 71 <2-yr Probable Daily Rainfall
1979 55 <2-yr 112 11-yr
1980 60 <2-yr 50 <2-yr Jalalluddin0 T1 2 Y 3 4 5
1981 70 2-yr 84 4-yr 180 70 2 0.157894737 0.366512921 0.059654056
1982 64 <2-yr 68 <2-yr 89 5 0.416666667 1.499939987 0.062535612
1983 86 5-yr 72 2-yr 160101 10 0.833333333 2.250367327 0.05998566
1984 73 2-yr 71 <2-yr 113 20 1.764705882 2.970195249 0.054808436
1985 58 <2-yr 58 <2-yr 130 50 4.166666667 3.901938658 0.058184214
1986 48 <2-yr 63 <2-yr 140142 100 4.600149227
1987 79 3-yr 64 <2-yr
1988 74 3-yr 75 2-yr Tapa
Boid 120 T Y
1989 120 32-yr 72 2-yr 72 2 0.130434783 0.366512921 0.049279438

R (mm)
1990 86 5-yr 59 <2-yr 95 5 0.333333333 1.499939987 0.050028489
1991 61 <2-yr 60 <2-yr 100110 10 0.714285714 2.250367327 0.05141628
1992 69 <2-yr 62 <2-yr 124 20 1.578947368 2.970195249 0.049039127
1993 73 2-yr 96 5-yr 80143 50 3.571428571 3.901938658 0.049872183 Boid Tapa
1994 56 <2-yr 157 100 4.600149227 Jalalluddin
1995 82 4-yr 107 9-yr
1996 53 <2-yr 83 3-yr
60
1997 99 9-yr 161 120-yr 2 5 10 15 20 25 50 100
1998 97 8-yr Return Period (year)
1999 73 2-yr
2000 138 80-yr
2001 65 <2-yr
 Gorontalo,
Narrow flat land
Limboto,
= Flood plain
Isimu,etc

Development as
provincial
economic centre
Concentration of properties
to narrow plain
vulnerable to floods
Insufficient
flood mitigation
facilities
Frequent flood and
sediment disaster
Inadequate and farm lands
watershed
management

Deforestation

Inappropriate
land use and
development in
flood plain
Worsening flood damaged
in plain area

Constrain to Burdening people

economic with flood damages
development
of the region
Inability of
people livelihood

The Study on Flood Control

and Water Management Figure B1.1.1
in Limboto-Bolango-Bone Basin MECHANISM OF
inFigure
the Republic
B1.1.1of Indonesia
MECHANISM OF FLOOD AND SEDIMENT DISASTER
FLOOD AND SEDIMENT DISASTER
Japan International Cooperation Agency
 Pohu River Alo River Biyonga River Bolango River Bone River
runoff runoff runoff runoff runoff

Isimu Limboto Riverine Pinogu

area Tamalate River
runoff and local Flooding

and Water Management

Flooding Flooding

The Study on Flood Control

in the Republic of Indonesia

Flooding drainage and
and along

in Limboto-Bolango-Bone Basin
and sediment
inundation river
bank erosion disaster

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Riverine Riverine
Riverine area of Area Area
Alo-Pohu River
Flooding Flooding
Flooding and and and

Figure B1.3.1
bank erosion bank erosion bank erosion
Lake Limboto
Flow
Inundation of
Flow lakeside
Farmland / western area
settlements,
of Lake Limboto

INTERRELATEDNESS OF
sedimentation Riverine Area Gorontalo
Flooding, inundation of lake
Flooding Flooding and
and sedimentation
and bank long-term
erosion inundation

FLOOD AND SEDIMENT DISASTER

Sea
 Flood and Channel
Flood mitigation River improvement
sediment control normalization

Dike

Bank protection

Flood diversion

Structural Measure
Flood and Dam
sediment retention

Flood retarding
area

Flood regulation
pond

Watershed
Runoff retention Afforestation
management

Conservation of
forest

Conservation of
natural flood
retarding area
Non Structural Measure
Flood plain Reduction of Land use
management damage adjustment

Encouragement of
water-proofing
Flood forecasting
Avoidance of
and warning
damage
system
Propagation of
flood information

Flood fighting

The Study on Flood Control

and Water Management Figure B1.3.2
in Limboto-Bolango-Bone Basin COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD MITIGATION
inFigure
the Republic
B1.3.2of Indonesia
COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD MITIGATION MEASURES
MEASURES
Japan International Cooperation Agency