Writing a Research

Proposal
We will talk about….

Methodological
movements in research

How to frame a research

title

How to write a Research

Proposal
METHODOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS IN RESEARCH

Quantitative Research 1
Anchored on positivist perspective, it relies on
objectivity and only those that can be measured are
considered true. Data, expressed in numbers, are
gathered through survey questionnaires, quantitative
rubrics, and rating scales among others.
 Qualitative Research 2
As time progressed, people leaned towards describing
rather than measuring the world around us. This gave
birth to qualitative research which focuses on the
beliefs and perceptions of the people in a community or
organization.
Question: Why are we
okay with non-
generalizability?

Answer: Why should it

always be true to many
for it to be true?
 What is the puzzle that
qualitative research is
interested in?

If X then Y ------- is not as

simple as it seems
X

X Y

X Y
 Mixed Methods Design 3
A combination of quantitative and qualitative
approaches in one research setting. It involves rigorous
data collection and analysis procedures characterized
by a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data.
Further, it bring us to:

1. multiple ways of seeing and hearing,

2. multiple ways of making sense of the social world, and
3. multiple standpoints on what is important and to be valued and
cherished.
 Research Title

The title summarizes the main idea or ideas of the

study. A good title contains the fewest possible
words that adequately describe the contents
and/or purpose of the research paper.

The title is without doubt the part of a paper that

is read the most, and it is usually read first.
1 1
✓ Avoid using abbreviations. ✓ Do not include “study of”,
“analysis of” or similar
1 construction.
✓ Use words that create a positive 1
impression and stimulate reader ✓ Titles are usually in the form of a
interest. phrase, but can also be in the
1 form of question.
✓ Use current nomenclature from 1
the field of study. ✓ Use correct grammar and
capitalization with all first words
1 and last words capitalized, including
✓ Identify key variables, both the first word of a subtitle. All
dependent and independent. nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
1 Research and adverbs that appear between
✓ May reveal how the paper will be the first and last words of the title
Title are also capitalized.
organize.
1 1
✓ Suggest a relationship between ✓ Do not capitalize articles (i.e., the,
variables which supports the a, an) and preposition (e.g. on,
major hypothesis. to, of, in, at)
1 1
✓ Indicate accurately the subject
✓ Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive and scope of the study.
words.
 The Subtitle

Subtitles are quite common in social science research papers. Examples of

why you may include a subtitle:
1. Explains or provides additional context.

Ethnomusicology of the Dawn: Understanding the Inter-Generational Impact of

the song “Salamat”

Sustainability Measures towards Resiliency among Public Secondary Schools in

Rodriguez District: Basis for Instructional Planning

2. Adds substance to a literary, provocative, or imaginative title.

Listen to What I Say, Not How I Vote: Provincial Support for the President in the
Philippines
 The Subtitle

3. Qualifies the geographic scope of the research.

Environmental Conservation Mechanisms of Mountains: The Case of Sierra

Madre
4. Qualifies the temporal scope of the research.

Discourses of Love, Marriage and Parenting vis-à-vis “Sense of Place”: As

Constructed in Diaries of Retired UEP Professors born between 1940 and 1960
5. Focuses on investigating the ideas, theories, or work of a particular individual.

Living and Acquiring a Sublime Life: Teaching Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s “A

Psalm of Life” through Personal Growth Model and Moral-Philosophical Approach
I II III
Introduction Methodology
• Background of the Study Review of
• Statement of the
Problem
Related • Research Design
• The Sample
• Significance of the Study Literature and • The Instrument
• Scope and Delimitation
• Conceptual Framework Studies • Data Collection
• Research Hypothesis/ Procedure
Assumptions • Plan for Data Analysis
• Definition of Terms

Parts of the Research Proposal

 Background of the Study I

The overview of your topic (i.e. What do you want readers to know about
concerning your topic?)

1. General information about your topic.

2. Context of your topic.
3. Rationale/ Justification of your topic
 Note: Use simple words which are straight to the point. Should
not be cut-and-paste. Limit the borrowing of ideas.

5th Paragraph
The expected result significant to the researcher
and other groups/ entities. The expected 4th Paragraph
contribution to the pool of knowledge.
What drives you to conduct this study?
3rd Paragraph The relation of your research to the
researched problem. The relation of the
Justifications of the claimed problems research to you as a researcher.
must be given based on legal bases, results
of previous studies and related literatures.

2nd Paragraph
1st Paragraph Local context of the topic. Problematic situation
Start from a general concept must surface. Based on observation, interviews or
linked to your study. news. You may also include news from national
circulations, and institutional data.

Background of the Study

Research Sample

TECHNO-PEDAGOGICAL READINESS, CONTENT-MASTERY AND TEACHING PERFORMANCE OF TEACHERS HANDLING

UNSPECIALIZED SUBJECTS IN THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN THE EAST PACIFIC REGION OF
NORTHERN SAMAR
General concept about
your topic

Local context of the topic

highlighting legal bases in
education
Local context of the topic. Problematic situation
must surface.

The relation of your research to the

researched problem. The relation of the
research to you as a researcher
Justification of the claimed problem based
on a previous research findings.

The expected result significant to the

researcher and other groups/ entities.
The expected contribution to the pool
of knowledge.
 Statement of the Problem

A research problem is a definite or clear expression/ statement about

an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to
be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or within existing practice that points to a need
for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation. A
research problem does not state how to do something, offer a vague
or broad proposition, or present value question.
 Statement of the Problem

There are three general conceptualizations of a research problem in the social

sciences.

1. Casual Research Problem- They use experimental method,

compare two or more groups of research subjects which differ
in one of the phenomena and statistics. It also identifies the
extent and nature of cause and effect relationships.
2. Descriptive Research Problem- typically asks the question, “what is…?”
with the underlying purpose to describe the situation, state, or existence of a
specific phenomenon.

3. Relational Research Problem- suggests a relationship of some sort

between to or more variables to be investigated. The underlying purpose is to
investigate qualities/ characteristics that are connected in some way.
Note: In writing the Statement of the Problem, begin with general statement
then followed the enumeration of specific SOP.
 Significance of the Study

• Basically, the importance of your research.

• You must highlight how your research will be beneficial to the

development of science, persons, entities and society in general.

• Arrange them from the most benefitted to the least.

 Scope and Delimitation

• It defines the topic and boundaries of the research problem to be

investigated.
The Scope details how in-depth your study is to explore the SOP
and the parameters in which it will operate in relation to the
population and time frame.

The Delimitation are the factors and variables not to be included in

the study. In other words, they are the boundaries the researcher
sets in terms of study duration, population size and type of
participants, etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DELIMITATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

Delimitations refer to the boundaries of the research study, based

on the researcher’s decision of what to include and what to exclude.
They narrow your study to make it more manageable and relevant to
what you are trying to prove.

Limitations relate to the validity and reliability of the study. They

are characteristics of the research design that are out of your control
but influence your research findings. Because of this, they determine
the internal and external validity of your study and are considered
potential weaknesses.
In other words, delimitations are what the researcher will
not do (elements outside of the boundaries they have set)
and limitations are what the researcher can not do
(elements outside of their control) .
 How to write a Scope

Why What Where When Who How

• Why- the general aims and objectives of the research.

• What- the subject to be investigated, and the included variables.
• Where- the location or setting of the study, i.e. where the data
will be gathered and to which entity the data will belong.
• When- the timeframe within which the data is to be collected.
• Who- the subject matter of the study and the population from
which they will be selected.
• How- how the research is to be conducted, including a
description of the research design, methodology, research tools
and analysis techniques.
 How to start writing the Scope
• This study is to focus on…
• This study covers the…
• This study aims to…

How to start writing the Delimitations

• This study does not cover…
• This study is limited to…
• The following has been excluded from this study…
 Why and What

When

Who

Where

How

Delimitation of the Study

 Conceptual Framework

• Illustrates what you expect to find through your research. It

defines the relevant variables for your study and maps out how
they might relate to each other.
OUTPUT
 Research Hypothesis

• Is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by

research.

Assumption

• Assumption refers to a belief. An assumption does not require any

evidence to support it. It is commonly based on feelings or a
hunch.
 Definition of Terms

• The key or important terms in the study are clearly defined.

• All variables in the SOP, shall be included in the Definition of
Terms.

Conceptual Definition- it is abstract and most general in nature.

The usual source is the DICTIONARY which is the reference book of
everyday language.
Operational Definition- is the meaning of the concept or term as
used in a particular study. It is stated in concrete terms in that it
allows measurement.
 Review of Related II
Literature and Studies

This section presents a comprehensive summary of previous

research on a topic. This includes scholarly articles, books, and other
sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should
enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify the
previous research.
 Easiest Way to Write RRL is to follow ACT Method
Analyze. Ascertain the credibility of the sources by looking into the
author’s backgrounds, the nature of the source materials, and their
contents.
Categorize. Researchers are assessed with great value when
supported with heaps of credible literatures. However, you need to
find patterns based on their nature. You can classify the according to
topic, chronology, theory, methods, geography and breakthrough so
that you will be able to identify which part of your research you are
going to place them.
Tie Up. As a researcher, you should be able to bring out connect
between the existing literature to your findings whether the former
confirm or negate the latter.
 RELATED STUDIES

Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the

present proposed study is relate or has some bearing or similarity.
They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses,
and dissertations.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES

1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.

2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely
original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable.
5. Reviewed materials must not be few or too many.
Credible Sources for RRL
 Methodology III

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used

to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic.
This section allows the reader to critically evaluate s study’s overall
validity and reliability.
 Research Design

Types of Quantitative Research Designs

Experimental
• Used to test causal relationships
• Involves manipulating an independent variable and measuring its
effect on a dependent variable.
• Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
• Usually conducted in a controlled environment.
Quasi-experimental
• Used to test causal relationships
• Similar to experimental design, but without random assignment.
• Often comparing the outcomes of pre-existing groups.
• Often conducted in a natural environment.

Correlational
• Used to test whether (and how strongly) the variables are related.
• Variables are measured without influencing them.
Descriptive
• Used to describe characteristics, averages, trends, etc.
• Variables are measured without influencing them.
 The Sample

• Indicate the exact number of samples based on the population.

• Include also in the paragraph the sampling design/ technique you
have.
 The Instrument

• A research instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and

analyze data related to your subject.
• Begin your paragraph with what of instrument that your research
will be using. (i.e. Tests, Surveys, Scales, Questionnaires, or even
Checklists)
• Validation of the instrument shall also be included in the
paragraph.
• To assure the strength of your study, it is important to use
previously validated instruments.
 Data Collection Procedure

• Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting,

measuring and analyzing accurate insights for research using
standard validated techniques.
• Discuss how you gather the data. (Both Quantitative and
Qualitative Data)
 Plan for Data Analysis

• Is a roadmap for how you’re going to organize and analyze your

survey data.