Paleolithic Stone Age The Middle Stone Age Neolithic period Metal Stone Age

Architectural Archaeological Items in the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) …

‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬

Menhirs : Found in France; Nomads prepared them in the form of a religious monument. The building consists of one high block in the form of
an irregular obelisk, and its semi-circular section is more than 20 square meters from the base

Dolmens : It consists roughly of three vertical stone blocks and three horizontal blocks with an area of ​about 4 square meters, and a height of about
3 meters.
Gromlechs : They are anchored stone lists that are placed stacked on a circular circumference and topped with horizontal stone lintels according to
a well-thought outline and design known as the Grumlach, that is, the circular stone. At the center of the circle is a semi-stone table (for
offering offerings) dating back to 2000 BC and the most famous of which is in Stonehenge
1- Menhirs 2- Dolmens 3- Gromlechs

1 2 3
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Stone Age Architecture 2 nd Lecture Qassim University – College of Architecture and Planning
Paleolithic Stone Age The Middle Stone Age Neolithic period Metal Stone Age

The village of Katal Hoyok – Turky …

▪ It is a four-story projected residence on one floor.

▪ The building materials are yogurt and timber.
▪ There are no streets.
▪ Moving between dwellings from the roofs and
this is likely due to the safety factor.
▪ Home furniture from clay and use to living,
sleeping, and dinning.

The village of Katal Hoyok ,

layout, External view

‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬

The village of Katal Hoyok ,

old and new

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Geographical factors Religious factors Geological factors Social l factors Historical factors

Factors affecting the architecture of Mesopotamia …

Geographical factors:
▪
‫** عرف الزاقوره مع التوضيح بسكتشات الرسم‬
Civilization and civilization extended in the confined area between the Tigris and
Euphrates, especially in the flat plain part, which is called the Garden of Eden,
where it was fertile land.

Religious factors:
▪ They believed in sanctifying people, and the gods were represented by natural
elements such as the gods of heaven, earth, water, sun, and fire.
▪ They did not take care of building the graves for their lack of faith in the other life,
but they appeared to them “Ziggurat” which is a pyramid building that is included
on the top of a small temple of god and wore a grave for god but a temple where it
descends to rest before landing on the ground.

Geological factors:
▪ The Mesopotamian region is a triangular geographic region that extends from
Aleppo to Lake Urmia to the entrance to the Shatt al-Arab.
▪ The climate is very hot in summer, and very cold in winter, with less rainfall, and
this climate has forced Al-Rafidi Architect to use the construction style around the
inner courtyards.
▪ The presence of stone and minerals is less and therefore I rely on clay to build with
brick, while the use of stones was limited and limited to the foundations of large
buildings such as temples and palaces.
Ziggurat

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Mesopotamia Architecture Qassim University – College of Architecture and Planning
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Residential buildings Palaces Religious buildings

Types of buildings in Mesopotamian centers

Residential buildings (Public Houses - Palaces)
▪ Sophisticated Public House (with inner courtyard)
- Appeared in central and southern Mesopotamia.
- The house consists of one or two floors, with an internal courtyard.
- Includes all necessary items such as warehouses, kitchen, and bedrooms under the
guidance. The corners of the house are in the original four directions, which allows it
to be exposed to light and air continuously.

▪ Simple Public House (one-room)

- Appeared in the southern marshes.
- The one-story house, one hall, of wood, clay, and leather. 1- Lobby 2- Courtyard 3- Stair 4- Lavatory 5- Kitchen 6,7,8,9- Bed Rooms
- This single space is divided into living, dining and sleeping places, with Direct it on
the four original destinations as much as possible.
‫** اشرح الفرق بني البيت البسيط واملتطور مع الرسم‬

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 The Sumerian civilization Assyrian civilization Babel Civilization

The most important buildings of the Sumerian civilization

Eridu Temple - Sumer City

‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬
▪ Urido in Sumerian means "Ari Doka", meaning the good city.
▪ Initially, the temple was a square in the center of another square that represented
the Eucharist table, and with the development there appeared an inner cavity
consisting of a mihrab or altar with the image of God or a statue of it.
▪ When the temple was demolished, another temple was built on top of it as a model
for all temples, which is (retreat or hall and around it other halls for service).
▪ The pillars were confirmed by the projections that give the temple a kind of
confirmation, immunity, and shadows. In addition, they used bricks in the
construction, so these projections were working to support the temple.
▪ The zigurats in Aredo are much larger than the ziggurats in other regions of Iraq.

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Mesopotamia Architecture Qassim University – College of Architecture and Planning
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 The Sumerian civilization Assyrian civilization Babel Civilization

D-Warka Temple ‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬

▪ Temple D is one of the most important and largest temples in Babylon, which was built in the city of Warka,
which is located on the banks of the Euphrates River.
▪ The building takes the shape of a rectangle. From the inside, the middle hall is lined with small voids.
▪ The southwestern part of the middle hall turns into a vertical hall on the first.
▪ Behind the transverse hall there are three voids that represent the middle of the sacred hall, and on each end
there is an auxiliary room for it.
▪ On the central axis of the sacred cell we see an entrance wall that has a concave shape to emphasize
the importance of this vacuum.
▪ The exterior wall of the temple was formed strikingly, with six deep entrances in the two tall façades (three
from each side). On the other hand, we see eight rectangles (four on each of the exterior walls) that represent
stairs that rise to the ceiling of the building and they have simple incomes in the wall.

(1) The Hallowed room.

(2) The Cella.
Ground floor plan and (3) The Main Entrance.
Axonometric of D - Warka Temple (4) The Secondary Entrance.

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 The Sumerian civilization Assyrian civilization Babel Civilization

Ishtar Gate - Babylon … ‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬

▪ It is located in the middle of the outer wall surrounding the palace of King
Nebuchadnezzar and next to the procession, and this road leading to the Ishtar
Gate ends at the temple of God Marduk built over the ziggurat in the center of
the city.
▪ The gate is all made of glazed brick with a blue color and all are decorated
with winged or un-winged oxen, because the bull represents the god “Marduk”.
▪ These figures were repeated over the entire gate, as well as on the motorcade
route.
▪ An element of the balconies also appeared, which was later transferred to
Islamic architecture, as mentioned previously.

Newly Ishtar Gate

Ishtar Gate in the past

The motorcade street
leading to the palace of
King Nebuchadnezzar

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Mesopotamia Architecture Qassim University – College of Architecture and Planning
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 The Sumerian civilization Assyrian civilization Babel Civilization

Ishtar Temple - Babylon ‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬ 1- Entrance.

2- A side room.
▪ Ishtar, the goddess of her worship, all the ancient cities of Iraq, because she is the god of love 3- An inner
and war. courtyard.
▪ The temple is located above the (Ziggurat Babel) consisting of 6 floors, and the temple is 4- The Holy
reached by an upward path that revolves around the layers of the tower to the top. Region.
5- Pass between
▪ The temple is rectangular in shape 37 meters long and 31 meters wide, surrounded by huge
a wall The
walls on the outside, and built of dried bricks. temple and
▪ The entrance is located at the south wall, and at the end of it is the inner courtyard the region
holy.
(the courtyard) that leads to the sacred area through three entrances in addition to the number
of 20 attached rooms - as in the corresponding form.

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Mesopotamia Architecture Qassim University – College of Architecture and Planning
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 Early Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom

The most important architectural works in the Early Kingdom

1- The Pyramid of Zoser / Saqqara ...
‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬
▪ King Zoser built it a mile away from the cliff of Saqqara, to move away from the rest of the
tombs.

▪ This pyramid is the first royal memorial tomb and one of the oldest stone buildings in Egypt.

▪ It consists of six uneven terraces with a height of 62 meters, and is covered with white
limestone.

▪ The interior consists of a network of corridors and corridors, while the burial chamber of
the king is granite and marble.
‫* رسم البالن والواجهه‬
▪ This pyramid was designed by the Minister of King Zoser (Eng. Amenhotep), who brought
about a radical change in architecture represented by the following points:

1. The tomb design is hierarchical. Layout and Façade of

Zoser Pyramid
2. Imitating the characteristics of botanical architecture in architecture, as his grandparents did.
3. The beginning of the use of stones as a basic material in construction instead of adobe.

▪ The Zoser Hierarchical Group consists of the following : • The Step Pyramid
• The entrance foyer
• The mortuary temple
• Valentine's Temple
• The seat of the statue
• Southern Cemetery
• North house
• South House.
• A wall surrounding the whole group.
An external perspective of
Zoser Pyramid

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 Early Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom
1

2- The Pyramids of King Snefru ... ‫** الشرح مع الرسم‬

▪ King Senefru, founder of the Fourth Dynasty and father of the famous Pharaoh Khufu who built the Great Pyramid.
▪ He send a huge fleet to Phenicia to import rare cedar wood because there are no good woods in Egypt suitable for large facilities
such as pyramids and temples that need a lot of wooden skis and girders, as well as to build ships that have been active in their
manufacture and rides for commercial exchange with neighboring countries.
▪ He worked to secure Egypt's western and southern borders from enemies, and his reign was marked by stability and justice.
▪ Three pyramids were built for himself (the first is the Meidum pyramid, which is a transitional stage between the listed pyramid and
the real pyramid, then the two pyramids of Dahshur, the red pyramid and the inclined / curved pyramid).
▪ The Pyramid of Meidum was built 92 meters high and at an inclination angle of about 51 degrees (Figure 3.2).
▪ The oblique pyramid was built at a height of 102 m and was divided into two parts in the middle, as its angle of inclination changes
in the upper part from the bottom.
▪ The Red Pyramid was built at a height of 104 and its base is 220 square meters and its inclination angle is about 43 degrees. Its name
is red, due to the red rust layer on top of stones. It is the third largest Egyptian pyramid after the Khufu and Khafra hierarchies
(Figure 4.1).
‫* رسم البالن والواجهه‬
4 3 2

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 Early Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom 1 2

3- The Great Pyramid of Khufu ... ‫** الشرح مع رسم الواجهه‬

▪ Khufu is the second king of the Fourth Dynasty, the Old Kingdom.
▪ He built the Great Pyramid and inherited from his father Senefru a rich and powerful
kingdom.
▪ The most important buildings of the pyramid of Khufu. It was built by the engineer (Ham
Uno) and was built on an area of 13 acres, and the pyramid has two entrances on the northern
side, it was 146.5 meters high, but now it is 138.6 meters and the length of its square base is
230 meters and its inclination angle is between 50 to 51 degrees.
3
▪ The Pyramid was built of limestone and is the original stone of the place. The pyramid was
built with solid stone, and the number of stones used to build it was 2.3 million stones,
weighing between 2.5 - 15 tons.
▪ The Entrance is on the northern side, at an altitude of 20 m. Next to the pyramid, there are
three pyramids dedicated to the king's wives.

Facts baffled the world about the Great Pyramid ...

• The Great Pyramid is located on a point on the surface of the Earth, located quite a third of
the distance between the equator and the North Pole.
• The orbit that passes through the center of the pyramid divides the continents and oceans
into two completely halves.
• The four pillars of the pyramid accurately indicate the four original directions (North -
South - East - West).
• The Pyramid of Khufu is the second largest place with electromagnetic energy fields
which are 13 gauss while the Earth has only 1 gauss.

1- King Khufu 2- Pyramid of Khufu 3- The pyramid of Khufu and the three small pyramids of the queens

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