LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR SWINE FARMS IN PUROK

WALING-WALING

A Research Paper
Presented to the Senior High School Department
As a partial fulfillment of the requirements in Practical Research II/ Capstone Project/
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion.

BY:
KLIEN DAVE R. CALIXTON
ADRIAN V SANTIAGO
IANAH FAYE VILLA
MAHIRAH ANDI
NEFFE CLEO B. DEL ROSARIO

STEM 12- Ingenuity

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page………………………………………………………………………………

Table of contents……………………………………………………………………

Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND IT’S SETTING

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….

Statement of the problem …………………………………………………………

Significance of the study…………………………………………………………..

Definition of term…………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research design and method…………………………………………………….

Focal of the study………………………………………………………………..

Setting ……………………………………………………………………………..

Sample…………………………………………………………………………….

Data gathering……….……………………………………………………………….

Statistical treatment……………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Thematic Analysis………………………………………………………………..

Comparative Analysis……………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………

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References ……………………………………………………………………….

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their heartfelt thanks, gratitude and
deepest appreciation to the people who have been parts in completion of this
research paper. A part from our efforts, this study would not be possible without the
encouragement and guidance of several people.

We, the researchers of this thesis, would likely first to thank the Almighty
God by giving us the strength, knowledge and wisdom in doing and finishing this
study. To our supportive parents, family, and most especially our mentors- Ma’am
MARY JANE MIZELLE, Sir Eduardo A. Protacio, Sir Harrold King Avance-Lorca
Wagas, and ma’am Ivy Juguilon by giving us encouragement, advices, and moral
support we needed. And lastly to all of our friends by giving the moral support,
motivations, suggestions, and help when we needed one.

To God be all the glory.

The Researchers

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 CHAPTER I

3.2 Introduction

A river is an important natural resource for farmers especially hog raisers due
to obvious water. It is an indispensable commodity useful for feeding, cleaning and
even butchering. Fortunately, among the non-dense areas in Prk. Waling-waling
Brgy. Pangi, water is free and very accessible through Pangi river.

Pangi river, since the time of immemorial, had been a source for irrigation for
rice farmers, also a rich resource for other agricultural activities. Lately, it has served
as a tourist attraction specifically, for ‘White Water Tubing’. To the hog raisers, the
water of Pangi river was a constant supply for their project. Later this month, Maitum
experienced flood and low-pressure areas that has affected the municipality.

Environmental hazards are widely recognized as a factor that affects the lives
of many people frequently around the world. Agriculture sectors remains one of the
most vulnerable to climate change in the Philippines (NICCDIES 2018) Thus, cannot
be expected that these effects are similar as people’s lifestyle differ in terms of their
level of development, which largely determines their response to specific disasters
(Weldegebriel and Amphune,2017)

Swine farms are one of the most common in the Philippine agriculture for
food, jobs and income. However, in most Provinces, swine cages are poorly
structured and continuously exposed to natural disasters, hence it is affected and
vulnerable (Israel and Briones, 2013)

In most cases of flooding impacts, the most vulnerable landscapes for

flooding are low-lying areas and basins where rivers approach their base level (Nott,
2006). These areas, particularly in semi-arid regions, are subject to flash floods due
to torrential rainfall and steep escarpments in their headwaters (Bull & Kirkby, 2002).
On the international data, during the months of June and early July 2016, heavy
rainfall led to severe flooding in China resulting farms in WuhanCity and as well as
independently operated black hog farms in Enshi Prefecture suffered significant
damage (Linden, 2016).

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 For a society largely dependent on agriculture and its natural resources and
environment, the data and information as well as overall knowledge gained from the
study may prove useful in developing strategies to address the ill-effects of natural
disasters. However, upon further research, it was found that there is no recent study
that has been conducted about preparedness and response to flood for swine farms
in the locality of Maitum, specifically in Brgy. Pangi, Purok Waling-waling. This lack
of information served as the gap that pushed the researchers to conduct this study.
Moreover, the results and findings may assist in identifying new studies that can
soon be undertaken in relation to natural disasters, an important research concern
which still lacks the necessary level of focus in the Philippines.

Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the level of preparedness and

response to flood for swine farms in barangay Pangi, purok Waling-Waling, to
provide information to Farmers, Municipal Agriculture Office, and different
stakeholders to decide and to take an action.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This research aims to answer the following question to find out what are the
experiences of the swine farmers in purok Waling-waling during the flood:

1. How prepared are the swine farmers for any eventual flood with in the area?
2. What is the possible preparation response/strategy of the individual farmers (and
the government) in case of flooding in the area?
3. What are the experiences of the hog raisers during the flood relative to their
business/livelihood or project?

1.3 Significance of the Study

This research discusses the information where the impact of the output will
mostly affect. In this case, the beneficiary of the result of this research will primarily
be the future researcher, the farmers, and the Department of Agriculture.

- future researchers will benefit from the findings of the study because the data
gathered will help them create a program or plan and or proposal that will solve the
problem of impact of flood to the swine farmers.

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- The research subjects or respondents will directly benefit from the programs such
as information, infrastructure or insurance that will assist them from the result/ impact
of the route flood in Pangi.

- The government agency especially the Department of Agriculture will also benefit
due to the fact that the result of this research, the data and information, the
feedbacks, and the proposals may be a basis to

1.4 Definition of Term

Flood- an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of
“flowing water”, the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

Swine Farms- is the raising and breeding domestic pigs mostly for food (pork
products, bacon) and also for their skin.

Disaster Preparedness- activities designed to minimize loss of life and damage, to

organize the temporary removal of people and property from a threatened location
and facilitate, timely and effective rescue, relief and rehabilitation.

Disaster Response- the assistance and intervention during or immediately after an

emergency. Focus is on saving lives and protecting community assets (buildings,
roads, animals, crops, infrastructure). Usually measured in hours, days or weeks.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the

present study is related to. It also explains the relation of the key words to the
researchers’ study furtherly to give them full understanding of the developments in
the field.

Floods are among disasters that cause widespread destruction to human

lives, properties and the environment every year and occur at different places with
varied scales across the globe. Flood disasters are caused by natural phenomena,
but their occurrences and impacts have been intensified through human actions and
inactions.

“Notable from the study was that whereas level of awareness was high among
residents, preparedness levels were generally low, especially in terms of financial
preparedness. Several recommendations were proposed, which include improving
public education and sensitization on flood disaster preparedness strategies,
creating financial support scheme for residents to increase their financial
preparedness as well as encouraging residents to increase their social capital
support and participate in community gatherings”(Glago, F.J., 2019).

“Increasing uncertainty and variability in weather due to climate change puts

enormous stress on the sustainability of agricultural communities. These extreme
weather events affect many animal facilities, and flooding can cause long-term
impacts on animal health and productivity” (Samantha Crist et al. Prev Vet Med.
2020 Nov.) Although the consequences of emergencies can be similar, knowing the
risks specific to your community and your region can help you better prepare. It is
even more important to be aware of the risks in your area if you live on a farm with
livestock.

According to Inchaisri et al. (2013) “a catastrophic flood disaster affected not

only humans but also took animal lives. Data on livestock losses, including death,
loss, and decreased production. The results indicated that the majority of livestock
losses were from poultry and swine farms. The density of poultry and swine loss was

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significantly different between sub-districts with clusters of high-density loss
alongside the river, particularly in Chum Saeng and Kao Liew. Using spatial hot spot
analysis as a tool to classify and rank the areas with high flood risks provides an
informative outline for farmers to be aware of potential flood damage. To avoid
unexpected loss from flooding, poultry and swine farms in risk areas should be
properly managed, particularly during the flooding season between August and
December”.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES

This chapter outlines the procedures and methods used in conducting the
study. It presents the research design and research focal. The chapter also presents
the study methodology and data analysis Finally, it presents a conclusion on the
research design and methodology.

3.1. Research Design and Method.

In this study, the researchers used quantitative and qualitative data collection
methods with a phenomenological approach. In qualitative research, commonly used
approaches are grounded theory and phenomenology. Grounded theory, in this
case, involves face-to-face interactions with respondents, such as through interviews
and focus group discussions. The purpose of this method is to develop theory on the
behaviors or experiences of participants. Phenomenology is similar to grounded
theory in some respects, such as exploration of the behavior of respondents and
data collection techniques. However, it tries to understand their subjective
experiences and its purpose is to understand a concept or a phenomenon concerned
with human experience and perception (Cerbone, 2010; Reiter et al., 2011; Salmon
& Buetow, 2013; Sutton & Austin, 2015). As a qualitative approach, phenomenology
focuses on a lived experience of individuals (Creswell, 2013). This design helps to
collect data about individuals and community experiences and preparedness on
flood events (Caelli, 2001; Groenewald, 2004). Hence, in this study, we used
phenomenology to understand the experiences, level of preparedness, and coping
mechanisms or response

3.2. Focal of the Study

Pangi River is the boundary between the Municipality of Maitum and the
Municipality of Kiamba, Sarangani Province. Pangi River is located at Maitum,
Sarangani Province. The headwater of this river originates from Mount Busa, Datal
Mahe or Datal Aga of Sarangani Province. Its upstream portion is located at NIA
Dam, New La Union, Maitum, Sarangani Province with coordinates N 06° 04’17.8” E
124° 34”39.8”. The downstream portion is located at the foot of the Pangi Bridge,
Maitum Sarangani Province, approximately 1-2 kilometers. It is primarily used for

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irrigation as well as for bathing and washing of both the residents and their
livestocks, (Rellon, 2013). Pangi river empties into Sarangani Bay. In addition, the
research shall be conducted particularly among the hog raisers along the banks of
Pangi river,specifically prk. Waling-waling.

3.2.1 Setting

Purposive sampling was used to select participants. All participants were

asked for consent after researchers explained the study purpose, assured privacy,
and informed them that they could withdraw at any time. Participants were
interviewed in their home environment until data saturation occurred.

3.3.1. Sample

Participants in this study are farmers who lived along the banks of the Pangi
River and were affected recently by the flash flood. The sample was 10 participants
(due to the unavailability and declines of 3 persons) ranging in age from 25-50 years.
The method of selecting participants is done by purposive sampling or purposive
sampling, i.e. (the sample chosen is oriented towards the research objectives.
Deliberately, Individuals are selected or chosen because they have experienced the
following the phenomenon under study). At the recruitment stage, the researchers
used the inclusion criteria, so those prospective participants matched the research
objectives. The inclusion criteria include: 1) swine farmers who are affected by flash
floods. 2) Age 25-50 years because researchers assume that individuals are
physically and cognitively mature. 3) is willing to participate as a participant by
answering willingness to become a participant, 4) can tell his experience well /
cooperatively.

2.2.4. Data Gathering

Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured approach that allowed

them to elaborate on their personal experiences. After an initial introductory period
during which the participant gained familiarity and trust, participants were asked for
their preferred languages to prevent language barriers, then the interviewer asked an
open-ended question relative to their current experience of flood disaster in general.
Predictive techniques such as probing, reflection, and paraphrasing were used to
indicate an understanding of the participants’ experiences. Follow up questions were

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asked only if essential for clarification. Interviews were terminated when participants
indicated that they had exhausted their descriptions. All interviews were audio-
recorded and transferred in a hard drive. Pictures taken for documentary purposes
were blurred as the participants requested. The interviews lasted between 4 to 9
minutes and were conducted over 2 weeks.

3.3. Statistical Treatment

The data gathered in this research through the interviews was treated
statistically using the following formula for percentage (% = n/N x 100) to answer the
problem 1. Comparative analysis was utilized by the researchers. In answering
problem 2 & 3, thematic analysis was also used and the data was presented
accordingly in non-verbatim.

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Thematic Analysis

Theme 1: Not expecting any flood.

The statements below show the lack of preparedness of the farmers due to
the unexpected disaster caused by flash floods at night. The lack of preparedness
caused damages and losses on their swine farms. Several participants stated that:

(Respondent 1) : “nu han nga nagriyaw jay karuba mi, nga ag babbahaen, ta rabii
may ajay idi(nangyari ang baha) baka na layos amamin nga babassit. (baboy)”
Translation: If our neighbor did not shout and told us that it is flooding, because it
was night at that time, maybe our piglets did not survive and drowned.

(Respondent 2) : “ada natay nga duwa, naanod. Natay. Han mi nabantayan.”

Translation: Two were drowned, they died. We didn’t notice.

(Respondent 5) : “yung pagtaas ng tubig bigla lang nag taas”

Translation: the rise of water level, it rose unexpectedly.

(Respondent 4) “Ang affected masyado is yung mga feeds alaki , dyan lang kasi
dyan lang kasi siya sa likod.”
Translation: The feeds were the most affected because it was just placed at the
back.

Theme 2: Evacuated the pigs during the flood.

Due to the lack of preparedness of the farmers, when the disaster came, the
farmers couldn’t do anything but respond to the flood while it is happening.
Unfortunately, it is too late for some. It was expressed by several participants:

(Respondent 1) : “wen, naapektaran. Dagijay mga baboy mi nga babassit, inyalis mi

ijay cr. Ket dagijay mga dadadakkel arajay da lattan, naka ngato ti ulo da.”
Translation: Yes, we were affected. We replaced our piglets on our cr. While the
bigger ones, they stayed and only their heads were above the water.

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(Respondent 2): “nalayos, amin na kulungan. Naanod iti kanen da. Mga baboy
insang at mi. han me ammon nagipappapanan mi dagijay bababoy.”
Translation: It was drift away. All the swine cages, their foods. The pigs, we did’nt
know where to put them.

Theme 3: Still Use the Resources even with the Damages.

Financial problems or lack of budget and lack of knowledge about the

possibilities of disasters resulted to struggles in responding to the flash flood that
happened. The farmers did not have any choices but to adjust and adapt on the ill-
effects of the disaster. Three (3) examples are stated below:

(Respondent 2): “nilinisan ang mga kulungan. Tas binalik ang mga baboy. No choice
eh.”
Translation: We put them back in their cages, we had no choice.

(Respondent 7) “Wala na, yung mga damages wala na, sa feeds... alaki, parang
pinakain din yun eh. Pero dapat kasi sa feeds kung alaki siya pakain mo na lahat,
alaki din yung damage”
Translation: The damage was huge, we just fed the wet feeds.

Theme 4: Clueless for responses on stronger flood possibilities.

The effects of the flash floods shocked the farmers that they could not do
anything during the happenings. These statements imply that they are not ready for
another possibility of a much stronger disasters, it also shows that they lack any
knowledge about responses and recovery more than they should have.

(Respondent 9): “narigat ah, no kaspangarigan nga napigpigsan to pay.

Madaddadael man diyay dike idta, delikadon. Madik ammo ah no kasanon ton.”
Translation: That’s hard, if stronger flood will come. The dike there is almost broken,
it’s dangerous. I don’t know what to do.

(Respondent 2): “nu napigpigsan to pay, no mabantayan ket isafety. Ngem no haan
tapoos biglaan, nalpas ah. Patay lahat ng mga baboy.”
Translation: If stronger flood will come, and we will notice it, we will put them to
safety first. But if not, we’re done. All the Pigs will die

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Theme 5: Unable to respond without the help of the government.

Immediate response and action is the theme of people’s hope after the flood
that occurred in the area. The theme was built by the sub-theme social status and
knowledge of the farmers that prevent them to fix the problem of the river
themselves. The hope of making an action on the specific cause or preventing the
flood is the desire of the community, especially farmers to help them recover and
response more effectively.

(Respondent 2): “Sana ayusin ang pangi river. Yun lang. han mi gamin makaya nu
siksikami laeng nga awan tulong ti gobyerno. Mannalon kaskada agbabbaboy kami
met laeng. Wala sa budget.”
Translation: I hope they can fix the river. We can’t do it on ourselves. We’re just
farmers and hog raisers.

(Respondent 10): “Sana icheck nila kung saan ang pinanggagalingan ng baha dahil
di ko sigurado kung saan ba”
Translation: I hope they can check where the flood is coming from, because I’m also
not sure.

4.2. Comparative Analysis

The data results are such as that out of (ten) 10 swine farms sampled in the
survey, 90% were affected and the remainder were not as shown in figure 1 below.

PRK. WALING-WALING HOG

RAISERS

AFFECTED
NOT AFFECTED
10%

90%

Figure 1. Comparative Analysis on the Affected Swine Farms

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 Furthermore, 70% of the swine farmers are single or dependent farmers,
while only 30% are farmers with partners or companion on the farm (See figure 2
below). In Addition, 60% of the farmers treat their farms as a part time job more than
the 40% full time job (Figure 3). The research also revealed that both dependent
and with partners were affected but not the same level of response.

TYPE OF FARMER

SINGLE
30% WITH PARTNER
70%

Figure 2. Comparative Analysis on the type of Farmers

TYPE OF JOB

FULL TIME
PART TIME
40%

60%

Figure 3. Comparative Analysis on the treatment of Farmers on the Farm.

The research revealed that the placements and level of grounds were
majoritized by low-medium grounds, with (60%) of low ground followed by medium
ground(30%)(Figure 4). The implication is such that since the ground level is at low-
medium ground, increased exposure to flood will exacerbate their vulnerabilities.

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 PLACES OF SWINE FARM

LOW GROUND
10%
MEDIUM GROUND
HIGH GROUND
30%
60%

Figure 4. Comparative Analysis on the Places of Swine Farm

There is clear evidence that the swine farmers in Prk. Waling-waling had very
limited options as to where to build their farms, as most of them indicated to have
little or no significant secondary places and resources. The implication is such that
the farmers will have reduced level of preparedness and response to flood due to
lack of place options.

It was observed that the type of cages played a role on the preparedness and
response to flood. Those who had full type concrete cages experienced little or no
significant damage on their swine farms as opposed to the wood and mixed type of
cages. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of the sampled swine farms had a full
type concrete cage. (See figure 5 below)

USED CAGES

WOOD
40% 40% CONCRETE
MIXED

20%

Figure 5. Comparative Analysis on the Type of Cages Used for Swine Farms

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 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1. Conclusion
From the results of the analysis, it is clear that the flood, particularly from the
month of March to April impacted on the livelihood and critical aspects namely
agriculture and property of people in Brgy. Pangi in Prk. Waling-waling. The
livelihood of the sampled households was swine farming. The survey established
that over 90% of households had their swine farms affected and this ultimately
resulted into losses and damages. As discussed and under the agriculture section,
swine production was one of the livelihoods in Prk. Waling-waling. This in a way
reduced people’s income since income sources are embedded in livelihoods and
resulting poor responses from farmers.

Data shows that (70%) of the farmers are single or dependent farmers, who
works alone on their swine farms. (60%) of them only works on their farms as a part
time job. This ultimately contributed to decrease of flood preparedness and risk
managements. These incidences were also attributed to swine farms placed on low
ground with (60%) more than a half higher than those on high grounds (10%).
Although the low grounds are the most affected type of placed farms, the middle
grounds (30%) were also affected (e.g., cages, foods and water) Regarding
irrigation, the river was the main source of water for livelihoods especially swine
farms. This means that farmers will continue to be vulnerable to increased disaster
outbreak as long as their farms is located at a low-medium ground. This is a result of
lack of information about the possibilities of flooding. Caging units, most of which
were made of woods and mixed type (concrete and woods) were damaged in one
way or the other, forcing hogs to relocate to other alternative areas. The results from
the study established that swine farms lost a number of both productive and non-
productive assets making them more vulnerable. The main response employed by
farmers were shifting their hogs on higher grounds and making furrows and canals
during floods. It is clear from the findings that these responses are not very effective.
The coping strategies employed by farmers was to adapt and forcefully bring back

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the hogs to their cages with the unfixed damages. The results also show varying
underlying causes of people’s vulnerability and unpreparedness which poses a
challenge as far as reducing levels of vulnerability is concerned. These include lack
of disaster management as the main one, poor cage structures and lack of
knowledge about the possibilities of floods. Overall, the objective of the study as
outlined in chapter one (1) have to a large extent been realized. Government and
key co-parenting partners should implement the recommendations proposed in this
study.

Therefore, the researchers conclude that the level of preparedness and

response of farmers in Brgy. Pangi, Prk. Waling-waling are substandard due to the
facts and results stated above. The local community’s preparedness and coping
capacities should not be underestimated but rather built upon. The focus must be on
improving livelihood conditions of the people. The communities should be
encouraged to build swine farms using durable materials as a way of coping with the
floods. Furthermore, the Local Gov’t units and MDRRMO must assist and fix the root
of the occurring flood. In addition, flood barrier specifically ‘BoxWall’ shall be
introduced on the farmers as a way of preparing for possible flash floods. Lastly,
Input support programme for the vulnerable but viable farmers should be considered.

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 5.2 PROPOSED INTERVENTION PROGRAM

Objective Timeline Activity Resources

To raise 1 day Awareness for NDRRMC and

awareness about Risks and LGU’s
ill-effects of Disasters caused
floods. by Floods:
Seminar

Information
Campaign
To provide 3 months Seminar and and NGOs,
responding and providing of Government funds
preparedness ‘BoxWall’ as a and LGUs.
strategies related flood barrier
to flood

5.2.1. BoxWall

TEMPORARY FLOOD WALLS FOR FLASH FLOODING

Boxwall is a freestanding temporary flood barrier designed for fast response to flood
threats in an urban environment, on hard and even surfaces like tarmac, paving and
concrete.  It can be extended to an unlimited length.The Boxwall is able to dam

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1.64ft of water and is extremely lightweight and easy to deploy.  Although the weight
of each box section is light, at only 13.67lbs, the Boxwall stands firm without any
external fastening, even when damming water to its full height.  The Boxwall flood
barrier is anchored by the weight of the flood water itself.

The Boxwall is particularly useful during flash flooding to control fast flowing water,
diverting it away from vulnerable entrances. The Boxwall is built up by slotting
together any number of box sections.  The flexible part coupling makes it possible to
create curves, but it is also possible to make corners using a bespoke corner piece.

5.2.1.1

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Appendecies

*RESEARCHERS*

Name: Adrian V. Santiago

Birth Date: 11-13-2003
Address: Prk. Waling-waling ,Pangi, Maitum, Sarangani,
Grade and Section: GRADE 12 - INGENUITY
Cell #: 09105390896 Email: adrianvalsantiago@gmail.com

Name: Neffe Cleo B. Del Rosario

Birth Date: 06-15-2003
Address: Prk. 4, Old Poblacion, Maitum, Sarangani,
Grade and Section: GRADE 12 - INGENUITY
Cell #: 09518282468 Email:

Name: Klien Dave R. Calixton

Birth Date: 08-31-2003
Address: Prk. 4, Old Poblacion, Maitum, Sarangani,
Grade and Section: GRADE 12 - INGENUITY
Cell #: 09304967360 Email: kliendavecalixton@gmail.com

Name: Ianah Faye Y. Villa

Birth Date: 02/20/2004
Address: Prk. Rang-ay Brgy. Malalag, Maitum, Sarangani
Grade and Section: Grade 12 - Ingenuity
Cell #: 09564480073 Email: ifyvilla@gmail.com

Name: Mahirah Andi

Birth Date: 11/11/2003
Address: Kabuling Palimbang Sultan Kudarat
Grade and Section: Grade 12 Stem Ingenuity
Cell #:09558000160 Email: Mahirahandi30@gmail.com

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