Endsem 2017 18 70 Marks CN

Class: TE Computers Academic Year: 2017-18 SEM:- II
Subject : Computer Networks Exam: ENDSEM Marks:70

Paper Solution By: Prof. A.R.Jain
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Q1 a) Differentiate between OSI and TCP/IP Model [4]
Ans:
Basis for TCP/IP Model OSI Model

Comparison
Expands To TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol/ OSI- Open system Interconnect
Internet Protocol
Meaning It is a client server model used for It is a theoretical model which is used
transmission of data over the internet. for computing system.
No. Of Layers 4 Layers 7 Layers
Developed by Department of Defense (DoD) ISO (International Standard
Organization)
Tangible Yes No
Usage Mostly used Never used
Q1b) Represent 101011100 using Manchester and Differential Manchester line coding technique. [4]
Ans:
Manchester Encoding:
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
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Differential Manchester Encoding:
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0
Q 1c) Draw flowchart for CSMA/CA [2]

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Q2a) Explain in brief FHSS and DSSS [6]

Ans:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS):
 Signal is broadcast over seemingly random series of radio frequencies
 Signal hops from frequency to frequency at fixed intervals
 Receiver, hopping between frequencies in synchronization with transmitter, picks up message
 Advantages
Efficient utilization of available bandwidth
Eavesdropper hear only unintelligible blips
Attempts to jam signal on one frequency succeed only at knocking out a few bits
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):

 Each bit in original signal is represented by multiple bits in the transmitted signal
 Spreading code spreads signal across a wider frequency band
 DSSS is the only physical layer specified for the 802.11b specification
802.11a and 802.11b differ in use of chipping method
802.11a uses 11-bit barker chip
802.11b uses 8-bit complimentary code keying (CCK) algorithm
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Q2b) Explain fiber optic modes of propagation [4]
Ans:
Light travels through the optical media by the way of total internal reflection. Modulation scheme used is
intensity modulation.
Two types of Fiber media :
i. Multimode- Many pulses of light generated by LED travel at different angles

 Step Index
 Graded Index
ii. Single mode- Carries light pulses along single path. It Uses Laser Light Source
Multimode Fiber can support less bandwidth than Singlemode Fiber. Singlemode Fiber has a very small
core and carry only one beam of light. It can support Gbps data rates over > 100 Km without using
repeaters.
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Q3a) Explain control field of HDLC w.r.t. I-frame,S-frame and U-frame. [6]
Ans:
There are three frame formats in HDLC: I-frame,S-frame and U-frame. Their control fields differs with each
other.
Control field format for the different frame types
Control Field for I-Frames:
I-frames are designed to carry user data from the network layer. In addition, they can include flow and
error control information (piggybacking). The subfields in the control field are used to define these
functions.
1. The first bit defines the type. If the first bit of the control field is 0, this means the frame is an I-frame.
2. The next 3 bits, called N(S), define the sequence number of the frame. Note that with 3 bits, we can
define a sequence number between 0 and 7
3. The last 3 bits, called N(R), correspond to the acknowledgment number when piggybacking is used.
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4. The single bit between N(S) and N(R) is called the P/F bit. The P/F field is a single bit with a dual
purpose. It has meaning only when it is set (bit = 1) and can mean poll or final. It means poll when the
frame is sent by a primary station to a secondary (when the address field contains the address of the
receiver). It means final when the frame is sent by a secondary to a primary (when the address field
contains the address of the sender).
Control Field for S-Frames:
Supervisory frames are used for flow and error control .
1. If the first 2 bits of the control field is 10, this means the frame is an S-frame.
2. The last 3 bits, called N(R), corresponds to the acknowledgment number (ACK) or negative
acknowledgment number (NAK) depending on the type of S-frame.
3. The 2 bits called code is used to define the type of S-frame itself. With 2 bits, we can have four
types of S-frames, as described below:
Receive ready (RR),. Receive not ready (RNR),. Reject (REJ), Selective reject (SREJ)
Control Field for U-Frames:
Unnumbered frames are used to exchange session management and control information between
connected devices. Unlike S-frames, U-frames contain an information field, but one used for system
management information, not user data. U-frame codes are divided into two sections: a 2-bit prefix before
the P/F bit and a 3-bit suffix after the P/F bit. Together, these two segments (5 bits) can be used to create
up to 32 different types of U-frames.
Q3b) A Slotted ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames using a shared channel with a 200-kbps
bandwidth. Find the throughput if the system (All stations together) produces [4]
i. 1000 frames per second

ii. 500 frames per second
Ans:
 The throughput for pure ALOHA is S = G x e-2G

 The throughput is maximum , when G = 1/2 , which is Smax = 0.184 .
 Transmission time of frame = 200 bits / 200 kbps = 1ms
i. Now, system as taken altogether produces 1000 frames per sec i.e , 1 frame per ms which is
double the load factor of transmission. Now, as load factor G = 1. In this case S = G x e-2G or
S =0.135(135percent). This means S=G×e2G or S=0.135(13.5percent).This means that the
throughput is 1000 × 0.135 = 135 frames.
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i. Now, system as taken altogether produces 500 frames per sec i.e , 1/2 frame per ms which
is load factor of transmission. Now, as load factor G = 1/2 , then throughput is maximum
for pure aloha . Hence, 0.184 is throughput. This means that the throughput is 500 × 0.184
= 92 frames.
Q4a) Explain selective repeat ARQ in detail. [5]
Ans: For noisy links, there is another mechanism that does not resend N frames when just one frame is
damaged; only the damaged frame is resent. This mechanism is called Selective Repeat ARQ. It is more
efficient for noisy links, but the processing at the receiver is more complex.
Windows:
 The Selective Repeat Protocol also uses two windows: a send window and a receive window.
Send Window:
 First, the size of the send window is much smaller; it is 2^m-1. Second, the receive window is the
same size as the send window. The send window maximum size can be 2^m-1. For example, if m =
4, the sequence numbers go from 0 to 15, but the size of the window is just 8 (it is 15 in the Go-
Back-N Protocol).
Receive window:
 The size of the receive window is the same as the size of the send window (2m−1)
 The Selective Repeat Protocol allows as many frames as the size of the receive window to arrive out
of order and be kept until there is a set of in-order frames to be delivered to the network layer.
The selective repeat protocol can perform following actions
 The receiver is capable of sorting the frame in a proper sequence, as it receives the retransmitted
frame whose sequence is out of order of the receiving frame.
 The sender must be capable of searching the frame for which the NAK has been received.
 The receiver must contain the buffer to store all the previously received frame on hold till the
retransmitted frame is sorted and placed in a proper sequence.
 The ACK number, like NAK number, refers to the frame which is lost or damaged.
 It requires the less window size as compared to go-back-n protocol.
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Q4 b) A bit stream 1001101 is transmitted using an hamming code. Show the actual bit string
transmitted. Suppose 7th bit from left is inverted during transmission, show that this error is
detected and corrected at the receiver’s end. [5]
Ans:
Given bit stream is 1001101
Parity positions are 1,2,4,8. So we mark that bits as Parity bits and other remaining bits will be data bits.
Position-> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Parity/Data bit -> P1 P2 D3 P4 D5 D6 D7
Bit Stream-> 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
The Actual bit transmitted is then : 0101
Hamming Code has used Odd Parity.
P1 calculated using positions(1,3,5,7)= 1011
P2 calculated using positions(2,3,6,7)=0001
P4 calculated using positions(4,5,6,7)=1101
If 7th bit is inverted then bit stream will be-> 1001100
P1 calculated using positions(1,3,5,7)= 1010 (it’s not odd parity, so error is detected)
P2 calculated using positions(2,3,6,7)=0000 (it’s not odd parity, so error is detected)

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P4 calculated using positions(4,5,6,7)=1100 (it’s not odd parity, so error is detected)
So we discover that Parity at position 1,2 and 4 are incorrect.

By adding this number 1+2+4=7, and that bit position 7 is the location of the bad bit.
By inverting the last bit from 0 to 1 error is corrected at receiver’s end.
Q5a) An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The organization needs to have four
subnets with equal number of addresses in each subnet. What are the subnet addresses and range
of addresses for each subnet? [6]
Ans:
 No of addresses for whole network are N= 232-26 =26 =64

 As 4 subnet has to design so we divide no of address with no of sub networks i.e. 64/4= 16.
That means each network has 16 addresses.
 New subnet mask will be:
For 4 network 2 bits are required (log2 4 =2) to add to /26 mask, so new mask will be 26+2=28.
Sub Network range Network Address Broadcast Address

network
1 130.34.12.64/28- 130.34.12.79/28 130.34.12.64/28 130.34.12.79/28
2 130.34.12.80/28- 130.34.12.95/28 130.34.12.80/28 130.34.12.95/28
3 130.34.12.96/28- 130.34.12.111/28 130.34.12.96/28 130.34.12.111/28
4 130.34.12.112/28- 130.34.12.127/28 130.34.12.112/28 130.34.12.127/28
Q5b) What are general techniques to improve quality of service? Explain any one in details. [6]
Ans:
Techniques to improve QoS are:
 Buffering
 Scheduling
 FIFO queue
 Priority queuing
 Weighted fair queuing
 Traffic Shaping
 Leaky bucket algorithm
 Token bucket algorithm
Traffic Shaping : This is a mechanism to control the amount and the rate of the traffic sent to the network.
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Suppose we have a bucket in which we are pouring water in a random order but we have to get water in
a fixed rate , for this we will make a hole at the bottom of the bucket. It will ensure that water coming out is
in a some fixed rate . And also if bucket will full we will stop pouring in it.
The input rate can vary, but the output rate remains constant. Similarly, in networking, a technique called
leaky bucket can smooth out bursty traffic. Bursty chunks are stored in the bucket and sent out at an
average rate.
A description of the concept of operation of the Leaky Bucket Algorithm as a meter that can be used in
either traffic policing or traffic shaping, may be stated as follows:
 A fixed capacity bucket, associated with each virtual connection or user, leaks at a fixed rate.
 If the bucket is empty, it stops leaking.
 For a packet to conform, it has to be possible to add a specific amount of water to the
bucket: The specific amount added by a conforming packet can be the same for all packets,
or can be proportional to the length of the packet.
 If this amount of water would cause the bucket to exceed its capacity then the packet does
not conform and the water in the bucket is left unchanged.
Q5 c) Draw and explain IPV6 header. Explain the significance of extension header [6]
Ans:
 Version (4-bits): It represents the version of Internet Protocol
 Traffic Class (8-bits): These 8 bits are divided into two parts. The most significant 6 bits are used
for Type of Service & The least significant 2 bits are used for Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN).
 Flow Label (20-bits): This label is used to maintain the sequential flow of the packets belonging to
a communication. Payload Length (16-bits): This field is used to tell the routers how much
information a particular packet contains in its payload.
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Fig: IPV6 Header.
 Next Header (8-bits): This field is used to indicate either the type of Extension Header.
 Hop Limit (8-bits): This field is used to stop packet to loop in the network infinitely. The value of
Hop Limit field is decremented by 1 as it passes a link (router/hop). When the field reaches 0 the
packet is discarded.
 Source Address (128-bits): This field indicates the address of originator of the packet.
 Destination Address (128-bits): This field provides the address of intended recipient of the
packet.
 Extension Headers- In IPv6, the Fixed Header contains only that much information which is
necessary, avoiding those information which is either not required or is rarely used. All such
information is put between the Fixed Header and the Upper layer header in the form of Extension
Headers. Each Extension Header is identified by a distinct value.
Q6 a) A host with IP address 130.23.3.20 and Physical address B23455102210 has a packet to send
to another host with IP address 130.23.43.25 and physical address A46EF45983AB. The two hosts
are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply [packets encapsulated o=in
Ethernet frames. [4]
Ans:
Figure below shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes,
and that the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-byte boundary. That is why we do not show the regular
4-byte boundaries for these addresses. Note that we use hexadecimal for every field except the IP
addresses.
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Q6b) Write short note on i)NAT ii)ICMP [8]
Ans:
i) NAT –Network Address Translation:
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by
modifying network address information in IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic
routing device.[1] The technique was originally used as a shortcut to avoid the need to readdress every
host when a network was moved. It has become a popular and essential tool in conserving global address
space in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway can be
used for an entire private network.
In following example router is NAT router with address 200.24.5.8. When any packet goes from private
network to internet, the source address of packet is replaced with NAT router address. As shown in Fig B.
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Fig A.: Implementation of NAT
Fig B: Address in NAT
ii)ICMP- Internet Control Message Protocol:
The IP protocol has no error-reporting or error correcting mechanism. What happens if something goes
wrong? What happens if a router must discard a datagram because it cannot find a router to the final
destination, or Because the time-to-live field has a zero value? These are examples of situations where an
error has occurred and the IP protocol has no built-in mechanism to notify the original host.
The solution is ICMP protocol
ICMP messages are divided into two broad categories:
1. error-reporting messages
2. query messages.
The error-reporting messages report problems that a router or a host (destination) may encounter when it
processes an IP packet.
The query messages, help a host or a network manager get specific information from a router or another
host. Also, hosts can discover and learn about routers on their network and routers can help a node
redirect its messages.
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Q6c) Explain Distance Vector Routing Algorithm? Consider topology given in fig(a) and vectors
received from router J’s four neighbours are given infig(b). calculate new routing table for router J
using Distance vector Routing algorithm. [6]
Ans:
Distance Vector Routing Algorithm:
A distance-vector routing protocol in data networks determines the best route for data packets based
on distance. Distance-vector routing protocols measure the distance by the number of routers a packet has
to pass, one router counts as one hop. Some distance-vector protocols also take into account network
latency and other factors that influence traffic on a given route.
To determine the best route across a network routers on which a distance-vector protocol is implemented
exchange information with one another, usually routing tables plus hop counts for destination networks
and possibly other traffic information.
Distance-vector routing protocols also require that a router informs its neighbours of network topology
changes periodically.
Distance-vector routing protocols use the Bellman–Ford algorithm to calculate the best route. The term
distance vector refers to the fact that the protocol manipulates vectors (arrays) of distances to other nodes
in the network.
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(a) (b)
To calculate the distance from J to A, we have 4 routes
1. J to A direct with cost 9

2. J to A via I with cost= J to I(10) + I to A(21)= 31
3. J to A via H with cost= J to H(12) + H to A(20)= 30
4. J to A via K with cost= J to K(6) + K to A(21)= 27
From all 4 options the first options have lowest cost, so we add entry in J’s table for A with cost 8 using
direct path. Same like this way, we will calculate for all routers distance from J’s and build the J’s routing
table with minimum cost as shown below.
Q7a) What causes silly window syndrome? How it is avoided? Explain. [4]
Ans:
If the receiver processes data slower than the sender transmits it, eventually the usable window becomes
smaller than the maximum segment size (MSS) that the sender is allowed to send. However, since the
sender wants to get its data to the receiver as quickly as possible, it immediately sends a smaller packet to
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match the usable window. As long as the receiver continues to consume data at a slower rate, the usable
window, and therefore the transmitted segments, will get smaller and smaller.
Example of such situation is as shown in below Figure.
• There are two solutions
• Nagle’s solution
• Clark’s solution
Nagle’s solution
• Purpose is to allow the sender TCP to make efficient use of the network, while still being responsive
to the sender applications.
• Idea:
• If application data comes in byte by byte, send first byte only. Then buffer all application data till
until ACK for first byte comes in.
• If network is slow and application is fast, the second segment will contain a lot of data.
• Send second segment and buffer all data till ACK for second segment comes in.
• An exception to this rule is to always send (not wait for ACK) if enough data for half the receiver
window or MSS(Maximum segment size) is accumulated.
Clark’s solution
• Purpose is to prevent the receiver from sending a window update for 1byte.
• Idea:
• Receiver is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available

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• The receiver should not send a window update until it can handle the maximum segment size it
declared when the connection was established or until its buffer is half empty, whichever is smaller
Q7 b) In a stop-and-wait system, the bandwidth of the line is 2 Mbps, and 1 bit takes 20
milliseconds to make a round trip. What is the bandwidth-delay product? If the system data
packets are 2,000 bits in length, what is the utilization percentage of the link?[4]
Ans:
The bandwidth-delay product is 1 ×106×20 10-3= 20,000 bits
The system can send 20,000 bits during the time it takes for the data to go from the sender to the receiver
and then back again. However, the system sends only 1000 bits. We can say that the link utilization is only
1000/20,000, or 5%. For this reason, for a link with high bandwidth or long delay, use of Stop-and-Wait
ARQ wastes the capacity of the link.
Q7c) For each of the following applications,determine whether TCP or UDP is used as the transport
layer protocol and explain the reason(s) for your choice: [8]
i. Watching a real time streamed video

ii. Web browsing
iii. A voice over IP(VoIP) telephone conversation
iv. YouTube video
Ans:
1. Watching a real time streamed video
This should be UDP.

The reason is that when watching a movie, delay is critical and therefore there simply isn't any time to seek
the retransmission of any errors. The simplicity of UDP is therefore required
2. Web browsing
This should be TCP

The reason is that web pages need to be delivered without error so that all content is properly formatted
and presented. Therefore the error detection and correction properties of TCP are needed.
3. A Voice over IP (VoIP) telephone conversation
This should be UDP.

The reason is that a telephone conversation has strict timing requirements for the transfer of data and
seeking the retransmission of any errors would introduce too much delay. Therefore the simplicity of UDP
is needed.
4. YouTube Video
This uses TCP.

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Video streaming meets with TCP in their nature. First, video streaming adopts pre-fetching and
buffering to achieve smooth play-out. TCP provides such (network) buffer, as well as the reliable
transmission guarantee for no loss of frame (a frame could still miss the play-out deadline and gets
discarded, however).
Second, TCP's bandwidth probing and congestion control will attempt to use all of the available
bandwidth between server and client, fetching content as quick as possible while being friendly to other
(TCP) traffic on the same links.
Q8a) What are the types of sockets? Explain various socket primitives used in connection oriented
client server approach. [8]
Ans:
Socket Types
1. Stream Sockets − Delivery in a networked environment is guaranteed. If you send through the
stream socket three items "A, B, C", they will arrive in the same order − "A, B, C". These sockets use
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for data transmission.
2. Datagram Sockets − Delivery in a networked environment is not guaranteed. They're
connectionless because you don't need to have an open connection as in Stream Sockets − you build
a packet with the destination information and send it out. They use UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
3. Raw Sockets − These provide users access to the underlying communication protocols, which
support socket abstractions. These sockets are normally datagram oriented, though their exact
characteristics are dependent on the interface provided by the protocol. Raw sockets are not
intended for the general user; they have been provided mainly for those interested in developing
new communication protocols, or for gaining access to some of the more cryptic facilities of an
existing protocol.
Socket primitives
1. Client side primitives:

 Create a socket with the socket() system call.
 Connect the socket to the address of the server using the connect() system call.
 Send and receive data. There are a number of ways to do this, but the simplest way is to use the
read() and write() system calls.
2. Server side primitives

 Create a socket with the socket() system call.
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 Bind the socket to an address using the bind() system call. For a server socket on the Internet,
an address consists of a port number on the host machine.
 Listen for connections with the listen() system call.
 Accept a connection with the accept() system call. This call typically blocks the connection until
a client connects with the server.
 Send and receive data using the read() and write() system calls.
Q8b)Explain UDP header? Below is an Hexadecimal dump of an UDP datagram captured.

e2a7000D0020749eff00000001000000000000066973617461700000010001. [8]
i. What is source port number?
ii. What is destination port number?
iii. What is total length of the user datagram?
iv. What is length of the data?
v. Is packet directed from a client to server or vice versa?
Ans:
i. The source port number is the first four hexadecimal digits (e2a7)16 or 58023
ii. The destination port number is the second four hexadecimal digits (000D)16 or 13.
iii. The third four hexadecimal digits (0020)16 define the length of the whole UDP packet as 32 bytes.
iv. The length of the data is the length of the whole packet
minus the length of the header, or 32 – 8 = 24 bytes.
v. Since the destination port number is 13 (well-known port), the packet is from the client to the
server. The client process is the Daytime.( port 13 is Daytime process)
Q9a) What is difference between persistent and non-persistent HTTP/ Explain HTTP request and
reply message format. [6]
Ans:
Difference between persistent and non-persistent HTTP
Persistent Non-Persistent
Uses HTTP/1.0 Uses HTTP/1.1
Have only 16 status codes Have introduced new 24 status code
Provides only basic authentication Provides strong authentication
Uses Non persistent connection Uses Persistent connection
RTT is more so bandwidth waste is vast RTT is less so bandwidth utilization is good
Stateless Uses cookies as state management mechanism
Supports only GET POST and HEAD method Supports GET, POST, HEAD,PUT and DELETE
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HTTP request and reply message format
i. HTTP request Header
Request-Line
A Request-Line consists of method

(Get/Post/Put ),the URL of requesting a
resource from the server and the HTTP
protocol version .
Header Lines
A Header line consists of header field:
header value(Example – Content-Type: html)
HTTP response Header
Status-Line
A Status-Line consists of the protocol

version followed by a numeric status code
and its associated textual phrase. The
elements are separated by space SP
characters.
Header Lines
A Header line consists of header field:
header value(Example – Content-Type:
html)
A message body which is optional.
Q9b) Write short note on

i)DHCP
ii)MIME [6]
Ans:
i) DHCP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol:
The key word in DHCP is "dynamic." Because instead of having just one fixed and specific IP address,
most computers will be assigned one that is available from a subnet or "pool" that is assigned to the
network. The Internet isn't one big computer in one big location. It's an interconnected network of
networks, all created to make one-on-one connections between any two clients that want to exchange
information.
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One of the features of DHCP is that it provides IP addresses that "expire." When DHCP assigns an IP
address, it actually leases that connection identifier to the user's computer for a specific amount of time.
The default lease is five days.
Here is how the DHCP process works when you go online:
1. Your go on your computer to connect to the Internet.

2. The network requests an IP address (this is actually referred to as a DHCP discover message).
3. On behalf of your computer's request, the DHCP server allocates (leases) to your computer an IP
address. This is referred to as the DHCP offer message.
4. Your computer (remember—you're the DHCP client) takes the first IP address offer that comes
along. It then responds with a DHCP request message that verifies the IP address that's been offered
and accepted.
5. DHCP then updates the appropriate network servers with the IP address and other configuration
information for your computer.
6. Your computer (or whatever network device you're using) accepts the IP address for the lease
term.
ii)MIME : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MIME stands for (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions). It is widely used internet standard for coding
binary files to send them as e-mail attachments over the internet. MIME allows an E-mail message to
contain a non-ASCII file such as a video image or a sound and it provides a mechanism to transfer a non text
characters to text characters.
MIME was invented to overcome the following limitations of SMTP:

1. SMTP cannot transfer executable files and binary objects.
2. SMTP cannot transmit text data of other language, e.g. French, Japanese, Chinese
3. SMTP cannot handle non-textual data such as pictures, images, and video/audio content.
MIME Header
The five header fields defined in MIME are as follows:
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1. MIME-version. It indicates the MIME version being used. The current version is 1.1. It is represented as :
MIME-version: 1.1.
2. Content-type. It describes the type and subtype of the data in the body of the message.
3. Content-transfer encoding. It describes how the object within the body has been encoded to US ASCII
to make it acceptable for mail transfer.
4. Content-Id. It is used to uniquely identify the MIME entities in multiple contexts i.e. it uniquely identifies
the whole message in a multiple message environment.
5. Content-description. It is a plaintext description of the object within the body; It specifies whether the
body is image, audio or video.
Q9 c) Explain DNS message format? [4]

Ans:
DNS Messages
The DNS protocol uses a common message format for all exchanges between client and server or between
servers. The DNS messages are encapsulated over UDP or TCP using the "well-known port number" 53.
DNS uses UDP for message smaller than 512 bytes (common requests and responses).
DNS Message
Identification Control
Question count Answer count
Authority count Additional count
Question
...
Answer
...
Authority
...
Additional
...
 Identification. 16 bit field used by the client to match the response with the query. The client uses
ientification number each time it sends a query. The server duplicates this number in response.
 Control- 16 bit field consisting of other subfields.
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 Question Count- . This is a16-bit field consisting of number of queries in question section of
message.
 Answer Count- This is a 16-bit field containing the number of answer records in the answer
section of response message. Its value is 0in the query message.
 Authority count- A sixteen bit field which tells the number of authoritative records in the
authoritative section of the response message. Its value is zero in the query message.
 Additional count- This is a 16 bit fieldcontaining the number of additional recordsin the additional
section of the response message.
 Question Section
This is a section consisting of one or more question records. It is present on both query and
response messages
 Answer Section
This is section consisting of one or more resource records. It is present only in response messages.
This section includes answer from the server to the client (resolver).
 Authoritative Section
This section is also contained only in response messages of DNS, and gives information about
domain names regarding authoritative servers for the query.
 Additional Information Section
This section provides additional information to help the resolver and present only in response part
of DNS message format.
Q10 a) Explain FTP? Can we specify file transfer in a Web page? Explain with the help of suitable
example. [8]
Ans:
FTP:- File Transfer Protocol.
 Allow file sharing between remote machine

 Transfer data reliably and efficiently
 FTP Protocol falls within client server model
 Both client & server have 2 process allowing information (Data & command) to be managed , they
are
1. DTP(Data transfer Process)
2. PI(Protocol Interpreter)
PVG’s COE,Nashik
 FTP client contacts FTP server at port 21

 Client authorized over control connection
 Client browses remote directory by sending commands over control connection.
 when server receives file transfer command, server opens 2nd TCP connection (for file) to client
 After transferring one file, server closes data connection.
 FTP server maintains “state”: current directory, earlier authentication
File transfer in a Web page -Today’s web browsers allow you to transfer, download files via FTP from
within the browser window.
Example- You can use a web browser to connect to FTP addresses exactly as you would to connect to HTTP
addresses. Using a web browser for FTP transfers makes it easy for you to browse large directories and
read and retrieve files. Your web browser will also take care of some of the details of connecting to a site
and transferring files. While this method is convenient, web browsers are often slower and less reliable and
have fewer features than dedicated FTP clients.
To use your web browser to connect to an FTP site such as ftp.empire.gov, where you normally enter a URL,
enter: ftp://ftp.empire.gov/
Q10 b) Browser have a in-build caching mechanism for a better user experience. How do websites
indicate if a web resource needs to be cached or not? Show HTTP messages for both scenarios. [8]
Ans:
Cache-Control
 Each resource can define its caching policy via the Cache-Control HTTP header.
 Cache-Control directives control who can cache the response, under which conditions, and for how
long.
From a performance optimization perspective, the best request is a request that doesn't need to
communicate with the server: a local copy of the response allows you to eliminate all network latency and
avoid data charges for the data transfer. To achieve this, the HTTP specification allows the server to return
Cache-Control directives that control how, and for how long, the browser and other intermediate caches
can cache the individual response.
Note: The Cache-Control header was defined as part of the HTTP/1.1 specification and supersedes
previous headers (for example, Expires) used to define response caching policies. All modern browsers
support Cache-Control, so that's all you need.
PVG’s COE,Nashik
"no-cache" and "no-store"
"no-cache" indicates that the returned response can't be used to satisfy a subsequent request to the same
URL without first checking with the server if the response has changed. As a result, if a proper validation
token (ETag) is present, no-cache incurs a roundtrip to validate the cached response, but can eliminate the
download if the resource has not changed.
By contrast, "no-store" is much simpler. It simply disallows the browser and all intermediate caches from
storing any version of the returned response—for example, one containing private personal or banking
data. Every time the user requests this asset, a request is sent to the server and a full response is
downloaded.

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Class: TE Computers Academic Year: 2017-18 SEM:- II

Subject : Computer Networks Exam: ENDSEM Marks:70

Q1 a) Differentiate between OSI and TCP/IP Model [4]

Basis for TCP/IP Model OSI Model

Differential Manchester Encoding:

Q 1c) Draw flowchart for CSMA/CA [2]

Q2a) Explain in brief FHSS and DSSS [6]

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):

Q2b) Explain fiber optic modes of propagation [4]

Two types of Fiber media :

i. Multimode- Many pulses of light generated by LED travel at different angles

Control field format for the different frame types

Control Field for I-Frames:

Control Field for S-Frames:

Supervisory frames are used for flow and error control .

Control Field for U-Frames:

i. 1000 frames per second

 The throughput for pure ALOHA is S = G x e-2G

Q4a) Explain selective repeat ARQ in detail. [5]

The selective repeat protocol can perform following actions

Given bit stream is 1001101

The Actual bit transmitted is then : 0101

Hamming Code has used Odd Parity.

P1 calculated using positions(1,3,5,7)= 1011

P2 calculated using positions(2,3,6,7)=0001

P4 calculated using positions(4,5,6,7)=1101

If 7th bit is inverted then bit stream will be-> 1001100

P2 calculated using positions(2,3,6,7)=0000 (it’s not odd parity, so error is detected)

P4 calculated using positions(4,5,6,7)=1100 (it’s not odd parity, so error is detected)

So we discover that Parity at position 1,2 and 4 are incorrect.

 No of addresses for whole network are N= 232-26 =26 =64

Sub Network range Network Address Broadcast Address

Techniques to improve QoS are:

 If the bucket is empty, it stops leaking.

 Version (4-bits): It represents the version of Internet Protocol

Fig: IPV6 Header.

Q6b) Write short note on i)NAT ii)ICMP [8]

i) NAT –Network Address Translation:

Fig A.: Implementation of NAT

Fig B: Address in NAT

ii)ICMP- Internet Control Message Protocol:

The solution is ICMP protocol

ICMP messages are divided into two broad categories:

Distance Vector Routing Algorithm:

To calculate the distance from J to A, we have 4 routes

1. J to A direct with cost 9

Example of such situation is as shown in below Figure.

• There are two solutions

• Receiver is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available

The bandwidth-delay product is 1 ×106×20 10-3= 20,000 bits

i. Watching a real time streamed video

1. Watching a real time streamed video

This should be UDP.

This should be TCP

3. A Voice over IP (VoIP) telephone conversation

This should be UDP.

This uses TCP.