x fox © 5 =) = ® ° < - Chapter & = Learning Objectives x teading chapter 6, you should walk away having mastered the following ideas Explain the motivation for simplifying the PSRs into X-bar theory. _ Apply the rotation of X-bar theory using variables. Be able to draw a tree in X-bar theory. - Apply tests to distinguish complements from adjuncts. _ Draw trees correctly placing modifiers as complements, adjuncts, and specifiers Describe the notion of a parameter. fe able to correctly set the complement, adjunct, and specifier parameters for any reign language data. 0, INTRODUCTION that we've developed is rnd ~ along with structural relations the structural restrictions on the ve look sions, This said, if we loo zs that our theory has some for example, the As we saw in the last chapter, the theory of sentence structure Auite powerful. It correctly predicts constituency ail the binding theory ~ it also accounts for a little tion of pronouns, anaphors, and R-expres cr sel at sentence structure in many language Pitical inadequacies. (It can’t account for alll the NP in the sentence in (1): 11 [he big book of poems with the blue cover] ison thet 5, we See data.) Consicler, able. drew Camie A Generatioe niroduction, Fourth Edition. A ue ey & Sons, In Camie. Published 2021 by John Wi Website: http: //www.wiley.comvgo/camle162 The Base Thessiructure our NP ruteNP > (0) (Aci) xy cp 2) pus the A book iS a = e i Of Poets ith the arose +) assig "BMS to thig, We can call this a flt structure, The PP of poans ana the PP with tet same level hierarchically; there is No distinction betwoen them in terms sta command. In other words, they ate “fat” win espect tothe head woes Point of view of constituency, we see that a number of tests POI towary complicated structure. Consider first the constituency test of Particular variety of this process, called one-replacement, that Seems to target Broup of nodes that don’t form a Constituent in the tree in (2 eplacernen) Ty 9) T bought the big (book of pooms with the blue cover] not the small one) Here, one-replacement targets book OF poems with the blue cover. This BTOUP of wordy, Pot fort a constituent in the tree in (2), Furthermore, one-replacement sccm. obe ‘0 target other subgroups of words that similarly don’t form constituents in 2) 4)" [bought the big [book of poems] with the bluecover, not the small jone] cover. the blue cover eo cms jhe one-teplacement in (4) ibe the nedie labeled Ni. he oxe-eplacemientin (3) targets ie Nede labeled Nz. We have t, change the NP slightly to yet evidence for Ny, Irae De® the determiner the to the detercanns tint, we can use one-replacement to target ©) Twant [yp this big book of poems with the blue cov: Similar evidence comes from conjunction 1] not [ye that fy one], 2) Calvin is tthe {dean of humanities] and (director of social sciences] §) Give me (the {blue Pook] and (rec! binder}}Chapter 6: Xa “intermediate” N’ (pronounced yee oined in these sentences, puso acture sen in (2) clearly inade YY inadequate an tell, chapter & about these articulated wees har theory. cb a geting into the content of this chapter, a few b sf preseration of Xber theory appeared in Choma Ine ok X-bar Syntax is the Source of many of the id rm ps the mast complete description of X.bar theory ey fat gtbook (like this one). This is Radford's (1988) 77a ES gree ihat textbook presents one of the most comprele ati M qhis chapter draws heavily on all three of these sources If W ga more comprehensive (although slightly outof-dete) vere fen sou should look at Radford’s book. 2 ersion 1. BAR-LEVEL PROJECTIONS Jnorder to account for the data seen above in the introduction, let us revise our foadd the intermediate structure: 9 XP>(0)N' 1WN>(AdjP)N' or i) N > N(PP) These rules introduce a new character to our cast of nodes. This is the N’ node. It pla the role ofthe intermediate constituent replaced by one above. The tree in (5) is repeat fee showing how these rules (9-11) apply (PP) ui NP D Ni the gee air NN big Na Pe woe {aith the blue cover book wos of poems and N’. The first version ers D daughters hes N's Finally, the last ie ro Benerates the NP node of this tree, with it pa i. we generates N}. The second version of rule (10) 1) spells out N's as N and its PP sister Senin, ’- it _ sent © can now straightforwardly account for the one-replacemem lent is a process that targets the N node: tences. Onte-The Base lot " with one. : Replace an N' node wi replacement: Rep! 13) Ones diate N' node, we would have no way of ee ee iion faces Wie explaining these sentere {or conjunction facts. Lae in each phrase. ; ismoresructurein es (Gil) hes a numberof striking properties (including i fo cn and the first N’ rule is iterative or self-recursive). will r aout Ce section and show how they account for » Auumber of sy Bete fase Of phases Fiat. however ieee acts eaae also have intermediate structure. ACCOUNtiNg fy "SIS €85, since, Equivalent Notations 4 eS - igi thanism for indicating interm. “Xcbar theory” comes from the original mec! forind Beene N' was written as an N with a bar over the letter (N). This overbar or ma. ‘is the origin of the “bar” in the name of the theory. “X” is a variable that stands for an “satesery (N, Adj, V, P, etc.) The following notations are all equivalent: Phrase level Intermediate level Word /Head level ‘The same is true of all other mes), Since overbars arehard to type, even with Unicode fonts, most people use a prime () or apostrophe ‘or the intermediate level and write the Phrasal level as NP (or more rarely, N") 12 Var Theres a similar process to ene ee acement in the syntax of VPs. This is the process SO? (ee disco.) replacement. Corer Hist the VP in the following sentence, whic has both an NP and a PP. init, “9 Meat beans with a fork), The rule we ‘developed for VPs in chapter 3 generates the following flat tree: 15) ve v NP PP ee fat beans witha Tork nt that groups together the V and NP and excludes MENE targets exactly Bn this unit) generates the VP and the V" under it; the next rk . ‘anda PP. Finally, the lower V" is crear nee INP Vand tule of do-so-replacement seen in (17) targets the loner ae E e for the higher V" comes from sentences like 22) late spaghetti with a spoon] and Geordie [did 30] too. tence, did so replaces the higher V’ (which includes the V, the lower FP). larly, conjunction seems to show an intermediate V’ projection: hei feats beans] and [serves salads] with forks. fora structure like this requires a V’ node (a description ofthe conjunctions found below in the additional rules inthe ideas section atthe end of he with forks will have need of #18 will provide additional j»stl'=™