NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. NFL: Law of Inertia

2. NSL: Rate of change of momentum
3. NTL: Action & reaction

1. Newton’s Third Law

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Here, Action and reaction are basically forces. It infers that forces always exist in pairs. The
total number of forces in universe in EVEN. Force by a body A on a body B is equal and opposite to
the force by a body B on the body A. Force is an interaction between two objects.
A body cannot apply force on itself.

i). Action and reaction act simultaneously. It’s not that reaction is something in response to an
action.There is no cause-effect term here.
ii). The action and reaction both act on two different bodies. they will never be on a same particle.
iii). Action-Reaction pair will be of same nature of force. (E.g. if action is a gravitational force then
reaction will also be gravitational. )

System: Two or more than two particles under observation and analysis can be termed
as a system.
Internal Forces: Forces which are acting between the particles of the system or all the
interactions acting within the system.
Total number of internal forces in a system is also even as it takes all the action-reaction pair into
account within the particles of the system.

Sum of all the internal forces is zero.

External Forces: These are the forces acted on the particles of the System
by the other particles which are outside the system.

Real Forces: Any force ( Gravitational, electromagnetic, Nuclear or Weak

force) acting between any two particles is a real force.
Real Forces are frame Independent.

Pseudo Force: It is not a real force and It doesn’t have a reaction pair. It is
frame dependent.


Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Free the body and draw the force diagram.
A FBD consists of a diagrammatic representation of ALL THE FORCES ACTING ON a
single body ( or a sub-system). The body ( or the sub-system) is isolated and all the forces
by surroundings are taken into analysis. Here, DON’T CONSIDER THE FORCES BY
THE BODY, ONLY THE FORCES ON THE BODY.
In FBD, Internal forces are not drawn. Only external forces are drawn.

STEP1: identify the body and isolate it from the others by clearly specifying its boundary.
STEP2: Draw the non-contact forces ( Gravity or Electromagnetic forces) and then the
contact forces should be drawn at the boundary (Normal, tension, Friction, Spring etc.)

The tension in an ideal string remains the same throughout its length.
If there are two or more strings, then consider different tensions in them.

The net force on any massless object is always zero. Although massless objects can
apply force on other massless or massive objects. Massless objects can accelerate.
Pulley
Mechanical Advantage