A Micro Project

Report On

“Necessity and Importance of Maintenance and Repair

of Structure”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

the Diploma in

Civil Engineering

Prescribed by

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

2021-2022

Submitted by

-Ayush M. Walke.

Under the Guidance of

Prof. S. S. Karamore.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR
442401 (M.S.)
[2021-2022]
 SHRI SAI POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEEING

2021-2022

CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that this complete project report of entitled “Non-Destructive
Test” Submitted by the following students of sixth semester of “SHRI SAI
POLYTECHNIC, CHANDRAPUR, (M.S.) in the partial fulfillment for requirement of
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING from Maharashtra State Board Of Technical
Education, Mumbai, (M.S.). This is the record of their own project work carried out by
them under my guidance and supervision for the academic session 2021- 2022.
Submitted by

-Ayush M. Walke.

Prof. S. S. Karamore. Prof. A. V. Gowardhan

Micro Project Guide Head of Department
Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department
Shri Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur (M.S.) Shri Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur (M.S.)
 CONTENT

Sr. No. DESCRIPTION Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. AIM OF MICRO PROJECT 3

3. COURSE OUTCOME ACHEIVED 4

4. LITERATURE REVIEW 5

5. METHODOLOGY 13

6. RESOURCES 14

7. SKILLS DEVELOPED 15

8. APPLICATION OF THE MICRO PROJECT 16

9. RESULT 17
 INTRODUCTION

Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating

materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in
characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In
other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.

In contrast to NDT, other tests are destructive in nature and are therefore done
on a limited number of samples ("lot sampling"), rather than on the materials,
components or assemblies actually being put into service.

These destructive tests are often used to determine the physical properties of
materials such as impact resistance, ductility, yield and ultimate tensile strength,
fracture toughness and fatigue strength, but discontinuities and differences in
material characteristics are more effectively found by NDT.

Today modern nondestructive tests are used in manufacturing, fabrication and

in-service inspections to ensure product integrity and reliability, to control
manufacturing processes, lower production costs and to maintain a uniform
quality level. During construction, NDT is used to ensure the quality of materials
and joining processes during the fabrication and erection phases, and in-service
NDT inspections are used to ensure that the products in use continue to have the
integrity necessary to ensure their usefulness and the safety of the public.

It should be noted that while the medical field uses many of the same processes,
the term "nondestructive testing" is generally not used to describe medical
applications.

Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating

materials, components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in
characteristics without destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In
other words, when the inspection or test is completed the part can still be used.

In contrast to NDT, other tests are destructive in nature and are therefore done
on a limited number of samples ("lot sampling"), rather than on the materials,
components or assemblies actually being put into service.

These destructive tests are often used to determine the physical properties of
materials such as impact resistance, ductility, yield and ultimate tensile strength,
fracture toughness and fatigue strength, but discontinuities and differences in
material characteristics are more effectively found by NDT.
Today modern nondestructive tests are used in manufacturing, fabrication and
in-service inspections to ensure product integrity and reliability, to control
manufacturing processes, lower production costs and to maintain a uniform
quality level. During construction, NDT is used to ensure the quality of materials
and joining processes during the fabrication and erection phases, and in-service
NDT inspections are used to ensure that the products in use continue to have the
integrity necessary to ensure their usefulness and the safety of the public.

It should be noted that while the medical field uses many of the same processes,
the term "nondestructive testing" is generally not used to describe medical
applications.
AIM OF MICRO PROJECT

To learn about the Non-Destructive Test.

COURSE OUTCOME ACHIEVED

 The student shall be able to select an appropriate NDT technique as per

requirement.

 The student shall be able to set various process parameters and control
the NDT process for the desired output parameters.

 The student shall be able to find the internal flaws in the material by
NDT and take measures to eliminate them.

 The student shall be able to solve various problems encountered like

leakage, cracks, blowholes etc with the manufacturing process by
analyzing the data.

 The student shall be competent enough to make use of modern tools

and softwares for analyzing and solving real life problems.

 The student shall be able to introduce environmental friendly solutions

to achieve organizational sustainabilit
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Non-destructive techniques are useful for evaluating the condition of structure, by

performing indirect assessment of concrete properties. These techniques have been
improved in last few years and the best part is that NDT avoids concrete damage for
evaluation. Several researchers perform NDT tests to evaluate the condition of concrete
structures. Methods range from very simple to technical depending on the purpose.
Several mechanical and physical properties of concrete structures can be used to assess the
condition and capacity of the structures. Sanayei et al. (2012) [6] performed static truck
load test on a newly constructed bridge, to capture the response of bridge when a truck
traveled across it. Amini and Tehrani (2011) [7] designed experimentally four sets of
exposure conditions, weight and compressive strength of the samples had been measured
before and after the freeze thaw cycles, and the results were analyzed. Loizos and
Papavasiliou (2006) [8] performed a comprehensive monitoring and data analysis research
study by using Falling Weight deflectometer (FWD) for in situ evaluation of recycled
pavements. Proverbio and Venturi (2005) [9] evaluated the reliability of rebound hammer
test and UPV test on concrete of different composition and strength. Rens et al. (2005) [10]
explained application of NDE methods for bridge inspection, which is Bridge Evaluation
Using NDT (BENT). Malavar et al. (2003) [11] used pull off tests to evaluate effects of
temperature, moisture, and chloride content on CFRP adhesion. Pascale et al. (2003) [12]
carried out an experimental program involving both destructive and nondestructive
methods applied to different concrete mixtures, with cube strength varying from 30 to 150 
mpa, to define a relation between strength and parameters. Tests performed are pulse
velocity, rebound hammer, pull out, and probe penetration, microcoring and combined
methods. Almir and Protasio (2000) [13] used NDT methods to determine the compressive
strength of concrete relationship between the measured mechanical or physical properties
and the strength and also presented the validity of pull off, pin penetration, and UPV for
assessing the concrete strength. Chen et al. (1995) [14] presented findings of research on
fiber optic bragg gratings as stress/strain sensors for monitoring the critical sections of
composite beams.
Several researchers performed different types of NDT tests such as mechanical, chemical,
electrochemical, and magnetic methods to evaluate the condition by combining the results.
Rens and Kim (2007) [15] inspected a steel bridge using several NDT methods such as visual
inspection, hammer sounding, Schmidt hammer, and UPV testing including tomographic
imaging; results of NDT had been used to determine areas, to be tested with local
destructive tests such as compressive strength, chloride testing, and petrographic testing.
Magnetic concrete cover meters are widely used to estimate the cover to steel bars.
Bhadauria and Gupta (2007) [16] presented case study of deteriorated water tanks situated
in the semitropical region of India. Parameters measured are concrete cover, carbonation
depth, chloride concentration, compressive strength, and so forth. NDT methods used are
cover meter, Phenolphthalein indicator test, Quantab test, Potentiometric Titration, Schist’s
hammer test, and UPV test. Amleh and Mirza (2004) [17] performed concrete cover test,
Half cell Potential, corrosion rate, electrical resistivity, chloride content at steel level (%),
steel bar mass loss (%), absorption, pulse velocity, compressive strength, carbonation
depth, petrographic examination, and permeability test. Dias and Jayanandana (2003) [18]
used nondestructive techniques of visual inspection, perusal of drawings, ultrasonic pulse
velocity measurements, cover-meter surveys, and core testing for the condition
assessment; parameters required for evaluating the durability had been identified as (1)
depth of carbonation; (2) cover to reinforcement; (3) chloride content; and (4) sulfate
content. Bruhwiler and Mivelaz (1999) [19] highlighted the findings of two studies (i)
investigated chloride ingress under given climatic conditions and in situ evaluation of
concrete cover, (ii) used numerical models to investigate the effects of early age cracking
and also determines preventive measures to be taken to limit the development of cracks.
 METHODOLOGY

The distinct advantage of NDT is the reusability of the tested components. On

top of that, non-destructive testing can often be employed on components that
are still in operation. Devices and testing equipment used to conduct most
methods of NDT are compact and portable. This makes it easier to test
components in a working machine. 

Additional benefits of conducting non-destructive testing are listed below:

 Conducting NDT ensures the safety of working components. Components

suffer  wear and tear, which inevitably leads to malfunctions and failures.
NDT helps to spot early signs of degradation and helps identify the causes
of equipment failures. The maintenance team can use that info to perform
corrective maintenance and adjust their preventive maintenance efforts.
All of this leads to improved asset reliability.
 Quality assurance purposes. NDT methods can be used to assure the
quality of the output of production. The quality assurance team will be
able to quickly analyze whether the product is within the tolerance limits.
 Assessing the remaining useful life of machines. The wear and tear of
machines is a natural by product of their operations. They have to be
replaced after their useful lifetime. But all machines do not degrade at the
same rate due to the different operating conditions and other factors. An
NDT inspection can help estimate how long the machines can be used
before it is better to purchase a replacement.

The 8 Most Common NDT Methods

 Visual NDT (VT)

 Ultrasonic NDT (UT)

 Radiography NDT (RT)

 Electromagnetic Testing (ET)

 Magnetic Particle NDT (MT)

 Acoustic Emission NDT (AE)

 Laser Testing (LT)

 Leak Testing (LT)
Visual Testing (VT)
Visual testing also known as visual inspection is one of the most common
techniques which involves the operator looking at the test piece. This can be
aided by the use of optical instruments such as magnifying glasses or computer-
assisted systems (known as 'Remote Viewing').

This method allows for the detection of corrosion, misalignment, damage,

cracks, and more. Visual testing is inherent in most other types of NDT as they
will generally require an operator to look for defects.

Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Ultrasonic Testing entails the transmission of high frequency sound into a

material to interact with features within the material that reflect or attenuate it.
Ultrasonic testing is broadly divided into Pulse Echo (PE), Through Transmission
(TT) and Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD).
Radiographic Testing (RT)

Radiographic testing uses radiation passed through a test piece to detect

defects. X-rays are commonly used for thin or less dense materials while gamma
rays are used for thicker or denser items. The results can be processed using film
radiography, computed radiography, computed tomography or digital
radiography. Whichever method is used, the radiation will show discontinuities
in the material due to the strength of the radiation.
Electromagnetic Testing (ET)

This testing method uses an electric current or magnetic field which is passed
through a conductive part. There are three types of electromagnetic testing,
including eddy current testing, alternating current field measurement
(ACFM) and remote field testing (RFT).

Eddy current testing uses an alternating current coil to induce an

electromagnetic field into the test piece, alternating current field
measurement and remote field testing both use a probe to introduce a magnetic
field, with RFT generally used to test pipes.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

This NDT process uses magnetic fields to find discontinuities at or near the
surface of ferromagnetic materials. The magnetic field can be created with a
permanent magnet or an electromagnet, which requires a current to be applied.

The magnetic field will highlight any discontinuities as the magnetic flux lines
produce leakage, which can be seen by using magnetic particles that are drawn
into the discontinuity. 
Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)

This is a passive NDT technique, which relies on detecting the short bursts of
ultrasound emitted by active cracks under a load. Sensors dispersed over the
surface the structure detect the AE. It is even possible to detect AE from
plasticisation in highly stressed areas before a crack forms. Frequently a method
for use during proof tests of a pressure vessel, AE testing is also a
continuous Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) method, for example on bridges.
Leaks and active corrosion are detectable AE sources too.
Laser Testing Methods (LM)

Laser testing falls into three categories including holographic testing, laser
profilometry and laser shearography.

Holographic testing uses a laser to detect changes in the surface of the material

which has been subjected to stress such as heat, pressure or vibration. The
results are then compared to an undamaged reference sample to show defects.

Laser profilometry uses a high speed rotating laser light source and miniature
optics to detect corrosion, pitting, erosion and cracks by detecting changes in the
surface via a 3D image generated from the surface topography.

Laser shearography uses laser light to create an image before the surface is

stressed and a new image is created. These images are compared to one another
to determine if any defects are present.
Leak Testing (LT)

Leak testing can be broken down into four different methods - bubble leak
testing, pressure change testing, halogen diode testing and mass spectrometer
testing.

Bubble leak testing uses a tank of liquid, or a soap solution for larger parts, to
detect gas (usually air) leaking from the test piece in the form of bubbles.

Only used on closed systems, pressure change testing uses either pressure or a

vacuum to monitor the test piece. A loss of pressure or vacuum over a set time
span will show that there is a leak in the system. 

Halogen diode testing also uses pressure to find leaks, except in this case air and
a halogen-based tracer gas are mixed together and a halogen diode detection
unit (or 'sniffer') is used to locate any leaks.

Mass spectrometer testing uses helium or a helium and air mix inside a test
chamber with a 'sniffer' to detect any changes in the air sample, which would
indicate a leak. Alternatively, a vacuum can be used, in which case the mass
spectrometer will sample the vacuum chamber to detect ionised helium, which
will show that there has been a leak.
IMPORTANCE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
All equipment, products and materials have a standard design requirement and
projected life. However, sometimes due to the defects which may go undetected
during the production, fabrication or service delivery, they may need to be
replaced or undergo extensive repair, otherwise unsafe conditions or catastrophic
failures might be the consequence of neglecting their unfit conditions for service.
The resulting cost, due to project shut down, can be large in such cases.

Having non-destructive testing procedures in place throughout a material or

component’s construction process or service life can safeguard assets and
personnel, helping companies to ensure that they are adhering to regulations and
standards. From oil rigs and pipelines, to bridges and railway lines, from aircrafts
and trains to high-speed theme park rides, NDT is widely used in everyday things
that need regular inspection and maintenance. Additional to the need for security,
NDT is used to ensure the efficiency and durability of the equipment. This is
known as asset integrity management, which consequently translates to better
output and profitability for companies.
 RESOURCES

1. ASNT, 2016, “Codes and Standards Bodies Involved in NDT

Industry,” American Society for Nondestructive Testing
2. ASNT, 2016, “Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel
Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing,”
American Society for Nondestructive Testing
 SKILLS DEVELOPED

We studied the following things from this microproject:

 What is non-destructive test?

 What are the different Techniques used for non destructive
test?
 What are the factors that affect the selection of Non
destructive test?
 APPLICATION OF MICROPROJECT

 NDT is used to test the quality of components and

machine condition before or during their active use
 Non-destructive testing is used for condition assessment
and quality control in a wide range of industries, which
include (but are not limited to): Aerospace – testing
castings.
 RESULT

 NDT is a new teclhnology and system for industrial in

section and testing.

 Many developed countries uses this technology because

of its huge benefits.

 Modern NDT methods will become just as an important

tool for risk based inspection approaches and
maintenance planning.

 For this purpose every industry should have a NDT

division with NDT personal.