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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

17 EL Section (I+II+III)
Engr. Suhaib Ansari

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

MUET, Jamshoro
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 LECTURE # 14

Internal Combustion Engine

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 AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
• Any device which can convert heat energy of fuel into
mechanical energy is known as Engine or Heat Engine.
• Engine is widely used in automobile industries.
• Engine is the heart of an automobile. Basically engine
may be classified into two types.
Internal Combustion Engine:
• It is an engine in which combustion of fuel take place
inside the engine. When the fuel burns inside the engine
cylinder, it generates a high temperature and pressure.
• This high pressure force is exerted on the piston (A device
which free to moves inside the cylinder and transmit the
pressure force to crank by use of connecting rod), which
is used to rotate the wheels of vehicle. 4
 AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
In these engines, only gases and high volatile fuel is used
like petrol, diesel. These engines are generally used in
automobile industries, generation of electric power, etc.
Advantages of Internal Combustion Engine:
• It has overall high efficiency over E.C. engine.
• These engines are compact and required less space.
• Initial cost of I.C. engine is lower than E.C. engine.
• This engine easily starts in cold because of it uses high
volatile fuel.
External Combustion Engine:
• An engine in which combustion of fuel take place
outside of the cylinder is known as E.C engine. 5
 AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
In this type of engine heat, which is generated by burning of
fuel is used to convert the water or other low boiling
temperature fluid into steam.
This high pressure steam used to rotate a turbine. In this
engine we can use all solid, liquid and gases fuel. These
engines are generally used in driving locomotive, ships,
generation of electric power, steam engine, etc.
Advantages of External Combustion Engine:
• In these engines starting torque is generally high.
• Because of external combustion we can use cheaper
fuels as well as solid fuel.
• They are more flexible compare to internal combustion
engines.
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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

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 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
• Internal Combustion Engines are widely used in automobile
industries, so it is also known as Automobile Engine. An
automobile engine may be classified in many groups, which are
as under:
According to Number of Strokes:-
• Two Stroke Engine: In a two stroke engine a piston moves one
time up and down inside the cylinder and complete one
crankshaft revolution during single time of fuel injection. This
type of engine has high torque compare to four stroke engine.
These are generally used in ships, scooters, pumping sets etc.
• Four Stroke Engine: In a four stroke engine piston moves two
times up and down inside the cylinder and complete two
crankshaft revolutions during single time of fuel burn. This
type of engines has less torque compare to two stroke engine.
These are generally used in cars, truck, etc. 9
 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
According to Design of Engine:-
• Reciprocating Engine (Piston-Cylinder): In reciprocating
engine the pressure force generate by combustion of fuel
exerted on a piston (A device which free to move in
reciprocation inside the cylinder). The piston starts
reciprocating motion (to and fro motion). This reciprocating
motion converts into rotary motion by use of crank shaft. So
the crank shaft starts to rotate and make rotate the wheels of
the vehicle. These are generally used in all automobile.
• Rotary Engine (Wankel): In rotary engine there is a rotor,
which is free to rotate. The pressure force generated by
burning of fuel is exerted on this rotor, so the rotor rotate and
starts to rotate the wheels of vehicle. This engine is developed
by Wankel in 1957. This engine is not used in automobile in
present days. 10
 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
According to Fuel Used:-
• Petrol Engine: These engines use petrol as the fuel. These are
used in bikes, sport cars, luxury cars etc.
• Gas Engine: These engines use CNG and LPG as the fuel.
These are used in some light motor vehicles.
• Diesel Engine: These engines use diesel as the fuel. These are
used in trucks, buses, etc.
• Electric Engine: It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any
fuel to burn. It uses electric energy to rotate wheel.
According to Method of Ignition:-
• Spark Ignition or Petrol Engine: In these types of engines,
ignition of fuel start by a spark, generated inside the cylinder
by some extra equipment (Spark Plug). So, it is known as
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spark ignition engine.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
• Compression Ignition or Diesel Engine: In these types of
engines, there is no extra equipment used to ignite the fuel.
In these engines burning of fuel starts due to temperature
rise during compression of air. Fuel injector is used to inject/
spray fuel over the hot compressed air. So, it is known as
compression ignition engine.
According to Number of Cylinder:
• Single Cylinder Engine: In this type of engines have only one
cylinder and one piston connected to the crank shaft.
• Multi Cylinder Engine: In this type of engines have more
than one cylinder and piston connected to the crank shaft.
According to Arrangement of Cylinder:
• In-line Engine: In this type of engines, cylinders are
positioned in a straight line, one behind the other along the
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length of the crankshaft.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
• V-type Engine: An engine with two cylinder banks
inclined at an angle to each other and with one
crankshaft known as V-type engine.
• Opposed Cylinder Engine: An engine with two cylinders
banks opposite to each other on a single crankshaft (V-
type engine with 180 degree angle between banks).
• W-type Engine: An engine same as V-type engine except
with three banks of cylinders on the same crankshaft
known as W-type engine.
• Opposite Piston Engine: In this type of engine there are
two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion
chamber in the center between the pistons. In this
engine, a single combustion process causes two power
strokes, at the same time. 13
 CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
• Radial engine: It is an engine with pistons positioned in
circular plane around the central crankshaft. The
connecting rods of pistons are connected to a master
rod which, in turn, connected to the crankshaft.
According to Air-intake Process:
• Naturally Aspirated Engine: In this types of engine
intake of air into cylinder occur by the atmospheric
pressure.
• Super-charged Engine: In this type of engine air intake
pressure is increased by the compressor driven by the
engine crankshaft.
• Turbo-charged Engine: In this type of engine intake air
pressure is increase by use of a turbine compressor
driven by the exhaust gases of burning fuel. 14
IN-LINE ENGINE

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 V-SHAPED ENGINE

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OPPOSITE CYLINDER, OPPOSITE PISTON, W- SHAPED
AND RADIAL ENGINE

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 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• The basic components of a reciprocating engine are shown in
Figure, the piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed
positions called the top dead center (TDC)—the position of the
piston when it forms the smallest volume in the cylinder—and the
bottom dead center (BDC)— the position of the piston when it
forms the largest volume in the cylinder.
• The distance between the TDC and the BDC is the largest distance
that the piston can travel in one direction, and it is called the
stroke of the engine. The diameter of the piston is called the bore.
• The air or air–fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the
intake valve, and the combustion products are expelled from the
cylinder through the exhaust valve. The minimum volume formed
in the cylinder when the piston is at TDC is called the clearance
volume (Figure 9–10). The volume displaced by the piston as it
moves between TDC and BDC is called the displacement volume.
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 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• Reciprocating engines are classified as spark-ignition (SI)
engines or compression-ignition (CI) engines, depending on
how the combustion process in the cylinder is initiated.
• In SI engines, the combustion of the air–fuel mixture is
initiated by a spark plug.
• In CI engines, the air–fuel mixture is self-ignited as a result
of compressing the mixture above its self-ignition
temperature.

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 SPARK IGNITION ENGINE / PETROL ENGINE
• The “Otto cycle” is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition
reciprocating engines. It is named after Nikolaus A. Otto,
who built a successful four-stroke engine in 1876 in
Germany using the cycle proposed by Frenchman Beau
de Rochas in 1862.
• In most spark-ignition engines, the piston executes four
complete strokes (two mechanical cycles) within the
cylinder, and the crankshaft completes two revolutions
for each thermodynamic cycle. These engines are called
four-stroke internal combustion engines.
• In two-stroke I.C engines, all four functions described
above are executed in just two strokes: the power stroke
and the compression stroke.
• Schematic of each stroke as well as a P-v diagram for an
actual four-stroke spark-ignition engine is given in Figure
9–12a.
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 SPARK IGNITION ENGINE / PETROL ENGINE
• Initially, both the intake and the exhaust valves are closed, and the piston
is at its lowest position (BDC). During the compression stroke, the piston
moves upward, compressing the air–fuel mixture. Shortly before the
piston reaches its highest position (TDC), the spark plug fires and the
mixture ignites, increasing the pressure and temperature of the system.
• The high-pressure gases force the piston down, which in turn forces the
crankshaft to rotate, producing a useful work output during the
expansion or power stroke. Towards the end of expansion stroke, the
exhaust valve opens and the combustion gases that are above the
atmospheric pressure rush out of the cylinder through the open exhaust
valve.
• Now the piston moves upward one more time, purging the exhaust gases
through the exhaust valve (the exhaust stroke), and down a second time,
drawing in fresh air–fuel mixture through the intake valve (the intake
stroke).
• Notice that the pressure in the cylinder is slightly above the atmospheric
value during the exhaust stroke and slightly below during the intake
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stroke.
 OTTO CYCLE OR PETROL CYCLE
• The thermodynamic analysis of the actual four-stroke or
two-stroke cycles described is not a simple task.
However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if
the air-standard assumptions are utilized.
• The resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual
operating conditions, is the ideal Otto cycle. It consists
of four internally reversible processes:
1-2 is Isentropic compression
2-3 is Constant-volume heat addition
3-4 is Isentropic expansion
4-1 is Constant-volume heat rejection
• The execution of the Otto cycle in a piston–cylinder
device together with a P-v diagram is illustrated in
Figure 9–12b. The T-s diagram of the Otto cycle is given
in Figure 9–15.
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OTTO CYCLE OR PETROL CYCLE

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OTTO CYCLE OR PETROL CYCLE
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3 − 𝑢2 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − 𝑇1

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 TWO STROKE S.I ENGINE
1. Intake & Compression 2. Ignition & Exhaust
• Inlet port opens; • Ignition Occurs; Piston
Compressed air-fuel
moves downward
mixture rushes into the
cylinder; Piston moves compressing air-fuel
upward provides further mixture in the crankcase;
compression. Exhaust port opens.

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TWO STROKE S.I OR PETROL ENGINE

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 FOUR STROKE S.I ENGINE
1. Intake (Suction) Stroke 2. Compression Stroke
• Piston moves down; • Piston moves up;
• Intake valve opens; • Both valves closed;
• Air-fuel mixture gets in. • Air-fuel mixture gets
compressed.

Exhaust
Inlet
Exhaust Inlet

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 FOUR STROKE S.I ENGINE
3. Working / Power 4. Exhaust Stroke
Stroke • Piston moves up;
• Air-fuel mixture • Exhaust valve opens;
explodes & drives the
• Exhaust leaves the
piston down with high
cylinder.
impact.

Exhaust Inlet
Exhaust Inlet

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FOUR STROKE S.I ENGINE
(Four Cylinder)

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 EXHAUST/FLUE GASES
• Exhaust gases are produced by the combustion of petrol and diesel,
in the internal combustion engine of cars and other vehicles.
• Exhaust gases from Vehicles contain carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
Water vapor is also a part of the exhaust gases.
• These gases are released through an exhaust pipe, generally found
at the rear of cars. Fuels A/F
• Air–fuel ratio (AFR): It is the ratio of mass Ratio
of air to mass of fuel present in Natural 17.2:1
a combustion process such as in an internal gas
combustion engine. Gasoline 14.7:1
• If exactly enough air is provided to completely Propane 15.5:1
burn all of the fuel, the ratio is known as
the stoichiometric air and if more than sufficient Ethanol 9:1
air is provided, then it is known as excess air, Methanol 6.4:1
whereas, insufficient air is provided, then the Diesel 14.6:1
ratio is known as Deficiency or In-sufficient air. 30
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Parts of Spark Ignition OR Petrol Engine:
• Cylinder Head
• Cylinder/Engine Block
• Camshaft, Cam Lobes
• Inlet and Exhaust Valves/Ports
• Ignition Coil
• Distributor
• Spark Plug
• Piston, Piston rod/pin,
• Piston Rings (Oil, Compression, etc)
• Connecting Rod, Crank Pin
• Crankshaft , Timing Belt
• Flywheel
• Crankcase, Oil
• Electric Battery
• Clutch, Gearbox => (Transmission System) 31
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 DIESEL CYCLE
• The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for CI reciprocating
engines. The CI engine, first proposed by Rudolph Diesel
in the 1890s, is very similar to the SI engine discussed in
the last section, differing mainly in the method of
initiating combustion.
• In spark-ignition engines (also known as gasoline/Petrol
engines), the air–fuel mixture is compressed to a
temperature that is below the auto-ignition
temperature of the fuel, and the combustion process is
initiated by firing a spark plug.
• In CI engines (also known as diesel engines), the air is
compressed to a temperature that is above the auto-
ignition temperature of the fuel, and combustion starts
on contact as the fuel is injected into this hot air.
• Therefore, the spark plug is replaced by a fuel injector in
diesel engines (Figure 9–20).
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COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE / DIESEL ENGINE
• In gasoline engines, a mixture of air and fuel is compressed
during the compression stroke, and the compression ratios are
limited by the onset of auto-ignition or engine knock.
• In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the
compression stroke, eliminating the possibility of auto-
ignition. Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to operate
at much higher compression ratios, typically between 12 and
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• The fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the
piston approaches TDC and continues during the first part of
the power stroke. Therefore, the combustion process in these
engines takes place over a longer interval. Because of this
longer duration, the combustion process in the ideal Diesel
cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure heat-addition
process. In fact, this is the only process where the Otto and
the Diesel cycles differ.
• The remaining three processes are the same for both ideal
cycles. The processes of Diesel cycle are: 34
 DIESEL CYCLE
1-2 is isentropic compression,
2-3 is constant-pressure heat
addition,
3-4 is isentropic expansion,
4-1 is constant-volume heat
rejection.
• The similarity between the two
cycles is also apparent from the P-
v and T-s diagrams of the Diesel
cycle, shown in (Figure 9–21).
𝑣3
Cutoff ratio: 𝑟𝑐 =
2𝑣
• The ratio of the cylinder volumes
after and before the combustion
process. 35
COMPRESSION IGNITION / DIESEL ENGINE

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 COMPRESSION IGNITION / DIESEL ENGINE

identical.
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TWO STROKE Vs FOUR STROKE ENGINE

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COMPARISON BETWEEN 2 STROKE & 4 STROKE ENGINE
Two Stroke Engine
• It has one revolution of
crankshaft within one power
stroke.
• It can generate high torque
compare to four strokes engine.
• It uses port mechanism.
• Two stroke engines require
lighter flywheel compare to other
engines, because it generates
more balanced force due to one
revolution for one power stroke.
• The charge is partially burn and
mix with the burn gases during
inlet. It is due to port
mechanism.
Four Stroke Engine
• It has two revolution of
crankshaft between one power
strokes.
• It generates less torque due to
two revolutions of crankshaft
between one power strokes.
• It uses valve mechanism.
• It requires heavy flywheel,
because it generates unbalance
force due to two revolutions for
one power stroke.
• In four stroke engine charge is
fully burn and does not mix with
burn charge in ideal condition.
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COMPARISON BETWEEN 2 STROKE & 4 STROKE ENGINE
Two Stroke Engine Four Stroke Engine
• Easy lubrication due to • Comparatively complicated
lubrication oil mix with the fuel. lubrication.
• More lubricating oil requires • Comparatively less lubricating oil
because some oil burns with fuel. requires.
• These engines give less thermal • These engines give more thermal
efficiency. efficiency.
• It has high power to weight ratio • 4 stroke engines have less power
compare to others. to weight ratio.
• It creates more noise. • It is less noisy.
• Two stroke engines are less • Four stroke engines are more
efficient and generate more efficient and generate less
smoke. smoke.
• These are mostly used in ships, • These engines mostly used in car,
scooters etc. truck, and other automobiles.
• Due to poor lubrication more • Less wear and tear occurs.
wear and tear occurs. 40
 COMPARISON BETWEEN PETROL & DIESEL ENGINE
Petrol or S.I Engine
• In this engine petrol which is a
high volatile fuel is used.
• In the petrol engine the air-fuel
mixture sucked during the suction
stroke.
• The spark is generated by the
spark plug into the combustion
chamber so the ignition is due to
the spark by external source so it
is called spark ignition (S.I)
engine.
• Due to less compression ratio it
has small vibration so it develop
less noise.
• Due to light weight and also due
to homogeneous combustion,
they are high speed engines.
Diesel or C.I Engine
• In this engine Diesel is used as fuel
which is a non-volatile fuel.
• In the diesel engine the air is
sucked during the suction stroke
and the fuel is injected into
combustion chamber through
injector.
• The ignition is due to the heat
generated during the compression
stroke by the high compressed
ratio. So it is called compression
ignition (C.I) engine.
• Due to high compression ratio it
have large vibration so it develop
more noise.
• Due to heavy weight and also due
to heterogeneous combustion,
they are low speed engines.
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 COMPARISON BETWEEN PETROL & DIESEL ENGINE
Petrol or S.I Engine
• Due to homogeneous combustion
and comparatively low compression
ratio, it provides low torque. So it is
used in light vehicle.
• In the petrol engine, air fuel mixture
is drawn into the combustion
chamber so due to pre-mixing of air
fuel carburetor is required.
• Petrol is high volatile so it burns
rapidly. Due to rapid burning it
generates high speed so it is used in
sports car.
• This engine develops high speed at
low torque.
• They are used in light vehicles which
requires less power. Eg: car, jeep,
motorcycle, scooters etc.
Diesel or C.I Engine
• Due to heterogeneous
combustion and high
compression ratio, it provides
high torque. So it is used in
heavy vehicle.
• In diesel engine there is no pre
mixing of air and fuel so no
need of carburetor.
• Diesel is low volatile so it burns
slowly. Due to slow burn it
generates low speed so it is not
used in sports car.
• This engine develops low
speed at high torque.
• They are used in heavy vehicles
which require high power. Eg:
buses, trucks, locomotive etc.
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Any Question….???

THANK YOU…!

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