Electrical

Wiring_Part 2
 Utility Pole Insulators- made of porcelain or a
composite to prevent energized wires
from contacting each other or the
pole. They are placed on top of
crossarms allowing required clear
distances between lines.
Cooperatives or any service providers are
responsible for keeping the vegetation
around the utility poles to avoid
interference with the electric system. Cut-out - is like a fuse that
Lightning arrestor protects the equipment opens when a problem on
the line occurs or
from lightning strikes. It transfer the
transformers occurs.
lightning to the ground.
Surge Arrestors- protect
the transformers from
lightning strikes.

Neutral Wire-act as a
line back to the
substation.

Guy wires-help
stabilize poles.

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 Types of Wire in an Alternating Current System

Live Wire
◆ It is the hot wire, which provides a 120 to 240V AC current source.
Neutral Wire
◆ It provides the return path for the current provided by the hot wire.
The neutral wire is connected to an earth ground. The conductor
needs the neutral wire to carry back the current to the source.
◆ Forms a part of the live circuit along with the hot wire.
.Grounding Wire
◆ It is also connected to an earth ground.
◆ It is needed for earth appliances with a metal case. This makes it
safer to touch the appliance if it develops a fault.
◆ This is a safety feature, in case the hot or neutral wires somehow
come in contact with metal parts.

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 Types of Wire in an Alternating Current System
Wire in Color Code of the Color Code of
three core insulation the insulation TUESDAY
cable (Europe) (America)

It is the ungrounded conductor

LIVE WIRE Brown Black/ Red which feeds the current to the
circuit.

Grounded neutral conductor

NEUTRAL completes a circuit by
Blue White/ Gray
WIRE connecting the live wire to the
ground.

They are safety wires, and only

carry current if there is a fault
Bare, Green, and the appliance has become
GROUND Green/Yellow
Green-Yellow live (electriffied). It is energized
only on a temporary,
emergency basis.

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 Service Entrance
Service Entrance Conductors – carry power from the
transformer through a metering device to the building’s
service.
Service drop –are overhead wires extend from a pole-mounted
distribution transformer to the building’s service entrance.
Service entrance –are the components that connect the
utility-supplied wiring (service drop) to the service excluding
the utility’s metering equipment.
Service entrance equipment – receives the service entrance
conductors which includes;
Metering equipment
A method of cutting off power (main disconnect or switch
gear
Overcurrent protection devices (circuit breakers and fuses)

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 Service Entrance

Attached to the building Service entrance

conductors should have
minimum 0.6M minimum
drop loop

6 Service Pole
 Service Entrance
Electric meter- an instrument that is used by the utility
company to measure and record electrical energy consumed.
Service disconnect- a required part of the service entrance
equipment that allows electrical service from the utility
company to be switched off so that power is disconnected to
the building installation.

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 Type of Service Entrance

Overhead Service drop is connected from the nearest

utility pole to the service entrance and enter the building
through the weather head or entrance cap down t the
electric power meter.
Underground Service- consist of buried concrete enveloped
raceway extending from the building to the property line
where it is tapped to the main by a service lateral. Type USE
or Underground Service Entrance cable is the
recommended type of wire

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 Switchboards

a large cabinet or assembly of metal cabinets containing

disconnecting switches, overcorrect protection devices
(fuses or circuit breakers), other protective devices and
instruments designed to divide large amounts of electrical
current into smaller amounts of current used by electrical
equipment.
Typically floor mounted, rated at 1200 to 6000amperes and
voltages below 600.

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 Difference between switch gear and switch board

Switchgears are designed for high voltages (up to 350

kV) whereas switchboards are designed for voltages
below 600V.
A switchgear is a collection of switching devices needed
to service low, medium or high-voltage electrical circuits.
These devices are needed to switch power on and off for
transformers, generators, motors, transmission lines
and power networks in domestic, commercial and
industrial distribution systems.
Switchboards can come in single panel, assembly panel
or structural frame format. They allow incoming electric
power to be divided into smaller circuits, depending on
requirements. Circuit breakers and overcurrent
protection devices should be selected according to the
load current.

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 Panel Boards

Are one or more metal cabinets that serve as a single

unit, including buses, automatic overcurrent protection
devices (fuses or circuit breakers).
a cabinet or cut-out enclosure placed in or against a wall
or partition that is accessible from the front.
It also protects the interior section containing vertical
buses, which are used to distribute power; overcurrent
protection devices (e.g., circuit breakers or fuses) to
protect and feed branch circuits to outlets; and
termination buses for neutral and grounding
connections for the branch circuits

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 Transformers

used in transmitting and distributing power from the

power plant to a substation.
used in transmitting and distributing power from the
power plant to a substation.

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 TYPES OF SERVICE
SECONDARY VOLTAGE
It is the type of voltage supplied by the
transformer.

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 Service Voltage
DEFINITION APEC MERALCO

The input voltage of the circuit

supplying power to a transformer. It
Primary
ranges from 2.3KV to 39kV 34.5KV 13.8KV
Voltage
(2.3KV,4.16KV, 12.47KV, 13.8KV,
25KV and 35.5KV)

The output or load supply voltage.

Secondary
Ranges from 120V to 480V. (120v,
Voltage
208V, 240V, 277V and 480V)

Single The power is distributed using only • 230V (1-230V live • 230V (1-230V live
Phase two wires called Phase and neutral. wire and 1 neutral) wire and 1 neutral)

• 460V (industrial)
• 400/230V (condos)
Three Consists of three power wires (or the • 230V (3-230v live wire
motor loads and
Phase three phases) and a neutral. and 1 neutral)
elevator

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 Single Phase
120V AC, Two Wire System
The 120 V AC, 1-2W system is the most
basic system voltage used.
This system is used to serve old
buildings and farm buildings because
its use is limited to buildings with
loads up to 6000 VA (50 A).
The service entrance provided to the
service equipment (switchboard or
panel board) is by two conductors: one
ungrounded (hot) conductor carrying
120 V and one neutral conductor.
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120V/240V AC, Three Wire System
most common residential electrical service in use today. It is
also used on a limited basis in light commercial buildings such
as small office buildings, churches, and retail shops and stores
This system is used to serve outbuildings and farm buildings
because its use is limited to buildings with loads up to 6000 VA
(50 A).
The service entrance provided to the service equipment
(switchboard or panel board) is by two conductors: one
ungrounded (hot) conductor carrying 120 V and one neutral
conductor.
 Single Phase
120V branch circuit provides electrical energy to
convenience outlets, small appliances and light fixtures.
240V branch circuit provides electrical energy to large
appliances and equipment such as water heaters and air
conditioning equipment.
120V/240V branch circuit provides energy to range, clothes
dryer
The grounding conductor runs continuously through all
branch circuits and serves as a safety circuit in case of a
short- circuit.

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 Single Phase

Residential are always serviced

with single phase except if it has
the following equipment:
swimming pool pumps, large
centralized air-conditioning units,
commercial-grade chillers, and
elevators.
Meralco = 120V/240V Single Phase
3-wire system (2 live wire (2-120V)
and 1 neutral) or 230V Single Phase
2-wire system (1 live wire(1-230V)
and 1 neutral)
APEC=230V Single Phase 2-wire
system (1 live wire(1-230V) and 1
120V/240V AC, Three Wire System
neutral)
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 Three Phase
120/208V 3Phase System is used in older electrical service
found in small commercial buildings (e.g., office buildings
and schools) and high-rise buildings where three-phase
motors (motors above about 1⁄2 horsepower) and
equipment such as large air conditioners are used.
There are four conductors: three ungrounded conductors,
each at 120 V and one third out of phase, and one neutral
conductor.
Feeder arrangement
1. 120 V, single-phase, two-wire branch circuit
2. 208 V single-phase, two-wire branch circuit
3. 208 V three-phase, three-wire branch circuit
MERALCO
230V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
400/230V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
460/265V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
APEC
230V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
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 Three Phase
120/208V 3Phase System is used in older electrical service
found in small commercial buildings (e.g., office buildings
and schools) and high-rise buildings where three-phase
motors (motors above about 1⁄2 horsepower) and
equipment such as large air conditioners are used.
There are four conductors: three ungrounded conductors,
each at 120 V and one third out of phase, and one neutral
conductor.
Feeder arrangement
1. 120 V, single-phase, two-wire branch circuit
2. 208 V single-phase, two-wire branch circuit
3. 208 V three-phase, three-wire branch circuit
MERALCO
230V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
400/230V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
460/265V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
APEC
230V, 3 Phase System, 4 wires
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 OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
FUSES & CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

an overcurrent protection device that serves two purposes:

1. It acts as a switch that can be opened and closed manually.
2. It automatically “trips off,” which opens the circuit when
current flowing through it exceeds the circuit rating.
Types of Circuit Breakers
1. Standard Breaker -includes both single-pole and double-pole
circuit breakers
a) Single Pole Breakers- designed to monitor the current of a
single wire and trip in the event of a short or electrical
overload. It accommodate between 15 and 30 amps and
deliver 120 volts to the circuit.
b) Double Pole Breakers- monitors the flow of electricity through
two wires simultaneously. It can deliver either 240 volts or
120/240 volts to an electrical circuit and can accommodate
anywhere from 15 amps to 200 amps.

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Types of Circuit Breakers
2. GFCI Circuit Breakers-designed to protect against a line-to-ground fault which
occurs when a dangerous electrical path happened between a grounded element
and an electrical current.
These breakers are required by some electrical codes for areas in the home that
can become wet such as bathrooms, laundry rooms and outdoor areas.

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

3. AFCI Circuit Breakers- designed to trip when arcing is detected within electrical
wiring. This occurs when an electrical cord becomes damaged or its coating
becomes too thin and it presents a serious risk of a fire.
Standard single-pole and double-pole circuit breakers won't always detect
electrical arcs because they're only tripped by excessive heat.

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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 GROUNDING
It is required to protect the building occupants and electrical
equipment.
It has electrode (metal rod) in direct contact with the soil.
The grounding conductor can safely carry current to ground in
the event of a lightning strike or in cases of damage or defect
in the circuiting, appliances, devices, or equipment.
Two types of Grounding
1. System Grounding-part of a building electrical system that
provides protection against electrical shock, lightning, and
fires.
The bonding should connect all building electrical
system components at the service entrance equipment
at the neutral bus of the main panel board or
switchboard.

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 GROUNDING
Types of System Grounding
An electrode made of at least 20 ft (6 m) of electrically
conductive steel reinforcing bars (No. 4 AWG or greater) or bare
copper wire no smaller than No. 2 AWG that is encased in at
least 2 in of concrete.
An electrode made of a steel or iron plate that is at least 1 ⁄4 in
thick or copper plate that is at least 0.06 in thick with at least
2 ft2 (0.2 m2 ) of the plate surface in contact with exterior soil.
An electrode made of a grounding ring of bare copper wire no
smaller than No. 2 AWG that encircles the building at a depth
no less than 2.5 ft (0.75 m) below grade.
The structural metal frame of the building where the frame is
effectively grounded

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 GROUNDING
2. Equipment Grounding-refers to a grounding conductor or
grounding path that connects the noncurrent-carrying metal
components of equipment.
A grounding conductor is installed in all circuits or by
permanently bonding (joining) metal components
such as metallic conduit in a circuit to form a good
conductive path.
Equipment grounding extends from the outlets to the
neutral bus bar at the service entrance equipment

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 BRANCH CIRCUIT

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 BRANCH CIRCUITING
1. GENERAL PURPOSE BRANCH CIRUIT-for lighting and 3. INDIVlDUAL BRANCH CIRUIT-designed
appliance including the convenience receptacles. to supply a single specific item such as
motor load and air-conditioning system.

2. APPLIANCE BRANCH CIRUIT-intended for supplying

current to certain appliance.

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 BRANCH CIRCUITING

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 BRANCH CIRCUITING
NOTES ON CIRCUITING
Connect all lighting, convenience receptacles and appliances on separate groups of circuits.
General purpose branch circuits should be 20 amp and wired with No. 12 AWG Wire. Switch legs
may be No. 14 AWG if the lighting loads permit.
Wiring shall be types RHW, RHH, T, THW, TW, THWN, THHN, XHHN.
On l5 amp circuit, maximum single appliance shall draw 1 2 amp. on 20-amp, circuit maximum
single appliance, shall draw 1 6 amp. If combined with lighting or portable, appliances any fixed
appliance, shall not draw more than 75amp on a 15 amp circuit, and 1 0 amp on a 20-amp circuit.
On a 30-amp circuit, maximum single appliance draw shall be 24 amp.
Heavy-duty lamp holders are units rated not less than 750w.
30, 40 and 50 amp circuits shall not be used for fixed lighting in residences.
When loads are connected long periods, actual load shall not exceed 80% of the branch circuit
rating. Conversely, continuous type loads shall be figures at 1 25% of actual load calculations.

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 OUTLET & RECEPTACLE

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 OUTLET

grounded

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 OUTLET
It is a point in the wiring system at which
current is taken to supply utilization
equipment.
TYPES OF OUTLETS
Convenience outlet- establishes the connection
between the conductor of the flexible cord and the
conductors connected permanently to the
receptacle.

Not grounded
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 OUTLET
TYPES OF OUTLETS
Lighting outlet- type of outlet intended for direct
connection to a lamp holder, lighting fixture or
pendant cord terminating in a lamp holder.
Receptacle outlet- an outlet where one or more
receptacle are installed.

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 RECEPTACLE
Are contact devices installed at the outlet for the
connection of a single attachment plug. It includes
all receptacles and their matching cap(plug), wall
switches, small dimmers and outlet box.

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 SWITCHES

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 SWITCHES

Devices for making,

breaking or chapping
conditions in an
electrical circuit
under the conditions
of load which they
are rated.
Rated according to
current and voltage,
poles and throw,
fusibility and
enclosure. Switches
are rated 250V, 600V
or 5KV.

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 SWITCHES
╺ Switch - When the switch closes
(“ON”), the circuit completes, allowing
power to flow to the load. When it
opens, the circuit breaks (“OFF”), which
disrupts power to the load.
-One-gang switch
-Two-gang switch
-Three-gang switch

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 SWITCHES
Multiple way switch – lamp is controlled at several
locations such as stairs, large room with more than
one entrance/exit and long hallways.
-Three-way switch have three terminals (in addition
to a ground terminal) and can control one fixture
from two locations.
-Four-way switch have four terminals (in addition
to a ground terminal) and can control one fixture
from three locations.

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 Thanks!

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