FUNDAMENTALS OF

ELECTRICITY

PREPARED BY: ARCH JANICE AREVALO-OCFEMIA

 Electricity
• It is the the rate of flow of
charges in a conductor. A
form of energy that can be
carried by wires and is used
for heating, lighting, and to
provide power for machines.
• A set of physical phenomena
associated with the presence
and motion of matter that is
electrically charge.
“Electrons in motion”
 Electricity
• It is a property of the basic
“Electrons in motion”
particles of matter or an
atom consisting of
electron, proton and
neutron.
• Electron – negatively
charged particle of an
atom.
• Proton – positively charged
particle of an atom.
• Neutron – particle of atom
which is not electrically
charged.
 Electricity
“Electrons in motion”
• The atomic structure of
good conductors usually
includes only one electron
in the outer shell.
• The electron located at
the outer shell is called
valence electron. It is
easily striped from the
atom producing current
flow.
 Form of Electrical Energy
• Alternating Current (AC) – generally produced
by generators.
• Direct Current (DC) - an come from multiple
sources, including batteries, solar cells, fuel
cells, and some modified alternators.
 Difference Between AC and DC
Parameters Alternating Current Direct Current

Amount of Energy Huge amount of power generated Small amount of

and can be safely transfer to longer power can not travel
distance. longer distance since
energy are easily
dissipated.

Direction Reverses back and forth while Flows in one direction

flowing in a circuit

Cause of flow of Denoted by rotating magnet along Steady magnetism

electrons the wire along the wire
Alternating Current Direct Current
Flow of electrons Electrons are switching the Electrons move
directions, forward and backward steadily in one
direction

Form AC generator and main electrical Cell or battery

supply

Current The current of magnitude which The current of

varies with time constant magnitude.
OHM’s Law • Voltage = the electrical pressure
that causes the electrons to
move through a conductor
(wire).
• Electromotive force
• The higher the voltage, the larger
the current.
• Volt or V is the unit of voltage,
named after Alessandro Volta, an
Italian Scientist.
• Volta discovered that electrons
flow when two different metals
are connected by a wire and then
dipped into a liquid that conduct
or carry electrons.
OHM’s Law
• Current or I = the
amount of current flow,
sent by one volt
through the resistance
of one Ohm.
• Ampere= the standard
unit used in measuring
the strength of an
electric current, named
after Andre M. Ampere.
OHM’s Law
• Resistance = is the
friction or opposition to
the flow of current by the
wires and transformers.
• Resistance = is used for
friction in DC electricity.
• Impedance = is used
alternating current.
• The higher the
resistance, the lower the
current.
Analogy of Water Supply to Electricity
 Power and Energy

Flow rate of the water

The amount of water

poured in a bucket within a
period of time
 Power and Energy
• POWER = is the
rate at which the
energy is used or
the rate at which
the work is done.
• ENERGY = is the capacity to do
work, integrated over time.
 Difference Between Energy and Power
Parameters Energy Power
Definition It represent the overall work done Defines the work done per unit
on an electrical circuit. time in an electrical circuit.

Formula E = V x I x t or E = P x t, where t = P=VxI

time (seconds)

SI unit 1 Joule = watt x seconds 1 Watt = Joule/seconds

Example A 30Watt light bulb was left on for
30days. What is the amount of
energy used in kilowatt-hours?
E=Pxt
E = 30 x 30 x 24
The car’s battery provide 600
amp current at 12 volts. What
is the power generated?
 Difference Between Energy and Power
Parameters Energy
Definition It represent the overall work done
on an electrical circuit.
Formula E = V x I x t or E = P x t, where t =
time (seconds)
SI unit 1 Joule = watt x seconds
Example A 30Watt light bulb was left on for
30days. What is the amount of
energy used in kilowatt-hours?
E=Pxt
E = 30 Watts x (30days x 24hours/1
day )
E = 21.6kWh (kilowatt-hours)
Power
Defines the work done per unit
time in an electrical circuit.
P=VxI
1 Watt = Joule/seconds
The car’s battery provide 600
amp current at 12 volts. What
is the power generated?
P=VxI
P = 12volts x 600 amp
P = 7.2kW (kilowatt)
 POWER

• Watts = is the rate or measure of power used or

consumed.
• It represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere
consumed by lights, appliances or motors.
• Named after James Watt, a Scottish inventor.
 POWER_SAMPLE PROBLEM
A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 60
Ohms, is connected to socket with 240V current
supply.
a. How much current flows through the lamp?
I = 4A
a. Calculate the power drawn. The source is
alternating current.
 POWER_SAMPLE PROBLEM
A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 60 Ohms, is
connected to socket with 240V current supply.
a. How much current flows through the lamp?
I = V/R
I = 240V/60 Ohms
I = 4A Power factor is the ratio of
b. Calculate the power drawn (alternating current). working power(measured in
P = IV for direct current kilowatts) to apparent
power(measured in
P = IV x pf for alternating current, where pf = power
factor =1 kilovoltampere). Apparent power,
also known as demand, is the
P = 4A x 240V x 1
measure of the amount of power
P = 960 Watts to run certain load.
 POWER_SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the monthly energy consumption of the following
appliances in kilowatt-hour if the cost of energy is 8.74pesos per
kilowatt-hour
Electric Iron Load Daily Usage Energy Used Daily Cost

Electric iron 1200Watts 3 hours 3.6kwh 31.5

Water heater 1000Watts 3 hours 3 kwh 26.22

Toaster 2300Watts 30 minutes 1.15 kwh 10

LED Smart 50” TV 100Watts 8 hours .8kwh 6.99

Total daily consumption 74.71

Total monthly consumption 2241

 POWER_SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the monthly energy consumption of the following appliances in
kilowatt-hour if the cost of energy is 8.74pesos per kilowatt-hour
Electric Iron Load Daily Usage Energy Used
Electric iron 1200Watts 3 hours 3.6 kwh
Water heater 1000Watts 3 hours 3 kwh
Toaster 2300Watts 30 minutes 1.15 kwh
LED Smart 50” TV 100Watts 10 hours 1 kwh

Total energy 8.75 kwh

Total Daily Cost 76.475 pesos/kwh
Total monthly cost 2294 pesos
 Circuit
• Electrical Circuit = is a
network that has a
closed loop, giving a
return path for the
current.
• It is a complete
conducting path carrying
current from a source of
electricity to and
through some electrical
device or load back to
the source.
 Series Circuit
• Series Circuit = the
components are connected
in tandem or connected one
after the other.
• The current is the same
throughout but the voltage
in each load differs.
• The resistance (R) is equal
to the sum of the resistance
around the circuit.
 Series Circuit
• Current = 10 Amp
• Resistance = R1
+R2+R3+R4+R5
• Total Voltage =
V1+V2+V3+V4+V5
 Series Circuit_Sample Problem
1 μA = 10-6 amperes
• Current = total V/ total R
Total Current = 9V/18kΩ
Total Current = 500μA (micro Ampere)
• Resistance = 3kΩ + 10kΩ + 5kΩ
Total Resistance = 18kΩ
• Total Voltage = V1+V2+V3
Total Voltage =(500μA x 3kΩ ) +
(500μA x 10kΩ) + (500μA x 5kΩ)
Total Voltage =1.5V + 5V + 2.5V = 9V
Total Current = 9V/18000Ω = 5 x 10-4A
V at R1= IR= (500 x
10-6)x (3 x 103)=1500 x 10-3V
(1.500 x103 )x 10-3V =1.5V
convert ampere to micro ampere
5 x 10-4A x (1 μA / 10-6 A )
5 x 10-4 x 106 = 5 x 102 μA or 500μA
 Parallel Circuit
• Parallel Circuit = the
components or loads are
arranged so that the
current flowing through
wire divided between
them.
• Each outlet has a live wire
connected to the return
wire of the circuit.
• The total current flowing
through the circuit is the
sum of the current flowing
through each outlet
 Parallel Circuit
• Total resistance =
1 /((1/R1) + (1/R2) +
(1/R3))
• Total current = I1 +
I2 + I3
• Voltage=the same
for all components
or loads
 Parallel Circuit_Sample Problem
• Total resistance =
1 /((1/90) + (1/45) + (1/180))
Total Resistance = 1/0.0389Ω = 25.71Ω
• Total current = I1 + I2 + I3
Total Current = (9V/90Ω + 9V/45Ω +
9V/180Ω
Total Current= 0.1A + 0.2A + .05A =0.35A or
• Voltage= 9V = V1 = V2 = V3
 Difference Between 120V and 240V Connection
Sample Problem. The farmer of a 6 kilowatt electric motor irrigation pump,
requested line connection from the electric cooperative. The farmer was
given option to avail either 120V or 240V service. What is the best option if
the circuit line has a resistance of 0.42Ohms.
120V 240V
2R, or
Current drawn I=P/V I=P/V ,
I=50A I=25A
Minimum Size Required

Cost per meter of wire

Voltage drop V=IR V=IR

V=21, 17.5% V=10.5, 4.4%
 Difference Between 120V and 240V Connection
Sample Problem. The farmer of a 6 kilowatt electric motor irrigation pump,
requested line connection from the electric cooperative. The farmer was
given option to avail either 120V or 240V service. What is the best option if
the circuit line has a resistance of 0.42Ohms.
120V 240V

2R, or Current drawn I =P/V, I =P/V,

I = 6000watts/120V I = 6000watts/240V
I =50A I=25A

Minimum Size No. 6 (14mm2) No. 10 (5.5mm2)

Required

Cost per meter of 98 pesos per meter 40 pesos per meter

THHN wire

Voltage drop V = 50A x 0.42 Ohms V = 25A x 0.42 Ohms

V=21V V=10.5V
17.5% drop 4.4% drop
Difference Between 120V and 240V Connection
 Transformer
• A transformer is a device that transfers
electric energy from one alternating-
current circuit to one or more other
circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or
reducing (stepping down) the voltage.
• The energy transfer usually takes place
with a change of voltage and current.
Transformers either increases or
decreases AC voltage.
• Transformer size is determined by the total
kVA of the load multiplied by the demand
factor.
Thanks