Experiment 6 Acids and Bases PURPOSE ‘The purpose of this experiment is to study the properties of acidic/basic substances using indicators and a pH meter. INTRODUCTION ‘Acids and bases undergo complete or incomplete ionization when dissolved in water and are called strong acids, strong bases, weak acids or weak bases. The experimental determination of the pH of a solution is commonly performed either by the use of indicators or pH meter. The acid or base dissociation (ionization equilibrium) constant, Ka or Kb can be determined experimentally. A sample of a weak acid (HA) is dissolved in water and then divided into ‘Wo equal-volume portions, When one portion is titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution, all HA molecules present are converted into A’ ions: OH + HA > HO + & Ka=[H'J[A (HA) = [H'] = 107" ‘The number of A” ion produced is equal to the number of moles of HA in the original half-portion and is also equal to the number of moles of HA in the unused portion of a weak acid. The value of Ka can be determined by measuring the pH of a half-neutralized sample of the acid, When the acid-base titration is carried out, the endpoint of the titration can be determined when the indicator changes colour. The change of pH can be measured using apH meter.Exolering Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry 2 Ealiion CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS 0.2 M Sample solution A ‘Test tubes 0.2 M Sample solution B Conical flask Unknown acid solution Beaker Indicators (thymol blue, bromophenol blue, methyl orange and | Pipet (25 mL) phenolphthalein) Burette pH meter PROCEDURE A. pH using Indicator 1. Place about 1-2 mL of the sample solution in small test tubes and add 1 — 2 drops of one of the indicators given in Table 6.1 2. _ Record the colour of the solution after adding the indicator in Table 6.1. 3. Repeat steps 1-2 for other indicators. 4, Repeat steps 1-3 for other sample solutions. B. Determination of K, for a Weak Acid S 1. Fill the burette with 0.2 M NaOH solution. > 2. Pipette 25 mL of an unknown 0.2 M weak acid solution into a conical flask, add 3- 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate the acid solution until a faint persistent pink colour appears. 3. Add 25 mL of the same unknown 0.2 M weak acid solution into the neutralized solution (Step 2). Stir well. Record the pH of the solution. C. Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration Fill the burette with 0.2 M HCL. 2. Using a pipet, transfer 25 mL of 0.2 M NaOH into the 100 mL beaker and add 3-5 drops of phenolphthalein, Calibrate a pH meter at pH 7 and pH 4. 4, Measure the pH of NaOH and record in Table 6.2. The tip of the pH meter should be submerged for the entire experiment. 5. Carefully add 10 mL of HCI (burette) into the NaOH solution. Mix solution gently and measure the pH. 6. Continue adding acid and measuring pH as indicated in Table 6.2 of the datasheet. 26Experiment 6: Acids and Bases QUESTIONS 1; 2. Estimate the pH of Sample | and Sample 2. Which indicators bracketed the pH colour change of Sample 1? Which indicators bracketed the pH colour change of Sample 2? From the observed pH of the unknown weak acid (experiment B), calculate (a) [H’] in the solution and Ka. (b) Percent ionization. Construct a titration curve by plotting measured pH versus volume HCI (mL) added (refer to Table 6.2). (a) What is the pH range for the colour change of phenolphthalein as shown in the plotted graph? (6) What is the pH of the equivalence point in this titration? (©) Explain why phenolphthalein was used in this experiment? » 27Exolering Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry 2 Eaton DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 6: ACIDS AND BASES A. pH using Indicator Table 6.1: pH using Indicator Indicator Colour pH of | Colourchange | Colour change change colour in Sample 1 in Sample 2 change Thymol blue Red-yellow | 1.2-28 Yellow -blue | 2.8-9.6 Bromophenol blue | Yellow-blue_|3.0-4.7 Methyl orange | Red-yellow | 3.2-4.4 > Y B. Determination of K, for a Weak Acid Determination of Ka for a weak acid: pH of half neutralized solution of unknown weak acid: C. Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration Table 62: Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration a |TotalHCladded] 0 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 30 (mL) b | Measured pH