Experiment 4 Stochiometry and Theoretical Yield PURPOSE ‘The purpose of this experiment is to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to determine the per cent yield. INTRODUCTION Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or mass ratios in which chemical elements stand to one another. Giyen enough information, one can use stoichiometry to(calculate masses moe and per cents Yithin ‘a chemical equation. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. The equation shows that the reactants react through some process to form the products. Sometimes when reactions occur between two or more substances, one reactant runs out before the other. The reactant that is completely consumed is called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted reactants are called excess reactants. Often, it is necessary wi identify the limiting reactant in a problem. ) Amounts of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to stoichiometry are called theoretical yields whereas the experimental amautts are called actual yields. The limiting reactant is the limiting factor for the theoretical yields of all products. The actual yields are often expressed in percentage and are called per cent yields. However, the actual yield is always less because of incomplete reactions ot loss. After the laboratory reaction is complete, you will isolate and measure the amount-of product, then compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield to determine the per cent yield: Actual yield (gram) Theoretical yield (gram) X 100% = Per cent yieldExolering Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry 2 Ealiion Steps to calculate theoretical yield: 1. Balance the reaction and determine the ratios of reactants to products. x 2. Calculate the number of moles of each reactant used. 2&0 /. 3. Determine which reactant is limiting. . 4. Calculate the moles of product expected if the yield were 100% based on the limiting reactant. 5. Calculate the mass of product corresponding to the number of moles expected (theoretical yield). HEMICALS AND APPARATUS 50 M CaCl, Burette Or 150 M Na,co, Erlenmeyer/conical flask Suction Filtration Set: Watch glass Unfolded filter paper Oven Buchner funnel Analytical balance Adapter Gravity filter set: ‘Vacuum filter flask filter paper Rubber tube funnel » PROCEDURE 1. Dispense required volume of 0.50 M CaCl, and 1.50 M Na,CO, (as stated in Table 4.1 below) from the burette on your side bench (prepared by laboratory assistant) into a clean conical flask. It would be nice to get as close as possible to the recommended volume. mol ave) % os 5 Mass of the product, g d-0¢4 »