Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

 
We will learn about structure of a flower,development of pollen grains and embryo sac,pollination and fertilisation,developement of seeds and
fruit and importance of seed for survival
 

6.1 Structure of a Flower

 Source:[Text Book Biology KSSM Form 5]

 
Male structure   Female structure
Consists of anther and filament Structure Consists of stigma,style and ovary
Produces pollen grains Function Receives pollen grains and produces ovule
Male gamates are formed in pollen grains Formation of gametes Female gametes are formed in ovule
 

6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac

 
Process of pollen grains formation:

 
1. An anther has four pollen sacs in which pollen grains will be produced in the pollen sacs
2. Each pollen sac contains many diploid (2n)
3. Each pollen mother cells (2n) undergoes meiosis to produce a tetrad which containing four haploid microspore (n)
4. The haploid cells in tetrad seperate to from pollen grains
5. Each haploid cell underdoes mitosis to form a generative nucleus (n) and a tube nucleus (n)

 
Process of embryo sac formation:

 
1. Ovule is formed from ovum.Each ovule contains one embro sacs (2n)
2. The embro sac mother cells (2n) undergoes mitosis to form four haploid megaspore cell (n)
3. Three megaspores degenerated and remaining one
4. The remaining megaspore undergoes mitosis three times to form haploid embryo sac cells with eight nuclei

 
Three cells move to one and near to micropyle,forming two synergid cells and one egg cell
Three more cells move to another end to from three antipodal cells
One cell with two nuclei located at the center to form polar nuclei
The structure formed is known as embryo sac which is protected by integument

 
 

6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation

 
1. Pollination is a process where a mature pollen is transferred from an anther to a stigma
2. Pollination can be occured by pollination agents such as insects,wind and animals
3. Two types of pollination:
1. Self pollination
2. Cross pollination

 
After fertilisation,the pollen grains starts to germinate:

 
 Pollen grain contains tube nucleus and generative nucleus attached to stigma
1. The pollen grain starts to germinate to from pollen tube downward the style

   
Tube cell forms pollen tube towards ovule
2. The generative cells at the back of tube cell undergoes mitosis to form two male gametes

   
When arrives at embryo sacs,the pollen tube breaks the micropyle.The tube cell degenerates 
The two male gametes enter embryo sac
3. One male gamete fuses with an egg cell to form a diploid zygote (2n).Another male gamete fuses with two polar
nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus (3n)
The fertilisation occured that involving two fusions of gametes is known as double fertilisation.

 
Double fertilisation:

 
Produces the diploid zygote to ensure the species genetic content is maintained
Produces triploid endosperm nuclei to store nutrients for germination
Create variation through meiosis and fertilisation of gametes
Ensure development of endosperm tissue only in the fertilised ovule

6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits

 
1. Only the fertilised ovule will develop into a seed
2. Double fertilisation stimulates ovary wall to enlarges and develop to form fruit

 
Part of flowers Part of fruits
Seed

Diploid zygote forms embryo which contains plumule,radicle and cotyledon

Ovule
Triploid endosperm forms endosperm tissue to store food for growing embryo and seed germination
Intugement forms testa to protect seed

Fruits

Ovary wall which consists of epicarp,mesocarp and endocarp

Ovary wall Epicarp is the skin of fruit
Mesocarp is the flesh of fruit for most types of fruits
Endocarp surrounds seed

Petal,stamen and style To degenerate

6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival

 
1. Seeds are protected buy testa from any threat to embryo
2. Embryonic activities of seed are suspended until the surrounding factors are favourable for generation
3. Seeds can be dispersed by pollinating agents such as wind,water,insects,animals and humans to new habitats for germinanting and
grow 

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