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19 Page Replacement 1 Print PDF
19 Page Replacement 1 Print PDF
CSCI 315 Operating Systems Design 1 CSCI 315 Operating Systems Design 2
1 1 4 5
2 2 1 3 9 page faults
3 3 2 4
• 4 frames
1 1 5 4
2 2 1 5 10 page faults
3 3 2
4 4 3
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1
FIFO (Belady’s Anomaly) Optimal Algorithm
• Replace the page that will not be used for longest period
of time.
• 4 frames example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1 4
2 6 page faults
3
4 5
• How can you know what the future references will be?
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2
LRU Page Replacement LRU Algorithm (Cont.)
• Stack implementation – keep a stack of
page numbers in a double link form:
– Page referenced:
• move it to the top
• requires 6 pointers to be changed
– No search for replacement.
Optimal: 9 page faults
LRU: 12 page faults
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3
Second-Chance (Clock)
Page-Replacement Algorithm Counting Algorithms
• Keep a counter of the number of references that
have been made to each page.
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4
Thrashing
Thrashing
• If a process does not have “enough” pages, the
page-fault rate is very high. This leads to:
– Low CPU utilization.
– Operating system thinks that it needs to increase the
degree of multiprogramming.
– Another process added to the system. • Why does paging work?
Locality model
• Thrashing a process is busy swapping pages – Process migrates from one locality to another.
– Localities may overlap.
in and out.
• Why does thrashing occur?
size of locality > total memory size
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5
Page-Fault Frequency Scheme Memory-mapped Files
• Memory mapping a file can be accomplished by mapping
a disk block to one or more pages in memory.
Establish “acceptable” page-fault rate. • Writing to the file in memory is not necessarily
– If actual rate too low, process loses frame. synchronous to the file on disk. The file can be
– If actual rate too high, process gains frame. committed back to disk when it’s closed.
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