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Pragramme Name and Code: CO-2-I Academic Year : 2018-2019

Course Name and Code: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Semester : SECOND

A STYDY ON

“Full Wave Rectifier”

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in April 2019 by the group of 6 students

Roll No Enrollment Seat No

Full name of Student
(Sem-II) No (Sem-II)
1
2
3
4
5
6

\Under the Guidance of

[ your guide name ]
in
Three Years Diploma Programme in Engineering & Technology of Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous)
ISO 9001:2008 (ISO/IEC-27001:2013)

At

[ your college name ]

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION, MUMBAI

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr

Roll No: of Second Semester of Diploma Programme in

Engineering & Technology at [ your college name ] , has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in Subject in the academic year 2017-2018 as per the

MSBTE prescribed curriculum of I Scheme.

Place: Pune Enrollment No:

Date : / / Exam. Seat No:

Project Guide Head of the Department Principal

Seal of Institute

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 Index…

Sr. No Title Page No

1 Abstract and Introduction 4

2 Objectives –full Wave Rectifier 5

3 Main Body / Content 6-14

4 Advantages 15

5 Disadvantages 16

6 Conclusion / Learning Outcomes 17

7 Evaluation Sheet 18

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INTRODUCTION & ABSTRACT:

There are two types of system available in electric circuit, single phase and three phase system. In

single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e the current will flow through only one wire and

there will be one return path called neutral line to complete the circuit. So in single phase minimum

amount of power can be transported. Here the generating station and load station will also be single

phase. This is an old system using from previous time.

Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send
together from the generator to the load.
Each phase are having a phase difference of 120 o, i.e 120o angle electrically. So
from the total of 360o, three phases are equally divided into 120o each. The
power in three phase system is continuous as all the three phases are involved
in generating the total power. The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system is
shown below-
The three phases can be used as single phase each. So if the load is single phase,
then one phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and the neutral can be
used as ground to complete the circuit.

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OBJECTIVES

The objective of this lab activity is to examine polyphase filter circuits as a quadrature

generation technique and to extend the differential tuned amplifier to create

a polyphase amplifier or filter that can produce all four quadrature ( 90º increments ) phases of

an input signal source.

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CONTENT:

There are various reasons for this question because there are numbers of advantages over single
phase circuit. The three phase system can be used as three single phase line so it can act as three
single phase system. The three phase generation and single phase generation is same in the
generator except the arrangement of coil in the generator to get 120o phase difference. The
conductor needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in single phase circuit.
And also the instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to zero as in single phase we
can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase system the net power from all the phases gives
a continuous power to the load.
Till now we can say that there are three voltage source connected together to form a three phase
circuit and actually it is inside the generator. The generator is having three voltage sources which
are acting together in 120o phase difference. If we can arrange three single phase circuit with 120o
phase difference, then it will become a three phase circuit. So 120ophase difference is must
otherwise the circuit will not work, the three phase load will not be able to get active and it may
also cause damage to the system.
The size or metal quantity of three phase devices is not having much difference. Now if we
consider the transformer, it will be almost same size for both single phase and three phase because
transformer will make only the linkage of flux. So the three phase system will have higher
efficiency compared to single phase because for the same or little difference in mass of
transformer, three phase line will be out whereas in single phase it will be only one. And losses
will be minimum in three phase circuit. So overall in conclusion the three phase system will have
better and higher efficiency compared to the single phase system.
In three phase circuit, connections can be given in two types:
1. Star connection
2. Delta connection

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Star Connection
In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is neutral which is
taken from the star point. Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission
because it is having the neutral point. In this we need to come to the concept of balanced and
unbalanced current in power system.
When equal current will flow through all the three phases, then it is called as balanced current.
And when the current will not be equal in any of the phase, then it is unbalanced current. In this
case, during balanced condition there will be no current flowing through the neutral line and hence
there is no use of the neutral terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the
three phase circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through to the
ground and protect the transformer. Unbalanced current affects transformer and it may also cause
damage to the transformer and for this star connection is preferred for long distance transmission.
The star connection is shown below-

In star connection, the line voltage is √3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is the voltagebetween
two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the voltage between one phase to the neutral
line. And the current is same for both line and phase. It is shown as expression below

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Delta Connection
In delta connection, there is three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken. Normally delta
connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of unbalanced current in the circuit.
The figure is shown below for delta connection. In the load station, ground can be used as neutral
path if required.

In delta connection, the line voltage is same with that of phase voltage. And the line current is √3
times of phase current. It is shown as expression below,

In three phase circuit, star and delta connection can be arranged in four different ways-
1. Star-Star connection
2. Star-Delta connection
3. Delta-Star connection
4. Delta-Delta connection
from the equation below

Since, there is three phases, so the multiple of 3 is made in the normal power equation and the PF

is power factor. Power factor is a very But the power is independent of the circuit arrangement of

the three phase system. The net power in the circuit will be same in both star and delta connection.

The power in three phase circuit can be calculated important factor in three phase system and some

times due to certain error, it is corrected by using capacitors.

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Difference between Star and Delta Connections
– Comparison Of 
Comparison between Star and Delta Connections
We mostly use the terms star and delta in electrical systems while discussing three phase
AC circuits and electric motors. Below is a given table which compares both Star and
delta connections showing the exact difference between Star (Y) and Delta (Δ)
Connections.

Comparison between Star and Delta Connections

Star (Y) Connection Delta (Δ) Connection

In DELTA connection, the opposite ends
In STAR connection, the starting or finishing
of three coils are connected together. In
ends (Similar ends) of three coils are
other words, the end of each coil is
connected together to form the neutral point. A
connected with the start of another coil,
common wire is taken out from the neutral point
and three wires are taken out from the
which is called Neutral.
coil joints
There is a Neutral or Star Point No Neutral Point in Delta Connection
Three phase four wire system is derived from
Star Connections (3-Phase, 4 Wires System) Three phase three wire system is derived
We may Also derived 3 Phase 3 Wire System from Delta Connections (3-Phase, 3
from Star Connection Wires System)

Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage.

Line Current is Equal to Phase Current. i.e.
i.e.
Line Current = Phase Current
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
IL = IPH
VL = VPH
Line Voltage is √3 times of Phase Voltage. i.e. Line Current is √3 times of Phase
VL = √3 VPH Current. i.e.

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 IL = √3 IPH
The Total Power of three phases could be The Total Power of three phases could
found by be found by
P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ …. Or P = √3 x VL x IL x CosФ … or
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ P = 3 x VPH x IPH x CosФ
The speeds of Delta connected motors
The speeds of Star connected motors are slow
are high because each phase gets the
as they receive 1/√3 voltage.
total of line voltage
In Star Connection, the phase voltage is low as In Delta connection, The phase voltage is
1/√3 of the line voltage, so, it needs a low equal to the line voltage, hence, it needs
number of turns, hence, saving in copper. more number of turns.
Heavy insulation required as Phase
Low insulation required as phase voltage is low
voltage = Line Voltage.
In Power Distribution and industries,
In Power Transmission, Star Connection
Delta Connection is general and typical to
system is general and typical to be used.
be used.

The same table showing differences between star and delta configurations can be seen
below if you face any dificulty while readng the text.

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 REFERENCES

1.  William D. Stevenson, Jr. Elements of Power System Analysis Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York
(1975). ISBN 0-07-061285-4, p. 2
2. ^ Terrell Croft, Wilford Summers (ed), American Electricians' Handbook, 11th ed., McGraw Hill,
1987 ISBN 0-07-013932-6 page 3-10 figure 3-23.
3. ^ Brumbach, Michael (2014). Industrial maintenance. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Learning.
p. 411. ISBN 9781133131199.
4. ^ Cotton, H, Electrical Technology, 6th Ed., Pitman, London, 1950, p. 268
5. ^ von Meier, Alexandra (2006). Electric Power Systems. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
p. 160. ISBN 978-0-471-17859-0. We also stated one rationale for this three-phase system; namely, that
a three-phase generator experiences a constant torque on its rotor as opposed to the pulsating torque
that appears in a single- or two-phase machine, which is obviously preferable from a mechanical
engineering standpoint.
6. ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide, Theo. Audel and Co., 2nd ed., 1917, vol. 4, Ch. 46: Alternating Currents, p.
1026, fig. 1260.
7. ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide, Theo. Audel and Co., 2nd ed., 1917, vol. 4, Ch. 46: Alternating Currents, p.
1026, fig. 1261.
8. ^ [1]
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fowler, Nick (2011). Electrician's Calculations Manual 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill. pp. 3–
5. ISBN 978-0-07-177017-0.
10. ^ McGraw-Hill (1920). "Three-Phase Power from Single-Phase Transformer
Connections". Power. 51 (17). Retrieved 21 December 2012.

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 CONCLUSION
To summarise this experiment, all of the objectives have been achieved. We gain so many
knowledgeabout three phase circuit. First of all, we manage to determine the phase sequence of
three-phase supply. Next, we manage to identify the waveform and determine the relationship
between line and phase voltages as well as current for star and delta connected load. The waveform
shown in the oscilloscope is different for every Channel. The reading of phase different and the
parameter are obtain from the oscilloscope. There are five channel consist of different mixed of
colour wire. For channel 1, the colour is Red-Red, for channel 2, the colour is Red-Yellow, for
channel 3 and the colour is Red-Blue, and for channel 5, it is current. The phase different (in ms) is
measured by the distance between the two waveform. In order to know the degree for the Phase
different, we have tocalculate it using the formula as shown below.

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 Weekly Work / Progress Report …EE GROUP-A

Details of Engagement Hours of the Student

Regarding Completion of the Project

Week Duration Sign of the

No. Date in hours Work or activity Performed Guide

Two hours Discussion and Finalization of the

1 Project Title

Two hours Preparation and Submission of

2 Abstracts

3 Two hours Literature Review

4 Two hours Collection of Data

5 Two hours Collection of Data

6 Two hours Discussion and Outline of Content

7 Two hours Rough Writing of the Projects Contents

8 Two hours Editing and Proof Reading of the Contents

9 Two hours Final Completion of the Project

Two hours Seminar Presentation, viva-vice,

10 Assessment and Submission of Report

Name of Project Guide:

Lecturer in Electrical Engineering 1734-
Trinity Polytechnic Pune.

Evaluation Sheet for the Micro Project

Academic Year: 2018-19 Program: CO Engg. Name of Faculty:
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Course:EEC Course Code:22215 Semester: II
Title of The Project: Polyphase Ac Circuit
COs Addressed by the Micro Project:
A. AC Circuit
B. Star Connection
C. Delta Connection

Major Learning Outcomes achieved by students by doing the project:

(a) Practical Outcomes: 1) Make Seminar presentation.2)participate in
debate.
(b) Unit Outcomes in Cognitive Domain: 1) Prepare seminar presentation. 2)
Prepare debate. 3) Make effective computer presentations
(c) Outcomes in Affective Domain:
a) Follow safety practices
b) Maintain cleanliness.
c) Demonstrate working as a leader /a team member.
d) Follow ethics.
Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication
(if any)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Marks out of 6 for Marks out of

performance in group 4for
Roll
Student Name activity (D5 Col.8) performance in Total out of 10
No.
oral/presentation
(D5 Col.9)
1

Name & Signature of Faculty

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