UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

*8213838809*

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/01

Paper 1 October/November 2007
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Total

This document consists of 12 printed pages.

SPA (SJF4355/DR) T26417/7

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1 Look at the photograph below, which shows elephant grass. It is possible that the grass For
could be used as an alternative source of energy. Examiner’s
Use

(a) (i) State one characteristic of elephant grass which is shown in the photograph.
large/tall/big/long/quoted height bigger than 3m/avp
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) What name is given to this source of alternative energy?

biomass/biofuel/biodiesel
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Explain why burning elephant grass would be less damaging to the environment
than burning oil or coal.
gives off CO2/as does coal/grass takes it in/coal not/C neutral
.................................................................................................................................
mark for comparative statement (even if implied) about
harmful/polluting gases/fumes;
.................................................................................................................................
mark for correct specific gas/fume
............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Among the gases released into the atmosphere are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides.
Name and describe the environmental problems caused by these gases.
acid rain; gas dissolves in water to form acid; any TWO acid
.................................................................................................................................
rain effects, or one plus
development for max;
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

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(ii) How could the pollution caused by these gases be reduced? For
Examiner’s
................................................................................................................................. Use
alternative energy (or named); public transport increase;
catalytic converter;
.................................................................................................................................
scrubbers/filters in chimneys; walking; cycling; car sharing;
avp
.................................................................................................................................
laws/fines/policies unless qualified sensibly
.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

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2 Look at the diagram below which shows processes in the formation of soil. For
Examiner’s
Use
freeze thaw A B rain and wind

parent material C acids from rain

fine
parent
material D acids from humus

(a) (i) Of the four processes (A–D) shown, give the letters of the two processes which are
mechanical and the two processes which are chemical?

A
Mechanical ……………………… B
and ………………………

Chemical C
……………………… D
and ……………………… [2]

(ii) Which of the processes A–D involves the action of living things?

D
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Describe the process of freeze-thaw weathering.

water (freezes) expands; pushing rock apart/cracks rock

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) These processes give rise to a mixture of soil particles (clay, silt and sand) and minerals.
Name two other components of soil needed for plant growth.
water; air/oxygen; humus/organic material; icrobes/bacteria/decomposers
.........................................................................................................................................
® minerals or named
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Agricultural practices around the world are leading to soil erosion. How can this be
reduced?
afforestation; contour ploughing; terracing; maintain vegetation cover;
.........................................................................................................................................
reduce/avoid
overgrazing/reduce grazing; avoid overcultivation; use organic
.........................................................................................................................................
fertilisers/humus/manure etc.
.........................................................................................................................................
allow development marks up to 2 for any single strategy
® soil degradation points (i.e. things to do with mineral loss etc.) [3]
.....................................................................................................................................

[Total: 10]

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3 The graph below shows the total catch for the anchovy fishery, off the west coast of South For
America, from 1990 until 2003. Examiner’s
Use

14000

12000

10000
tonnes (⫻1000)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
19 0
19 1
19 2
19 3
19 4
95

19 6
19 7
19 8
20 9
00

20 1
20 2
03
9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9

0
0
19

19

20

Year

(a) Give the year for the

(i) smallest catch

1998;
.................................................................................................................................

(ii) largest catch

1994
............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Fish catches often depend on ocean currents. The presence of the Peruvian
(Humboldt) current ensures a large anchovy catch. Explain how cold currents do
this.
cold current bring nutrients; upwelling; nutrients feed algae;
.................................................................................................................................
algae feed fish (food chain idea)
OR anchovy prefer/do better/thrive in cold water;
.................................................................................................................................
so fish migrate/move away
.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

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(ii) The lowest catch in the graph was caused by a change in this current due to an El For
Nino event. Describe how this event caused a low catch. Examiner’s
Use
El Nino makes water warm; not suitable for anchovy;
.................................................................................................................................
current reversal; nutrients not brought/no upwelling/low
nutrients; not enough food for
.................................................................................................................................
anchovy
............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) In any year, overfishing can be a problem. Describe what could be done to avoid
overfishing.

quota; discussed
.........................................................................................................................................
net size; discussed
.........................................................................................................................................
moratoria; discussed
fishing season/restriction times; discussed
.........................................................................................................................................
only fish in designated areas;
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

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4 Look at the two population pyramids shown below: For

Examiner’s
Use
A B
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4

male female male female

(a) Which one of the two pyramids shows a developed country?

B
Pyramid ……………………… [1]

(b) (i) Choose either pyramid A or B. Describe and explain the main features of the
pyramid you have chosen.

A
Pyramid chosen ………………………
A - large(r) base/many young people (D); high birth rate; lack of contraception;
narrow/few old people (D); high death rate/low life expectancy; due to poor medical
.................................................................................................................................
facilities/food supply/avp;
working people (15–60) rel. low (D);
(Max 2 for D points)
.................................................................................................................................
Further points
Very young less than older (0–4 < 5 upwards);
Birth rate slowing;
.................................................................................................................................
OR
B - Straight(ish) sides (D); low(er)(ed) birth rate; long(er) life expectancy
Narrow(er) base (D); low(er) birth rate; use of contraception; emancipation (eq) of
.................................................................................................................................
women/avp
Broad(er) top(D); low(er) death rate; improved medicine/diet/health/avp
............................................................................................................................
Large(r) working population (D); lower child mortality; avp [3]
More women than men at old age(D); life expectancy of women after 65 longer than men
(ii) In changing from developing to developed, as shown above, a country goes through
the Demographic Transition. Describe what this means.
Shift from high death to low(er) death rate; population explodes;
.................................................................................................................................
then birth rate falls;
population growth slows any 2
.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) Rural to urban migration is common in developing countries. Describe one human For
PUSH factor and one physical PUSH factor for this migration. Examiner’s
Use
H
.........................................................................................................................................
over use of land leading to degradation/overgrazing; lack of food/money;
population rising; lack of resources (named)/jobs/services;
.........................................................................................................................................
persecution/local political factors; removed from land;
war; e.g.
.........................................................................................................................................
P
Natural disasters; destruction of services/agriculture;
.........................................................................................................................................
Climate change; loss of agricultural land/right conditions for agriculture;
Grey areas (allow in either category)
.........................................................................................................................................
Lack of clean water/sanitation; disease (eq)
points about soil
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 10]

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5 Look at the diagram below which shows what happens to solar energy. For
Examiner’s
Use

solar energy

B Earth’s surface

(a) (i) The three labels A, B and C are processes; absorption, radiation and reflection.
Give the correct process for each of the letters shown in the diagram.
radiation
A …………………………………

B absorption
…………………………………

C reflection
………………………………… [2]

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(ii) Look at the diagram below. The amount of solar energy which falls on the surface of For
the earth (insolation) varies from place to place and from time to time. This accounts Examiner’s
for warmer and colder climates and the seasons. Use

N
Sun

Equ
ator

In which hemisphere, in the diagram above, is it Summer? Explain your answer.

northern; angle of rays nearer 90/less atmosphere to absorb

.................................................................................................................................
heat/radiation/longer days
.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Two main differences between Summer and Winter are temperature and daylength.
How do these influence the amount of solar power that can be generated?

daylength longer; more (electrical) energy; accept converse

.................................................................................................................................
argument
IGNORE ref to temperature unless only ref is to temperature
.................................................................................................................................
temperatures hotter; more solar heat; has no effect on
............................................................................................................................. [2]
amount of electricity
(ii) Solar power is an example of alternative energy. Such sources are mainly alternative
to fossil fuels. Suggest two reasons why it is a good idea to develop alternatives to
fossil fuels.

fossil fuels running out; consequence; alternatives will not

.................................................................................................................................
fossil fuels pollute; consequence; alternatives do not 2 each
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 10]

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6 The following diagram shows the Rock Cycle and how the three types of rock (igneous, For
sedimentary and metamorphic) are related. Examiner’s
Use

ition
, d epos
n C
tio
rta
spo
n

Bu
rat

ria
n,
sio

l, h
ero

eat
,

,
ring

pres
Weathe

sure
B

Mel
ting

(a) (i) State which letter corresponds to each type of rock.

Sedimentary C
……………………………………

Igneous ……………………………………
B

Metamorphic A
…………………………………… [2]

(ii) Choose two of the rocks: granite, limestone and sandstone and give a use for each
rock chosen.

.................................................................................................................................
GRANITE: buildings/sculptures/sports equipment/avp
LIMESTONE: making glass/blast furnace/acid neutralising/quicklime/building
.................................................................................................................................
SANDSTONE: paving/coasters
............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Describe problems associated with the exploitation of rocks and minerals.
pollution (qualified with e.g. noise/visual/dust);
.................................................................................................................................
habitat/landscape destruction;
deforestation;
.................................................................................................................................
erosion;
.................................................................................................................................
dangers (specified) to miners/quarries;
loss of property/jobs
.................................................................................................................................
run out;
............................................................................................................................. [3]
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(ii) Suggest ways in which an area which has been damaged by the extraction of rocks For
or minerals could be restored. Examiner’s
Use
reclamation;
.................................................................................................................................
adding soil;
adding fertiliser/manure eq;
.................................................................................................................................
planting trees/other plants;
.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1 © http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu Photo by A. Murray. Copyright 2000 Univ. Florida.

Question 3 © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2917

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2007 0680/01/O/N/07