A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
A STUDY ON VEHICULAR POLLUTION AT KINI TOLL PLAZA
SUBMITTED
FOR
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for subject-Environmental Studies-Practical Work

SUBMITTED TO,

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

SUBMITTED BY,
1) DEEP ARVIND KAMBLE - 2045057
2) VENKATESH KIRTIKUMAR DESHMANE - 2045058
3) YAKSHIT JITENDRA PORWAL- 2045041
4) VINIT DINESH PORWAL- 2045042

CLASS-BBA-II

Under the Guidance of

PROF.R.R.LOHAR
(M.Sc., M.B.A, SET)

Through
RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF
MANAGEMENT STUDIES, RAJARAMNAGAR,
TAL.-WALWA, DIST.-SANGLI ,2020-21
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that work embodies in the project report

On

A STUDY ON VEHICULAR POLLUTION AT KINI TOLL PLAZA

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for subject

Environmental Studies-Practical Work

SUBMITTED BY

1) DEEP ARVIND KAMBLE - 2045057

2) VENKATESH KIRTIKUMAR DESHMANE - 2045058
3) YAKSHIT JITENDRA PORWAL- 2045041
4) VINIT DINESH PORWAL- 2045042
Under the Guidance of

PROF.R.R.LOHAR
(M.Sc., M.B.A, SET)

Submitted to,

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR

This project report is submitted through the

Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar

for academic year 2021-22

Subject Teacher HOD-BBA

DECLARATION
To,
Director,
RIT, Rajaramnagar

We , undersigned students of BBA-II:

1) DEEP ARVIND KAMBLE - 2045057
2) VENKATESH KIRTIKUMAR DESHMANE - 2045058
3) YAKSHIT JITENDRA PORWAL- 2045041
4) VINIT DINESH PORWAL- 2045042

Hereby, declare that the project report entitled as ‘A STUDY ON VEHICULAR

POLLUTION AT KINI TOLL PLAZA’ a genuine and bonafide work prepared by
us under the guidance of Prof. R.R.Lohar. The empirical findings in the report are
based on data collected by us. The matter presented in this report is not copied
from any source.
We understand that any such copy is liable to be punished in way the
university authorities deem to be feet.

Date-– / /2022

Place –Rajaramnagar

Signatures
1) DEEP ARVIND KAMBLE _________
2) VENKATESH KIRTIKUMAR DESHMANE _________
3)YAKSHIT JITENDRA PORWAL _________
4) VINIT DINESH PORWAL _________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 We would like to express our gratitude to the entire personnel of their

kind support and assistance while furnishing the required information.

We also express my gratitude and thanks to Dr. Pratibha A. Jagtap and

Prof .R.R. Lohar for their invaluable co-operation, continued support and

guidance as well as healthy criticism throughout resulting works. Their able

guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestion led our way pass easily through

most difficult period during this financial management process. We thanks &

gratitude goes all faculties’ members whose supervision inspiration and valuable

discussion has helped us tremendously to be the most fulfillment of this project.

Last but not the least, this acknowledgement would be incomplete without

rendering our sincere gratitude to all those who have helped me in completion of

this project.

Place: Rajaramnagar

Date: – / /2022

1) DEEP ARVIND KAMBLE - 2045057

2) VENKATESH KIRTIKUMAR DESHMANE - 2045058
3) YAKSHIT JITENDRA PORWAL- 2045041
4) VINIT DINESH PORWAL- 2045042

INDEX
Chapter CHAPTER Page No.
No.

1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.3 HYPOTHESIS

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 PROBLEMS

2.2 AREA

3. 3.1 OBSERAVATIONS

3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE

3.3 REPORT

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 CONCLUSION

4.2 SUGGETIONS

4.3 REFERENCE

CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

 Toll Plaza is a place on highway where most of the traffic is concentrated. When people
come at toll plaza, they have to stay in queue and wait for some time until their number comes.
Therefore, at this moment most of the people do not turn off engine of their particular vehicle.
As vehicle’s engine remains on, emission of harmful gases by vehicle takes place. As there are
so many vehicles, which looks like crowd of vehicles becomes reason of being concentration of
pollution at a particular place.

Pollutants from cars contribute to various types of air pollution. When hydrocarbons and
NOx combine in sunlight, they produce ozone. High in the atmosphere, ozone protects us from
the sun’s ultraviolet rays. When holes in the atmosphere’s ozone layer allow ozone to come
closer to Earth, it contributes to smog and causes respiratory problems.

Air pollutants emitted from cars are believed to cause cancer and contribute to such
problems as asthma, heart disease, birth defects and eye irritation.

Emissions from cars increase the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. At normal levels, greenhouse gases keep some of the sun’s heat in the
atmosphere and help warm Earth. That said, many scientists believe that burning fossil fuels such
as gasoline causes greenhouse gas levels to spike, leading to global warming.

Scientists use sophisticated instruments to measure concentrations of harmful substances in the

air, but it is tough to say exactly what percentage of air pollution comes from cars. This makes
sense, because many other human activities contribute to air pollution as well. In fact, the
production of electricity by coal-fired power plants and other sources can cause more pollution
than most cars.

Causes of Vehicular Pollution :

1) Urban population :
Between, 1951 and 2020, the urban population has quadrupled, from 62.4 million to 377.1
million, and its proportion has increased from 17.3% to 31.16% . In 1991, there were 18 cities
with a population of over 1 million in 2012; this is estimated to extend to 46 cities. This rapid
increase in unplanned urban population has resulted in an increase in consumption patterns and a
higher demand for transport, energy and other infrastructure, thereby putting a load on the
pollution problem.

2) Vehicle Fuel pollutants:

Automotive vehicles emit several pollutants depending upon the type of quality of fuel
consumed by them. The release of pollutants from vehicles also includes fugitive emissions of
the fuel, the source and level of these emissions depending upon the vehicle type, its
maintenance, etc. The majority pollutants released as a vehicle/fuel emissions are carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants, air toxics namely benzene, aldehydes, 1,3-
butadiene, lead, particulate matter, hydrocarbon, oxides of sulphur and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon.

3) Vehicular Population :
In India In India, the vehicle population is growing at the rate of over 5% per annum and today
the vehicle population is approximately 40 million. The vehicle mix is also unique to India in
that there is a very high proportion of two-wheelers are 76% . The growth rate of vehicles is the
backbone of economic development and the Indian automotive industry (the second fastest
growing in the world). Today, in the country about 7-8 million vehicles are produced annually.
In 2011, the country reported 141.8 million registered motor vehicles

ADVANTAGES OF THE VEHICLES :

1. If you need to travel quite a distance, it allows you to arrive quickly, rested, and neither
too hot or too cold.

2. If you need to take along a lot of groceries or equipment, it is a lot easier to do so in a

car, rather than pull a wagon.

3. You can travel any distance a lot faster than you can do so either on bike or on foot.

4. You can fill it up with gas in a few minutes or charge the battery overnight and then
travel non-stop for over 300 miles.

5. You can listen to music or news while traveling without having to carry a radio along
with you.

6. When it rains, you can travel without getting wet.

7. You can travel somewhere carrying a lot of stuff, and when you get there. car and it
will still be there when you come back to the car.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE VEHICULAR POLLUTION :

o Cars pollute water sources in a variety of ways. One is through runoff of
automotive fluids, brake dust, chemicals and oil. Another is through leaking
pumps at gas stations. Improper disposal of motor oil is also a cause of ground
water contamination.

o With hundreds of millions of cars on the road, they take up more than 13,000
square miles of land, more than the state of Massachusetts. Another
approximately 4,000 square miles are covered with urban roads.

o Cars also use up a large percentage of available fossil fuels. The United States
produces only 10 percent of the world's petroleum while using 26 percent.

o The environmental impact of cars does not end once a car stops being driven.
More than 10 million cars are scrapped each year. About 25 percent of these cars
are not recycled and end up in landfills. Several hundred million tires are also
scrapped each year.

o Cars have increased the level of air and noise pollution in cities, causing more
humans to suffer from respiratory, heart diseases, or cancers.

o As the number of private cars increased, more car passengers have been injured or
died by severe accidents.

o More pedestrians’ accidents have been reported annually. As the usage of private
cars increases, it is more probable that people walking through the street die by
them.

o The governmental expense will be raised far dramatically. To build and

maintenance of more highways for more cars, hire more police force, the local
government have to consider a larger budget.

o The consumption of fuels to run the car is contributing to the rise if global
warming and affecting the ozone layer.

o Motor vehicles account for 34 percent of nitrogen dioxide released into the
atmosphere. They also account for 51 percent of the carbon monoxide, 10 percent
of the particulate and 33 percent of the carbon dioxide.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

 ✔ To analyze the information regarding pollution on toll plaza..

✔ To study the effect of pollution at toll plaza.

✔ To study the reasons behind air pollution on toll plaza.

✔ To study the causes of sound pollution at toll plaza.

✔ What are the control measures to reduce pollution.

1.3 HYPOTHESIS

Vehicles are a major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon

monoxide and other pollution. Highway is a core part of road transportation and not only includes

passenger vehicles but also goods carrying too along with this there so many roads which carry vehicle

transportation. Toll plaza is only place on highway where every vehicle has to stop for a while.
 CHAPTER-2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 Problem: Pollution by Vehicles at Toll Plaza.

2.2 Study Area: Kini Toll Plaza (NH4), Kini

Tal: Hatkanangale,
Dist: Kolhapur, 416112.

1. Visit to Kini Toll Plaza.

2. Discussion with employees who works at Toll Plaza.

3. Collection of data about employees’ health from Toll Plaza’s Office.

4. Observation on vehicles at Toll Plaza.

5. Collection of information about vehicle pollution.

Source of Data Collection:

• Data collection:

1) Primary Data:

Primary data is a type of data that is collected by researchers directly from main

sources through interviews, Questionnaires , Observations. Primary data are usually

collected from the source—where the data originally originates from and are regarded as

the best kind of data in research.

2) Secondary Data:

Secondary data refers to data that is collected by someone other than the primary

user. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, information

collected by government departments, organizational records and data that was originally

collected for other research . The references were reports, Govt. , websites, and internet.
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 OBSERVATION
As we visited ‘Kini Toll Plaza’ at Kini, Tal: Hatkanangale,
Dist: Kolhapur which is on Pune – Bengaluru National Highway which is National Highway
number 4 (NH 4). As we first observed that, most traffic were concentrated at Toll Plaza. In
addition, all of these vehicle’s engines were running even though they had stopped for the
receipt.

We determine following observations:

● Vehicles At Kini Toll Plaza:

Type Of Vehicle Vehicles Number of vehicles

Swift, Alto, Hyundai’s i10,
Hyundai’s i20, Tata Nano,
Hatchback Cars Tata Indica, Renault Kwid, 32
Hyundai’s Santro, Tata
Tiago, etc.
Hyundai’s Verna, Honda
Sedan City, Suzuki’s Ciaz, Skoda 16
Laura, Skoda Octavia
Land Rover’s Discovery,
Mahindra Scorpio, Thar,
SUV Renault Duster, Hyundai 22
Creta, Mahindra Bolero,
Vitara Brezza, Ertiga
Maruti Suzuki’s Omni,
MPV 11
Eeco, WagonR, Datsun Go
TATA, Ashok Leyland,
Trucks Bharat Benz, Mahindra, 34
Eicher
Tata Ace, Mahindra Bolero,
Mini trucks Mahindra Maximo, Eicher’s 12
Polaris Multix
Govt.’s Buses (MH & KA),
Buses Private Traveling Buses, 16
School Buses
As we can see Passenger & Commercial vehicles are a major pollution contributor, producing
significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution. While we
observed, we found above data in which there were total 121 vehicles were there at that moment.
 3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE

1. How many workers work here?

● There are total 48 workers who work at toll plaza with 2 security guard.
2. What is toll tax ?
● Toll is a tax paid for road that is being collected on vehicle basis
3. In how many shifts do the workers work?
● There are three shifts for every worker.
4. Tell us te time when vehicles are maximum ?
● Maximum crowd of vehicles is experienced in vening around 4 P.M. to 6 P.M.
5. What kind of health problems employees faces because of pollution?
● Employees at Toll Plaza face health problems such as Breathing problem, Asthama, Skin
infections, Respiratory diseases.
6. Do employees leave the job because of the health problems?
● Yes some employees do.
7. What precautions do the workers take to avoid effect of air pollution?
● Usually they don’t take any precautions but when they suffer from problems some
employees uses masks.
8. Had the traffic decreased due to this new fastag technology ?
● Yes,decresed due to online payment of tolls.
9. Had the work become easy after this fastag technology?
● Yes .
10. How much employees have left job because of health problem?
● 2 or 3 employees have left job in last 2 years.

3.3 REPORT
Pollution by vehicles has contribution of 27% in all the pollution of green gases. So various
pollutants come from vehicles.

Pollutants come out of vehicles:

The major car pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, and
particulates. Most car pollutants come from the exhaust but brake pads, tires, oil, grease, anti-
freeze, hydraulic fluids, and cleaning agents also contribute pollutants to the environment.

Ozone (ground level)

Sources: Produced by chemical reactions among pollutants, released

mainly by motor vehicles (nitrogen oxides and volatile
hydrocarbons).

Environmental A strong oxidant gas that damages animal respiratory systems,

impacts: plant leaf cells, reducing photosynthesis.

Human health A respiratory irritant causing damage to the lungs, reducing

concerns: lung capacity and aggravation respiratory problems, especially
in the elderly, the very young, and the asthmatic.

The ingredients of air pollution:

 Cars and trucks produce air pollution throughout their life, including
pollution emitted during vehicle operation, refueling, manufacturing, and disposal. Additional
emissions are associated with the refining and distribution of vehicle fuel.

Air pollution from cars and trucks is split into primary and secondary pollution.
Primary pollution dioxides. Diesel exhaust is a major contributor to PM pollution.
is emitted directly into the atmosphere; secondary pollution results from chemical reactions
between pollutants in the atmosphere. The following are the major pollutants from motor
vehicles:

● Particulate matter (PM). These particles of soot and metals give smog its
murky color. Fine particles — less than one-tenth the diameter of a human hair — pose
the most serious threat to human health, as they can penetrate deep into lungs. PM is a
direct (primary) pollution and a secondary pollution from hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides,
and sulfur 

● Hydrocarbons (HC). These pollutants react with nitrogen oxides in the

presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone, a primary ingredient in smog. Though
beneficial in the upper atmosphere, at the ground level this gas irritates the respiratory
system, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity.

● Nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants cause lung irritation and weaken
the body's defenses against respiratory infections such as pneumonia and influenza. In
addition, they assist in the formation of ground level ozone and particulate matter.

● Carbon monoxide (CO). This odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas is

formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from
cars and trucks. When inhaled, CO blocks oxygen from the brain, heart, and other vital
organs. Fetuses, newborn children, and people with chronic illnesses are especially
susceptible to the effects of CO.
● Sulfur dioxide (SO2). Power plants and motor vehicles create this pollutant
by burning sulfur-containing fuels, especially diesel. Sulfur dioxide can react in the
atmosphere to form fine particles and poses the largest health risk to young children and
asthmatics.

● Hazardous air pollutants (toxics). These chemical compounds have been

linked to birth defects, cancer, and other serious illnesses. The Environmental Protection
Agency estimates that the air toxics emitted from cars and trucks — which
include Benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene — account for half of all cancers
caused by air pollution.

● Greenhouse gases. Motor vehicles also emit pollutants, such as carbon

dioxide, that contribute to global climate change. In fact, cars and trucks account for over
one-fifth of the United States' total global warming pollution; transportation, which
includes freight, trains, and airplanes, accounts for around thirty percent of all heat-
trapping gas emissions.

Effects of Air Pollution by Vehicles

 Car pollutants cause immediate and long-term effects on the environment. Car exhausts
emit a wide range of gases and solid matter, causing global warming, acid rain, and harming the
environment and human health. Engine noise and fuel spills also cause pollution. Cars, trucks
and other forms of transportation are the single largest contributor to air pollution in the United
States, but car owners can reduce their vehicle's effects on the environment.

Global Warming

Car pollution is one of the major causes of global warming. Cars and trucks emit
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which contribute one-fifth of the United States' total
global warming pollution. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which causes
worldwide temperatures to rise. Without greenhouse gases, the Earth would be covered in ice,
but burning excessive amounts of fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, has caused an increase
of 0.6 degrees Celsius, or 1 degree F, in global temperatures since pre-industrial times, and this
will continue to rise over the coming decades. Warmer global temperatures affect farming,
wildlife, sea levels and natural landscapes.

Air, Soil and Water

The effects of car pollution are widespread, affecting air, soil and water quality. Nitrous
oxide contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer, which shields the Earth from harmful
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide mix with rainwater to
create acid rain, which damages crops, forests and other vegetation and buildings. Oil and fuel
spills from cars and trucks seep into the soil.

Human Health

Particulate matter, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and other car pollutants harm
human health. Diesel engines emit high levels of particulate matter, which are airborne particles
of soot and metal. These cause skin and eye irritation and allergies, and very fine particles lodge
deep in lungs, where they cause respiratory problems. Hydrocarbons react with nitrogen dioxide
and sunlight and form ozone, which is beneficial in the upper atmosphere but harmful at ground
level. Ozone inflames lungs, causing chest pains and coughing and making it difficult to breathe.
Carbon monoxide, another exhaust gas, is particularly dangerous to infants and people suffering

from heart disease because it interferes with the blood's ability to transport oxygen.
Causes of sound pollution :
Atmospheric pollution is not the only type of contamination that is harming living beings on the
planet. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is one of the most dangerous
environmental threats to health. Drivers honking the horn, groups of workers drilling the road
surface, aircraft flying over us in the sky... Noise, noise and more noise. Cities have become the
epicentre of a type of pollution, acoustics, which, although its invisibility and the fact that
coronavirus crisis reduced it until almost yearn it, is severely damaging to human beings.

Not only does it hurt humans, it is bad for animals, too. According to the National Park Service
(NPS) in the United States, noise pollution has an enormous environmental impact and does
serious damage to wildlife. Experts say noise pollution can interfere with breeding cycles and
rearing and is even hastening the extinction of some species.
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION:
As well as damaging our hearing by causing — tinnitus or deafness —, constant loud noise can
damage human health in many ways, particularly in the very young and the very old. Here are
some of the main ones:

1)  Physical:

Respiratory agitation, racing pulse, high blood pressure, headaches and, in case of extremely loud,
constant noise, gastritis, colitis and even heart attacks.

2)  Psychological:

Noise can cause attacks of stress, fatigue, depression, anxiety and hysteria in both humans and
animals.

3) Sleep and behavioural disorders:

Noise above 45 dB stops you from falling asleep or sleeping properly. Remember that according
to the World Health Organization it should be no more than 30 dB. Loud noise can have latent
effects on our behaviour, causing aggressive behaviour and irritability.

4) Memory and concentration

Noise may affect people's ability to focus, which can lead to low performance over time. It is
also bad for the memory, making it hard to study.

Interestingly, our ears need more than 16 hours' rest to make up for two hours of exposure to 100
dB.
 CHAPTER-4

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

4.1 CONCLUSION
It has often been said that we only have one earth and we should do everything to protect it. One
cannot afford to sit on the sidelines and watch because when it comes to pollution, everyone is
affected, even the ones that did not contribute to it. Vehicle transportation is one of the leading
causes of air pollution over all the world . The good thing is that something can actually be done
about it. It begins with individual responsibility in having a cleaner planet. When people change
their mindsets and become more proactive, many good things can be achieved. In the same
manner, vehicle pollution can also be reduced and managed.

4.2 SUGGESTIONS

Even if vehicle pollution cannot be completely eliminated, it can still be

reduced to manageable levels. There are several ways that car and truck owners can reduce the
effects of car pollutants on the environment. Old and poorly maintained vehicles cause most
pollution from cars, but electric, hybrid and other clean, fuel-efficient cars have a reduced
impact. What are some of the things that individuals, governments, and organizations can engage
in to reduce the effects of pollution caused by transportation? Here are some actionable pointers:

Civic education

Ignorance is not bliss and education is definitely the key to success. Many people do not
care about the effects of pollution because they are not aware of them. One cannot fight to
protect what he or she values without knowing that there is an impending danger. Carrying out
civic education by government departments and non-governmental organizations can play a great
role in awakening the society to the realities of pollution and how reducing it can make the world
a much better place to live in. This can be done through community organizers or by having it
taught in schools as part of the curriculum. It would be counter-productive to keep on talking
about the need to reduce vehicle pollution without making people understand why that is
necessary. A sense of responsibility should be cultivated in everyone so that there is a desire and
willingness to do what is right.
Progressive policies

Creating good regulations that anticipate the challenges of the modern world when it
comes to reducing vehicle pollution can be very helpful in mitigating it. Lawmakers should draft
legislations that will make people do the necessary as far as bringing down the levels of vehicle
pollution is concerned. Such laws can include placing a cap on the age of vehicles that can be
imported, setting out guidelines on the conditions of roadworthy vehicles, and creating agencies
that will look into alternative fuels such as green energy. On the global front, world leaders
should come together and agree on standard practices for eliminating or reducing pollution.

Vehicle maintenance

This is more of a personal responsibility than it is universal. One should ensure that
his or her car is in good condition and does not release a lot of harmful substances into the
atmosphere. Regular car maintenance can help in repairing or replacing worn out parts. When
this is done, the vehicle performs optimally and fewer amounts of pollutants is released into the
air. Things like replacing oil filters, changing the engine oil and greasing the moving parts
should be done on a regular basis. Carelessness is the reason why some vehicles release dark
harmful smoke while they are moving on the roads. This is especially harmful to those outside
because they inhale the smoke and the dangerous matter.

Discard old vehicles

Old vehicles should be discarded or returned to the manufacturing company so that

new ones can be acquired. They contribute highly to environmental pollution and can also cause
accidents on the roads. Getting rid of them would be a double win. Unfortunately many people
attach sentimental value to such cars without knowing what that does to the ecosystem. A change
in thinking would lead to better practices.

Carpooling

People from the same neighborhood and who work in the same area should consider
carpooling. This would reduce traffic jams, save money used on car fuel and maintenance and
contribute towards having a clean earth. That is what would really make sense.
Alternative means of transport

It wouldn’t hurt to use alternative means of transport even if you have a car. One can
ride a bike, train or bus to work. Walking is also an option when your workplace is not that far
off from your place of residence. Riding bikes, as well as walking, provide great exercising and
fitness regimen options. Many people leave work when they are already tired and don’t have
time for fitness routines so this would make a fun option for staying healthy. It’s also cheaper as
compared to using your car which would still need fueling, maintenance and set you back a
couple of bucks in parking fees. Using these alternative means of transport is the smart choice.

Protective wear

In order to reduce the amount of pollutant inhaled, a person can consider putting on
pollution masks. In countries where pollution is high and the quality of air is very poor, this is a
common practice. Since you can’t reduce or eliminate pollution and its effects all by yourself, it
would be wise to protect your health. Pollution masks help in filtering the air you breathe so that
you don’t inhale a lot of impurities. The responsibility for your health starts with you.

Emissions from cars increase the levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
 4.3 REFERENCE
Throughout this project of Environment named as Impact of air pollution pollution in rural area:

www.pollutionissues.com

www.pollutionimages.com

www.gatenet.net

www.wikipedia.com