Name: Angela Dez Therese G.

Adefuin
Grade/Section: 9-Sun Tzu
Subject: Science

“Laws of Mendel”
Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
- “Father of Genetics”

-Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental
laws of inheritance.
-Mendel deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units,
one from each parent.
-Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in
the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
-Mendel recognized the mathematical patterns of inheritance from one
generation to the next.

Mendel's Laws of Heredity are usually stated as:

1) The Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair.
Parental genes are randomly separated from the sex cells so that sex cells
contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring, therefore, inherit one genetic allele
from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization.
2) The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted
separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not
dependent on the inheritance of another.

3) The Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will

express the form that is dominant.
• Genetics
-Is the study of how hereditary characteristics (traits) in an individual are
transmitted from one generation to the next by means of genes.
• Genes
-Is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism.
-Hold the information to build and maintain cells and pass genetic traits to
offspring.
-Segments of DNA
 -Transcribed and translated by the cell to make proteins (protein create a
visible phenotype)
-Made up of nucleotides responsible for the phenotype of an organism.

• Genotype
-Is the genetic composition of a particular trait.
-Is the genetic makeup of an organism that determines or contributes to
its phenotype.
-Remains the same throughout the lifetime.
-Not influenced or affected by the phenotype.
-Can be determined by observing DNA through genotyping methods.
-Completely depends on the gene sequences.
-Inherited by the offspring.
-Consists of all hereditary information that is the expressed and suppressed
genes.
-Is an organism’s genetic information.
-Different genotypes may have similar phenotypes.
Example: homozygous, heterozygous

• Phenotype
-The observable physical and measurable characteristics of an organism.
-It may change with time and the environment.
-Is being controlled and governed by genotype.
-An individual’s phenotype is a result of the interaction of the genes,
environmental factors, and random variation.
-Organisms Appearance.
-Determined by the genotype.
-Is the morphology, properties, and behavior of an organism.
-Depends on the genotype and environmental factors.
-Not inherited by the offspring.
-Inherited from parents.
-Consists of expressed genes.
-Different phenotypes have different genotypes.
Example: tall, and color are phenotypic characters

• Traits
-Biological traits are physical or behavioral characteristics of an organism.
They may be determined by genetics and/or environmental factors.
• Allele
-An allele is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base
or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.
-An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given
genomic location where such variation exists.
-If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that
allele.
-If the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous.
-"Allele" is the word that we use to describe the alternative form or versions
of a gene.
-People inherit one allele for each autosomal gene from each parent,
and we tend to lump the alleles into categories. Typically, we call them
either normal or wild-type alleles, or abnormal, or mutant alleles.

• Dominant Traits
-Is an inherited characteristic that appears in an offspring if it is
contributed by a parent through a dominant allele.
-Traits, also known as phenotypes, may include features such as eye color,
hair color, immunity or susceptibility to certain diseases and facial features
such as dimples and freckles.
-If an individual carries the same two alleles for a gene, they are
homozygous for that gene (aa or AA); this is the case whether the alleles
are recessive or dominant.
-If the two alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous for the gene
(Aa).

Assuming Mendelian Genetics, which is a simplified explanatory tool:

-A dominant trait will always be expressed in the offspring if the dominant
allele is present, even if there is only one copy of it (heterozygous or
dominant homozygous, Aa or AA).

• Recessive Traits
-Is a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles or
forms of a gene.
-Traits are characteristics of organisms that can be observed; this includes
physical characteristics such as hair and eye color, and characteristics
that may not be readily apparent, e.g., the shape of blood cells.
-Every organism that organizes its DNA into chromosomes has two alleles
for a trait, one from its mother and one from its father.
-Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
-Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles, so a recessive trait
is only expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles for a gene.

Assuming Mendelian Genetics, which is a simplified explanatory tool:

-A recessive trait will only be expressed if the offspring has two copies of
the recessive allele that codes for the trait (recessive homozygous, aa).