WHAT IS A CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT?
-A constitutional government is a government that is
structured according to a written document called
a constitution. In a constitutional government, the
constitution is the supreme law of the land.
TYPES OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENTS
There are two main types of constitutional government
in the world: UNITARY AND FEDERAL. Each of these has
advantages and disadvantages. Most constitutional
governments are democracies. Both usually allow for
the existence of local governments, but the degree to
which they cede power to cities and towns varies.
UNITARY GOVERNMENT
A unitary constitutional government is one in which
there is a strong central government and no real
regional or state governments. France is an example of
a country that has this sort of government.
One of the benefits of a unitary style of government is
that it provides for national cohesion. There is
uniformity throughout the country with regard to laws,
economic policy, etc. Unitary governments are often
less bureaucratic due to the fact that there are no
regional or state government agencies that need to
interact and coordinate with the federal government.
Each state shall be empowered to handle their own
laws, finances, development plans, health, education,
and infrastructure, among others. Currently, the
Philippines is under a unitary form of government with
power and authority vested in the so-called "imperial"
Manila.
Besides France, other countries with unitary styles of
government include:
• Italy
• Sweden
• The Netherlands
• Poland
• New Zealand
• Japan
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
In contrast to unitary
governments, federal governments cede a great deal of
power to their regions, provinces, cantons, or states.
Supreme authority in federal systems rests in the
federal government, but regional governments are
allowed, to varying degrees, to make their own laws and
pursue their own government policies.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MEANING IN LAW
A federal government is a system of government that
divides the power between a larger central government,
and the local and regional governments beneath it. In
the United States, the federal government’s powers
were established by the Constitution.
WHAT IS FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
A federal government is a system designed to take
power from the rich and give it to the poor, so to speak.
Power is divided among the larger, stronger, central
government of a nation, and the smaller state and
regional governments within that nation. This is done by
assigning certain responsibilities to each sector so that
the central government has its own job to do, as do the
state and local governments.
In the United States, the Constitution dictates that the
federal government can maintain control over things
like the creation of currency, the granting of patents,
and the creation of the lower courts, to name a few.
Another example of a federal
government responsibility includes the power to
declare war. These are known as “delegated powers,”
and are specifically listed in Article 1 of the U.S.
Constitution.
BRANCHES OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Even though the Constitution splits powers between the
federal government and the states, the framers of the
Constitution wanted further assurances that the central
government could not gain oppressive authority. To
that end, three branches of federal government were
created, each with its own powers and responsibilities,
and each one having the authority to check up on the
others. This is known as a system of checks and
balances.
THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
The legislative branch of the United States federal
government is another name for Congress, and
Congress is divided into two houses: the Senate, and the
House of Representatives. The main function of the
legislative branch is to create laws.
Individual members of the House and Senate may write
draft laws, referred to as “bills,” and present them to
Congress for discussion and voting. Bills that are
approved by vote in both houses are then sent to the
President for his signature. Should the President refuse
to sign the bill, or “veto” it, the bill goes back to
Congress where they may vote to override the
President’s decision.
The Senate is comprised of 100 senators total, with two
senators from each of the country’s 50 states. The
House of Representatives consists of 435 members, and
the number of members from each state varies based
on the total population of the states they represent. So
for example, a larger state like Texas would have more
representatives in the House than the smallest state in
the country, Rhode Island.
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
The President heads up the executive branch of the
federal government, which is the branch that approves
and carries out the laws that are created by the
legislative branch. In addition to the President, the
executive branch consists of the Vice President and
members of the presidential cabinet. The cabinet helps
the President make decisions on the more important
issues, and consists of 15 major departments. Included
in the presidential cabinet are the Secretary of State,
the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of the
Treasury, among others.
THE JUDICIAL BRANCH
The judicial branch presides over the country’s court
system, and it uses court cases to interpret and express
the meaning and importance of the Constitution and
the laws of the land. The U.S. Supreme Court heads up
the judicial branch, and its chief responsibility is to rule
on whether or not something is permitted under the
rules of the Constitution, meaning whether it is
constitutional or unconstitutional.
There are nine justices (judges) on the Supreme Court:
eight associate justices and one chief justice. The
President selects the justices individually, and the
Senate then approves the President’s picks. Unlike the
lower courts, justices on the Supreme Court do not have
set term limits, and can serve for as many years as they
like. In fact, many of them serve the rest of their lives.
The rulings made by the Supreme Court are irreversible,
and they set precedent or previous for all related cases
going forward.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF A FEDERAL SYSTEM
OF GOVERNMENT?
The powers are limited. I learnt that the “individual”
was the top-most focus of the American society. Every
policy devised at the official level would firstly think
how it would benefit or affect the individual living inside
the American state. In our society, there is greater
emphasis on family, society and the country but a lot of
attention in the US is paid to individual liberty. The state
tries to ensure all forms of liberty for the individual. This
includes the freedom of religion. Every individual is free
to practice whatever religion he or she prefers.
However, there is no state religion in the US. The
government does not have a religion or does it pursue
any policy, including the foreign policy, on the basis of
religion. There are no religious parties in the US.
Another important area of individual liberty enshrined
in the US Constitution is the freedom of speech and
cultural expression. While everyone is allowed to
independently articulate their views, people are
expected to refrain from making hate speeches.
There is also freedom of information. The government
of the United States cannot put any curbs on the media.
Interestingly, there is no Ministry of Information in the
United States. The media is largely independent and
free from official control. All media outlets are under
private ownership which keeps ascertaining public
opinion about their interest in different issues through
opinion polls and surveys. The US media rarely discusses
the country’s foreign policy. A lot of attention is paid to
domestic issues by the media because not many people
in the US take a keen interest in foreign affairs.
Newspapers and TV channels keep the interest of their
readers and viewers supreme and they avoid printing
and broadcasting such material which fails to attract
public attention.
FEDERALISM 101: THINGS WE NEED TO KNOW 
• MANILA – The push for a shift to a federal form
of government
• has been gaining steam as a possible solution
to
• the nation's longstanding problems.
President Rodrigo Duterte, who had a stunning electoral
victory, championed federalism, envisioning it as the
key to bring "Lasting peace, progress, and prosperity for
all of our peoples.” Under a federal government, power
is divided between the central government and local
state governments.
 Each state shall be empowered to handle their own
laws, finances, development plans, health, education,
and infrastructure, among others. Currently, the
Philippines is under a unitary form of government with
power and authority vested in the so-called "imperial"
Manila.
For Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez, a federal setup creates
opportunities for local governments to manage their
own economy and chart their own destiny. “Now you
create opportunities; now you create jobs; now you
allow them to manage their own economy; now you
give them the chance to chart their own destinies,"
Alvarez said.
EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT
Alvarez said some regions, under a federal setup, may
thrive using their strategic advantages in their natural
resources. He said giving these local government units
power over their own resources will help boost regional
development. For Minority Leader Danilo Suarez, he
believes the shift to federalism enables for an equitable
and widespread development in the country by sharing
the power -- political and economic -- of the central
government with the regional government or
constituent political units.
If we adopt the federal system of government, each
state or regional government will be required to
produce its own income. Towns, cities, and provinces
will not be welfare-dependent," Suarez said. Suarez
highlighted that the provinces and regions can largely
benefit from the richness of the Philippines' natural
resources. Under the present system, natural resources
such as minerals and agricultural products are
considered national wealth and only a small percentage
is given to the regional or provincial source. "In a federal
government, provinces and regions that are rich in
natural resources can enjoy the entirety of the revenues
they generate by supplying raw materials and producing
goods out of these raw materials," Suarez said.
THE 'FIVE STATES'
Based on the proposals submitted by the House
constitutional amendments committee, the territory of
the future Federal Republic of the Philippines will be
divided into five states composed of Luzon, Visayas,
Mindanao, Bangsamoro, and Metro Manila.
Under the proposal, each state shall have its own State
Constitution, adopt its name, and choose a capital, flag,
anthem, and seal.
Each state shall have a unicameral state assembly with
legislative powers, and a premiere exercising executive
power. State governments shall be entitled to at least
50 percent in the proceeds of the utilization and
development of the national wealth including sharing
the same with the inhabitants by way of direct benefits.
The proposed federal charter retains the position of the
President, who would act as head of state, and
introduces the position of a Prime Minister, who would
be the head of the government. The President shall be
elected by direct vote of the people for a term of five
years with one re-election, while the Prime Minister
shall be elected by a majority of all the members of the
Parliament from among themselves.
The proposed Parliament shall consist of the Federal
Assembly as the national legislative department, and
the Senate, as the legislative body representative of the
regions.
The President shall be elected by direct vote of the
people for a term of five years with one re-election,
while the Prime Minister shall be elected by a majority
of all the members of the Parliament from among
themselves.
The proposed Parliament shall consist of the Federal
Assembly as the national legislative department, and
the Senate, as the legislative body representative of the
regions. The bicameral parliament shall be composed of
a 300-member Federal Assembly and a 15-member
Senate, with each state electing three senators. Eighty
percent of the members of the Federal Assembly shall
be elected by plurality votes with each legislative
district having one seat in the parliament. The
remaining 20 percent of the members of the assembly
shall come from federal sectoral parties or organizations
which shall be elected at large. (PNA)
c) Constitution of Sovereignty. The provisions pointing
out the mode or procedure in accordance with which
formal changes in the fundamental law may be brought
about, e.g.,Art. XVII
WHAT IS THE TITLE OF ARTICLE XIV IN THE 1987
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION?
1987 Philippine Constitution Article XIV
Education, Science & Technology, Arts, Culture, and
Sports (with cases).
ARTICLE XIV OF THE PHIL. CONSTITUTION
What is Article XIV of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
all about?
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right
of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall
take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all. (1) All educational institutions shall
include the study of the Constitution as part of the
curricula.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF GIVING PRIORITY TO
EDUCATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARTS
CULTURE AND SPORTS?
Section 17, Article II of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
provides that “The State shall give priority to education,
science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to
foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social
progress, and promote total human liberation and
development.”
WHAT IS SECTION 5 ARTICLE XIV OF THE EDUCATION
ACT?
Section 5 Article XIV – Education, Science and
Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports • Section 5. (1.)
The State shall take into account regional and sectoral
needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning
in the development of educational policies and
programs.
EDUCATION
Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right
of all citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall
take appropriate steps to make such education
accessible to all.
Section 2. The State shall:
(1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete,
adequate, and integrated system of education relevant
to the needs of the people and society;
(2) Establish and maintain a system of free public
education in the elementary and high school levels.
Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear
their children, elementary education is compulsory for
all children of school age;
3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants,
student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives
which shall be available to deserving students in both
public and private schools, especially to the
underprivileged;
(4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous
learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent,
and out-of-school study programs particularly those
that respond to community needs; and
(5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-
school youth with training in civics, vocational
efficiency, and other skills.
Section 3.
(1) All educational institutions shall include the study of
the Constitution as part of the curricula.
(2) They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism,
foster love of humanity, respect for human rights,
appreciation of the role of national heroes in the
historical development of the country, teach the rights
and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and
spiritual values, develop moral character and personal
discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking,
broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and
promote vocational efficiency.
3) At the option expressed in writing by the parents or
guardians, religion shall be allowed to be taught to their
children or wards in public elementary and high schools
within the regular class hours by instructors designated
or approved by the religious authorities of the religion
to which the children or wards belong, without
additional cost to the Government.
Section 4.
(1) The State recognizes the complementary roles of
public and private institutions in the educational system
and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation
of all educational institutions.
(2) Educational institutions, other than those
established by religious groups and mission boards,
shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or
corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of
the capital of which is owned by such citizens. The
Congress may, however, require increased Filipino
equity participation in all educational institutions.
The control and administration of educational
institutions shall be vested in citizens of the Philippines.
No educational institution shall be established
exclusively for aliens and no group of aliens shall
comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any
school. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply
to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel
and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by
law, for other foreign temporary residents.
3) All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit
educational institutions used actually, directly, and
exclusively for educational purposes shall be exempt
from taxes and duties. Upon the dissolution or cessation
of the corporate existence of such institutions, their
assets shall be disposed of in the manner provided by
law. Proprietary educational institutions, including
those cooperatively owned, may likewise be entitled to
such exemptions, subject to the limitations provided by
law, including restrictions on dividends and provisions
for reinvestment.
(4) Subject to conditions prescribed by law, all grants,
endowments, donations, or contributions used actually,
directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall
be exempt from tax.
Section 5.
(1) the State shall take into account regional and
sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local
planning in the development of educational policies and
programs.
(2) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions
of higher learning.
(3) Every citizen has a right to select a profession or
course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and
equitable admission and academic requirements.
(4) The State shall enhance the right of teachers to
professional advancement. Non-teaching academic and
non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of
the State.
(5) The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority
to education and ensure that teaching will attract and
retain its rightful share of the best available talents
through adequate remuneration and other means of job
satisfaction and fulfillment.
LANGUAGE
Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is
Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and
enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other
languages. Subject to provisions of law and as the
Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall
take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a
medium of official communication and as language of
instruction in the educational system. Spanish and
Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional
basis.
Section 7. For purposes of communication and
instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are
Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.
The regional languages are the auxiliary official
languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary
media of instruction therein.
Section 8. This Constitution shall be promulgated in
Filipino and English and shall be translated into major
regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.
Section 9. The Congress shall establish a national
language commission composed of representatives of
various regions and disciplines which shall undertake,
coordinate, and promote researches for the
development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino
and other languages.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Section 10. Science and technology are essential for
national development and progress. The State shall give
priority to research and development, invention,
innovation, and their utilization; and to science and
technology education, training, and services. It shall
support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant
scientific and technological capabilities, and their
application to the country’s productive systems and
national life.
Section 11. The Congress may provide for incentives,
including tax deductions, to encourage private
participation in programs of basic and applied scientific
research. Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of
incentives shall be provided to deserving science
students, researchers, scientists, inventors,
technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
Section 12. The State shall regulate the transfer and
promote the adaptation of technology from all sources
for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest
participation of private groups, local governments, and
community-based organizations in the generation and
utilization of science and technology.
Section 13. The State shall protect and secure the
exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and
other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for
such period as may be provided by law.
ARTS AND CULTURE
Section 14. The State shall foster the preservation,
enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national
culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a
climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.
Section 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of
the State. The State shall conserve, promote, and
popularize the nation’s historical and cultural heritage
and resources, as well as artistic creations.
Section 16. All the country’s artistic and historic wealth
constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation and shall
be under the protection of the State which may regulate
its disposition.
Section 17. The State shall recognize, respect, and
protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to
preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and
institutions. It shall consider these rights in the
formulation of national plans and policies.
Section 18. (1) The State shall ensure equal access to
cultural opportunities through the educational system,
public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants
and other incentives, and community cultural centers,
and other public venues.
(2) The State shall encourage and support researches
and studies on the arts and culture.
SPORTS
Section 19. (1) The State shall promote physical
education and encourage sports programs, league
competitions, and amateur sports, including training for
international competitions, to foster self-discipline,
teamwork, and excellence for the development of a
healthy and alert citizenry.
(2) All educational institutions shall undertake regular
sports activities throughout the country in cooperation
with athletic clubs and other sectors.
DO 69, S. 1990 – OPTIONAL RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION
UNDER PARAGRAPH 3, SECTION 3, ARTICLE XIV OF THE
1987 CONSTITUTION
June 18, 1990
DO 69, s. 1990
Optional Religious Instruction under Paragraph 3,
Section 3, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution
To: Bureau Directors
Regional Directors
Schools Superintendents
President, State Colleges and Universities
Vocational School Superintendents/Administrators
1. The 1987 Constitution provides for religious
instruction of students/pupils in public
elementary and high schools within the regular
class hours, at the option expressed in writing
by the parents or guardian, without additional
cost to the Government. (Sec. 3, Article XIV.)
2. In compliance with this Constitutional mandate,
school’s superintendents are enjoined to ask
their principals to:
1. arrange existing regular class hours to
accommodate the teaching of religion
within the regular class hours; and
2. assist in the preparation and
distribution of appropriate forms which
parents or guardians may use to signify
their conformity or refusal to have their
children or wards receive religious
instruction.
3. Religious denominations should submit their
request for time allocation for optional religious
instruction to the principal within the regular
class hours.
4. Religious instruction shall be given for not more
than 90 minutes a week within the regular class
hours.
5. Religious instructors shall be designated or
approved by the religious authorities to whom
the children belong.
6. No students/pupils shall be allowed or
permitted to attend religious instruction classes
without the written request or permission of
his/her parents or guardian.
7. Inclosed are sample forms of the request or
permission for optional religious instruction to
be accomplished by the parents or guardian.
8. Principals are enjoined to adhere to the above-
mentioned requirements vis-à-vis religious
instruction on public schools.
9. Immediate dissemination of this Order is
desired.
(SGD.) ISIDRO D. CARINO
Secretary
Incls.: As stated
Reference: DECS Order: No. 39, s. 1987
DECS Memorandum: No. 231, s, 1987
Allotment: 1-2-3-4— (M.O. 1-87)
Secretary of Education Sara Duterte
Chairperson of CHED Prospero de Vera
Director-General of TESDA Danilo Pakingan Cruz
Budget₱900.41 billion (DepEd + CHED + TESDA + SUCs)
Primary languages Filipino · English · Philippine regional
languages
System type national
Total22.9 million (public schools) + 4.8 million (private
schools)
Primary1.8 million (public kindergarten schools) + 13.2
million
Education in the Philippines is provided
by public and private schools, colleges, universities,
and technical and vocational institutions in the country.
Funding for public education comes from the national
government. For the academic year 2017–2018, about
83% of K–12 students attended public schools and
about 17% either attended private schools or were
home-schooled.
With the "trifocalization" of the educational system in
the country, three government agencies handle each
level of education. At the basic education level,
the Department of Education (DepEd) sets overall
educational standards and mandates standardized
tests for the K–12 basic education system, although
private schools are generally free to determine their
own curriculum in accordance with existing laws and
Department regulations. At the higher education level,
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervises
and regulates colleges and universities. Meanwhile,
the Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) regulates and accredits technical and
vocational education programs and institutions in the
country.
By law, education is compulsory for thirteen years
(kindergarten and grades 1–12) and is grouped into
three levels: kindergarten, elementary school (grades 1–
6), junior high school (grades 7–10), and senior high
school (grades 11–12). They may also be grouped into
four key stages: 1st key stage (kindergarten–grade 3),
2nd key stage (grades 4–6), 3rd key stage (grades 7–10)
and 4th key stage (grades 11–12). Children usually enter
kindergarten at age 5. Institutions of higher
education may be classified as either public or private
college or university; public institutions of higher
education may further be subdivided into two
types: state universities and colleges (SUCs) and local
colleges and universities.
next year’s debt servicing expenses expected to be
bigger than this year’s, at P1.35 trillion.
According to the NEP, debt payments in next year’s
budget include P1.02 trillion in principal amortization
and P582.3 billion for interest. At present, the national
government’s outstanding debt is at P14.63 trillion by
the end of 2023.
Meanwhile, P852.8 billion was proposed for the
Department of Education (DepEd) to help the agency
implement a full resumption of face-to-face classes.
However, ACT Teachers Party-list Rep. France Castro
said that at least P1.3 billion must be allocated to the
education department.
The educator-turned-legislator also slammed in a
statement the proposed budget cut in the University of
the Philippines and UP-Philippine General Hospital.
A report from the Philippine Collegian, UP’s official
student paper, said that the DBM has proposed a P2.54
billion budget cut for the UP System in 2023, with P893
million slashed in the UP-PGH’s budget, the country’s
official COVID referral hospital.

Debt servicing and education will get the biggest chunk

of the P5.268-trillion proposed budget of the Ferdinand
Marcos Jr. administration. On Monday (August 22),
the Department of Budget and Management (DBM)
officially transmitted the 2023 National Expenditures
Program (NEP) to Congress, with House Speaker Martin
Romualdez making a promise to DBM
Secretary Amenah Pangandaman that the lower house
will tackle the budget right away before they go on
recess on October 1.

The budget [process] of 2023 will be very transparent.

This will be a product of the entire House of
Representatives where the majority will listen to the
minority bloc’s concerns and of course, we as the
representatives of the people will also be attuned to
their needs,” Romualdez said. He also assured that
“every centavo of the national budget will be spent
wisely to implement programs that would save lives,
protect communities and make our economy strong and
more agile or brilliant.”

However, a whopping P1.6 trillion – or 29.8% of the

proposed budget – will just go to debt servicing as the
government has to repay the debts it incurred, with
 2. GREAT LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

The environment in which teaching takes place is

extremely important for a positive learning experience.
To make students feel comfortable, schools strive to
create an inspirational learning environment classroom
is a central place for educational activities, which is why
it should be visually appealing. This is why classrooms
INTEGRATIVE METHOD IN TEACHING SOCIAL SCIENCE are usually filled with colorful posters and pictures that
DISCIPLINE IN BASIC EDUCATION send positive messages (respect your classmates, read
books, eat healthy, etc.). 
 Characteristics of good teaching method 
 Factors that determine the selection of teaching 3. CLEAR COMMUNICATION
method 
 Lecture method  The way in which the teacher communicates with
 Problem-solving method  students is crucial for learning. Teachers’ manners and
 Project method  approaches to students may vary, while some are
 Role-play  relaxed, others firmly believe in maintaining discipline.
 Dramatization method  Regardless of the personal style, a good teacher is
 Collaborative learning  expected to present the lesson in a clear and age-
 Multi-media approach  appropriate way. 
 Activity-based learning 
 Local craft museum 4. GOOD RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER AND
STUDENT

CHARACTERISTICS OF TEACHING Student-teacher relationships should be characterized

Teachers have the greatest responsibility when it comes
to the quality of education. Teaching requires
commitment, educational leadership, and the ability to
convey knowledge in a way that enables students to
acquire it. However, knowledge, although important, is
not the only necessary parameter for successful
teaching. Teachers also need to understand students’
needs, the and way they think, and to be able to
maintain their attention in class in order to be
successful.
by mutual respect. To build such a positive relationship,
both sides have to demonstrate positive qualities. On
the one hand, teachers will earn students’ respect if
they set clear and fair rules. Effective classroom
management is very important in this case since
students expect a certain level of discipline and the lack
of it may cause an unproductive classroom
atmosphere. 
5. CRITICAL THINKING 

6 Characteristics of Good Teaching One of the main teaching goals is the development of
critical thinking in students. It helps them to combine
1. ACTIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUES acquired knowledge, and personal skills and attitudes to
It has long been known that classes where the teacher correctly interpret the obtained information. In
talks incessantly throughout the lecture, while the practice, this means that teachers should encourage
students are passive listeners, do not yield satisfactory students to interpret the received information in their
results. Modern education requires active student own way, and to take a certain position which they will
participation, which can be achieved by using some of defend with arguments. This is one of the requirements
the following active learning techniques:  for successfully overcoming obstacles in life, which is
why critical thinking education is extremely important
• Discussion  both in modern education, and life in general.
• Brainstorming 
• Note-taking  6. PROBLEM-SOLVING
• Teamwork
One of the most important characteristics of teaching is Lecture Method
problem-solving. Not only is overcoming obstacles
The formal, verbal presentation of information or other
crucial for a successful education, but it also represents
material by an instructor to a group of students or other
the foundation for a successful professional and private
learners. The lecture method is used mainly when
life. Although it may not seem like it, teachers find it
groups are large or time is limited (e.g., in personnel
hard to define tasks that will be challenging enough
training). It can also be used to introduce other
without being too hard. Appropriate tasks will not make
instructional methods, such as audiovisual
students feel helpless and inadequate but will
presentations or role play, or to summarize material
encourage them to work toward a solution.
developed by other means. 
10 Qualities of a Good Teacher
Problem Solving Method
 Good Teachers are Strong Communicators  Problem solving is the process of identifying an existing
 Good Teachers are Adaptable  problem, determining the root cause or causes of the
 Good Teachers Listen Well  problem, deciding the best course of action in order to
 Good Teachers are Engaging  solve the problem, and then finally implementing it to
 Good Teachers Focus on 
solve the problem. 
 Collaboration 
 Good Teachers show Empathy Role Play Method
 Good Teachers Have Patience 
 Good Teachers Value Real-World Learning  Role-play is a technique that allows students to explore
 Good Teachers are Lifelong Learners realistic situations by interacting with other people in a
 Good Teachers Share Best Practices  managed way in order to develop experience and trial
different strategies in a supported environment. 
FACTORS WHICH THAT DETERMINE THE SELECTION OF
Dramatization Method Dramatization in education is an
TEACHING METHOD
activity which provides learners all learning styles as
Choosing an instructional method then requires the whole and learning by experience these are by
instructor to consider at least three main aspects: 1) the movement, active learning, social learning, learning by
learning objectives, to make sure the method is discussion, emotional learning, collaborative learning,
appropriate, 2) the nature of the materials and 3) how and learning by discover. 
we want students to interact with this information. 
Collaborative Learning 
FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHING RELATED TO TEACHER 
Collaborative learning is a situation in which two or
Teachers are the pillars for their students. They play the more people learn or attempt to learn something
most important role in their students’ life by providing together. Unlike individual learning, people engaged in
support, boosting their confidence, guiding them in the collaborative learning capitalize on one another's
right direction, and of course teaching them. They are resources and skills.
the facilitator of learning in the learning teaching
Role of the teachers in collaborative learning Teachers
process. The best teacher is one who is able to apply the
facilitates collaborative learning by creating learning
best teaching method to teach students and guide them
tasks that encourage diversity but aim at high standards
towards a quality learning process.
of performance for all students. These tasks involve
FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHING RELATED TO TEACHER students in high-level thought processes such as
decision-making and problem-solving That is best
Teacher Development is an entire process in itself that
accomplished in collaboration.
involves upskilling, learning and evolving as a teacher. It
provides adequate training to a teacher to be able to Benefits of effective collaboration Kids learn best in a
match the growing needs of students and parents in the social environment. Subject or topic information can be
classroom and beyond. more effective when it comes from peers. Collaborative
learning encourages this social aspect of education and
DIFFERENT TEACHING METHOD
enhances student understanding. Educators can share
workload, and ideas. By collaborating on and building a
shared playlist of videos, for example, educators share
inspiration to develop high-quality resources for their
classes.
Multimedia Approach The multimedia approach
empowers the student to speak to data utilizing a few
unique media. It can stimulate the interest of the
student and give them striking impressions. Multimedia
can consider diverse learning styles – some students
learn by translating the content, while others require
more graphical portrayals.
5 Benefits of Multimedia Learning 
 Deeper understanding. 
 Improved problem solving. 
 Increased positive emotions. 
 Access to a vast variety of information. 5.
 World exploration. 
Importance of Activity Based Learning (ABL) 
Activity-based learning also facilitates better
understanding by creating far learning grounds for
everyone. It ensures that the student is always engaged
in learning; sharpens the analytical skills and problem-
solving skills of the learners and also promotes the
binding between tutor and learner.
Local Craft Museum Through arts and crafts, children
learn to value and appreciate artifacts and images
across cultures and times. Experience in design, arts,
and crafts enable them to reflect critically on their own
work and those by others. They learn to act and think
like designers and artists, working intelligently and
creatively.
Art and crafts help young children explore and express
their emotions, share how they relate to their family
and friends, and talk about their difficulties, their future
dreams and aspirations, even if they have not yet
developed a full vocabulary to do so. It also develops
courage and a healthy self-esteem. Art & craft is
organized expressions of ideas, feelings and experiences
in images, in language, in gesture and in movement.
They provide for sensory, emotional, intellectual and
creative enrichment and contribute to the learner's
holistic development.
THE TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATION OF CLASSROOM
INSTRUCTIONS.
Traditional instruction
a structured education program that focuses on face-
to-face teacher-centered instruction, including teacher-
led discussion and teacher knowledge imparted to
students. Students are matched by age, and possibly
also ability. Instructional materials are based on
textbooks, lectures, and individual written assignments.
All students in the classroom generally receive a single,
unified curriculum. Subjects are often individual and
independent instead of integrated and interdisciplinary,
particularly in secondary school.
Traditional Classroom
A traditional classroom is an educational place where
the teacher delivers knowledge to the students in
person without any third-party medium. This is the
most common way of learning all around the world.
Here, the pace of learning remains constant.
Traditional classrooms are placed to transmit the skills,
values, and knowledge of social and moral conduct to
the next generation.
Classroom instruction
 means that part of a driver education course that
occurs in a classroom environment that enables a
student to learn through varied instructional methods,
under the direct guidance of a driver education
instructor.
The organization of instruction
Educational organization rests to some extent on
psychological views about learning, but explicitly it is
concerned with the grouping of pupils for educational
experience and instruction.
Pupils in general are organized by age into what are
usually termed grades, classes, or forms. Each school is
also usually either comprehensive (containing students
pursuing various academic, commercial, and vocational
curricula) or based on the so-called dual
plan (containing only students pursuing a particular
curriculum). In some countries, the dual system is
actually tripartite: there may be schools for classical
academic study, schools for technical or vocational
study, and schools for more generalized, “modern,”
diversified study. Whether comprehensive or dual-plan,
schools frequently have some kind of streaming or
multi-tracking whereby students are grouped according
to ability so that there are separate classes for the less
able and the more able.
Team teaching represents an attempt to make better
use of every teacher’s potential in any subject area, to
create a flexible learning situation, and to make non-
streaming more effective. For example, the normal class
of 30 pupils with an individual subject teacher is
replaced by a larger group of pupils and a team of
teachers, who pool their efforts. Although the team
plan may take several forms, it generally assumes some
variety of the following elements:
(1) large-group instruction, in which the
total complement of some 50 to 150 students in the
program is periodically taught by one teacher (either
the same teacher or several teachers in rotation) in a
lecture hall;
(2) small-group instruction, which alternates with large-
group instruction so as to allow small numbers of
students and a member of the teaching team to discuss,
report, and exchange ideas;
(3) independent study, whereby students are given
individual projects or library work; and
(4) team planning sessions, in which, daily or weekly,
the teachers plan, coordinate, report on, and evaluate
their programs.
How do I need to structure desks and for what
activities?
For teacher-focused activities, straight rows facing front
and; a chevron pattern angled to face front are most
appropriate and needed when giving/projecting direct
information from the front of the classroom. This desk
structure provides teacher control and lets you put
certain kids upfront; however, it complicates teachers
and students getting in and out of rows, and separation
can inhibit student-teacher relationship-building.
For student-focused activities, whole/semi-circles,
triads and quad groups, and rotation stations are
necessary when working on collaboration, teamwork,
relationship-building, and projects. Those student-
focused arrangements are more engaging and active,
and they create a structure/control for the social
interaction that our students need.
Strict vs Structured
Some teachers have been known to be either strict or
structured. Not that either strict or structured or both,
is a bad thing to be. However, the need for a
comparison of the two terms should be made clear.  
By Webster’s definition, strict means stringent in
requirement or control under strict orders;  severe in
the discipline.  I often related the term strict to what
someone says you can and cannot do. 
Structured means something is arranged in a definite
pattern of organization.  A classroom that is structured
is very important in managing and organizing an
effective classroom. Rules are in place that limit what
kids can and cannot do to keep others safe but structure
provides an organization and routine that produces an
environment that is conducive for children to learn. A
safe environment that is structured is a perfect balance.
A Structured Classroom
 Establish rules and routines from the get-go
 Establish a classroom community of respect
(See for The Love of Responsive Classroom.)
 Establish clear routines, expectations and logical
consequences (see my Interactive Modeling
Scripts for routines at my Shop.
 Establish clear learning goals
 Provide flexibility
 Show interest in your students
 Develop relationships with students and their
families
If you do not have a structured classroom, your
students will not learn to their highest potential. Once
you have a structure classroom management down pat,
it’s full steam ahead to teaching and learning.
The Physical Space
Organizing the physical space is another important
piece of the classroom. It should be a place that is
organized, inviting, and and makes the best use of the
classroom space. 
Classrooms come in all shapes and sizes and I was
completely bummed when I had a small, stuffy room
that was not conducive for 20-25 bodies to move
around in without bumping into each other. Students
having their personal space is just as important as
physical space.
An Organized Classroom
  Create a student-friendly environment that is
inviting and welcoming.
 Carefully define and separate your students’
space from the teacher’s space.
 Identify spaces that will be utilized for teaching
and learning, for whole group teaching, small
groups, work areas, centers, etc.  The theme is one discipline
 Identify “dead” spaces to be used for storage
areas.
 Teach students about the physical space. Teach
students that everything in the classroom has a
space, like their personal belongings, classroom
materials, and resources.
 Label everything, including bins and shelves,
materials and resources. Your students could
then “read” the room if they forget where
something is or goes.
 Update the classroom display spaces, such as
student work on bulletin boards.
As you set up your structured classroom, think about
how you’ll organize the physical space and manage your
students so it is an environment that is conducive for
teaching and learning.
Traditional Education System
Traditional learning holds the use of conventional
learning tools comprising of blackboards, chalks, books
and pens. Confined within the walls of classrooms,
students acquire education from teachers present in the
classroom and get direct assistance from them in the
time of inconvenience or doubts regarding the subject.
Enrolled to the institution for a specific term or period,
the students attend classes every day. Still followed by a
huge number of educational institutions, the customary
learning through classrooms has its own perk and worth
such as:
Social Exposure: Getting exposed to a group of students
from different places across the world will always be fun
and relaxing. It will not only increase the sharing of
knowledge but will encourage the students to learn
more.
Extra-Curricular Activities: In a group full of same age
groups, learning can either be academic or other group
activities promoting proper learning. Students can not
only part-take in different activities but classroom
learning will stretch their learning ability to the fullest
Proper Guidance: The presence of a subject teacher is
also beneficial as the doubts arise in mid-lecture can be
solved then and there. It will also promote more
students – teacher interactions which will add on to the
learning capabilities of student.
A major component of being an effective
teacher is making correct classroom discipline decisions.
Teachers who cannot manage student discipline in their
classroom are limited in their overall effectiveness in
almost every other area of teaching. Classroom
discipline in that sense may be the most critical
component of being an outstanding teacher.
Study of two or more Learning Areas
Grouping of traditionally discrete but related subjects
with the explicit aim of integrating students’ learning.
For example, the learning area ‘social sciences/studies
can include elements of geography, history, citizenship,
economy/ commerce, philosophy, and sociology.
(Adapted from: UNESCO IBE 2011).
Many education systems organize the curriculum of
general education around broad learning areas or fields
of learning. For example: language and communication
(including a first and a second language); mathematical
thinking; exploration and understanding of the natural
and social world (including natural sciences, geography,
history, biology, physics, and chemistry); and personal
and social development (including artistic education,
citizenship, ethics and physical education). (Mexico,
Study plan of basic education, 2011).
Theme – Collaboration
Teacher collaboration involves teachers working
together to achieve a common goal through the sharing
of evidence-informed practices, knowledge, and
problem-solving. Teacher quality improves when
teachers recognize their own expertise and feel
comfortable in offering it, while also being open to
accepting the advice and feedback of others.