3.

2 Heat Reaction
Precipitation Heat of precipitation
Definition The heat change when one mole of precipitate is formed from their
ions in an aqueous solution.
Example Mg(NO3)2 + K2CO3  KNO3 + MgCO3
Specific Definition Heat of precipitation is the heat change when 1 mol of magnesium
carbonate is formed from Mg2+ in magnesium nitrate
1. Precipitation

2. Displacement
Displacement Heat of displacement
Definition The heat change when 1 mol of metal is displaced from it’s salt
solution by a more electropositive metal
Example Zn + CuCl2  ZnCl2 + Cu
Specific Definition Heat of displacement is the heat change when 1 mol of copper is
displaced by zinc from copper(II) chloride solution

3. Neutralisation
Neutralisation Heat of neutralization
Definition The heat change when 1 mol of water is formed from the reaction
between an acid and an alkali
Example H2SO4 + 2Na2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Specific Definition Heat of neutralization is the heat change when 1 mol of water is
formed from the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium
hydroxide solution.

4. Combustion
Combustion Heat of combustion
Definition The heat change when 1 mol of substance is completely burnt in
excess oxygen gas
Example C2H5OH + O2  CO2 + H2O
Specific Definition Heat of combustion is the heat change when 1 mol of ethanol is
completely burnt in excess oxygen gas.
 Formulae/Calculation Tips
1) Formula 1
a. Q = mc θ
i. Q = Heat change
ii. m = mass of solution
iii. c = Specific heat capacity
iv. θ = Specific heat capacity
2) Formula 2
Q
a. ΔH =±
n
i. + = Endothermic
ii. - = Exothermic
iii. n = No. of moles
1. Precipitate
2. Metal displaced
3. Water
4. Substance

Calculation steps

1) Determine the number on moles of the reactants and products formed, n mole
2) Calculate the heat change in the reaction (formula 1)
3) Calculate the heat change for 1 mole of reactant or 1 mole of product formed in proportion
4) State the heat of reaction, (formula 2) and with the correct units (kJ molˆ-1)

Assumptions

1) The density of any aqueous solution is equal to the density of water, 1 g cm^-3
2) The specific heat capacity of any aqueous solution is equal to the specific heat capacity of
water, which is 4.2 J g−1 ℃−1.
3) No heat is lost to the surroundings.
4) No heat is absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment.