1.2 REVIEW ON ALGEBRA 121 OPERATION ON ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION BASED ON BODMAS RULE A) Algebra The study of algebra ls vital for many areas In Mathematics. In algebra, we use letters (x, y, Z, a, b, RS, T.._) to represent numbers. Basic Concepts of Algebra Algebraic Terms: 1. An algebraic term Is a tem which contains a number and unknown 4ip an rands 2 An algebraic term with one unknown is an algebraic term with only a number and an unknown. nknowns: Coefficient 1 A coefficient In an algebraic term & usually a term that ts written In front of an unknown. A coefficient can be postive or negative. coefficient of ris 4 coefficient of sis -7 Like Terms 1. Lie terms are terns with same unknown. 30, 0.90, -20 and 0 arelihe tems because tney have same unknown, beAl ic e1ONS 4. Analgebrals expression contains one or more algebraic terms which ate combined by ‘the plus or minus signs. 2. Since an algebraic expression Is the combination of one or more algebraic terms, the umber of terms in algebraic expression can be determined. EXAMPLE 4 (Determine the number of terms In the following expressions. B) Operations on Algebraic Expression Addition and Subtraction 1. To simpity an algebraic expression, group the lke terms first. Then, add or subtract ‘the like terms. 2. Unillke terms cannot be combined Into a single term by adding or subtracting. 3. When adding of subtracting like terms, only their coefficients are to be added or subtracted. EXAMPLE 2 ‘Simpilty each of the following. a) 2u+3e Answer 1) G.6y+34y, 5 ai 1 nh) =wes+cw ) 4k s3n-—k 209 2 Anewar Answar EXAMPLE 3 Simplty each of the following. b) -Sk-n-|-3) Anawer f) (a+b)-{a—-p} g) (3m-4= 4k) } —{8a? 4a") ik —3n? (4k —3n7) Answer AnawarMultiplication 1. The product of two algebrale terme can be found by multiplying numbers with numbers and unknowns with unknowns. EXAMPLE 4 Simplify each of the following. bj 3ap=(—abe} t} Zags &p7q Answer = Answer @) 2an*(3apx) Anewar i) +e 20p*a Answer k} -3a3|-2a*} Answer ni} (Zax? \(-zax) Answerision 1. The quotient of two algebraic terms can be found by writting the division In traction form and solving it by cancellation. EXAMPLE 5 Simpety each of the folowing. a) 15pqr =(-o Anawer ie6qr (i0cq)/ 20m? | qe Sqn AnswerExpansion 4. The expansion of an algebraic expression Is the product of the algebraic expression with another algebraic expression. 2. Some algebraic expression involving multiplication are written using brackets. 3. The distributive law Is used to remove the brackets. Each term Inside the bracket Is multiplied by the term in front of the bracket, Expanding Single Bracket it the number in front of the bracket is negatve, the sign of each of the terms Inside the brackets will change when expended. EXAMPLE 6 Expand the following. b) -2x(4x-3) Answer =x? +6 f) 7+2(x-3) Answer h) 2+5(x-3) Answer =13+15% jy) d{d-4)-s Answer(x+2y)-(3"+¥) 1) -5(3e+2)—4(e-1) Anewer Answer =3x+6y—3x-y m) 3in-4) +3) Anewer =3x-12+10+2% -x-2 9) Sxix+y)-2ylx—y) py Sx(x—2 Answer Anewer = 5x? + Say — Duy +29? = Sx? + Buy +2y7 Expanding Two Brackets 3 in expanding two brackets, term within the first brackets is multiplied by every tan within the second brakets gx? +20"-14&j (x-5)(x-2) dy (x—1)(x- Anewer Answer &) (2e-7)(30-2} fT) (a+b)(a-b) Answer Anawer fj (-a+b}(a—b) Anewer Perfect Square Expansion 4. (a+b)? and (a—b)? are cated perfect equarea Let say, =(a=b\/a+b) =ala+b)+b(a-o} -7 +ab+ba+p* ma" +200 +0" 2 Simiarto 3. Aga conclusion, we can remember the rule as follows. Step 1 ‘Square tne firet term. Step 2 | Add baice the product of the fret and fast terms stap 3 > Add on the Square of te last term.EXAMPLE § Use the re (a+b) = Zab +0? to expand and simply the each of todowing. a) (x=9)" Answer = (xp +2(x)(9)+(8)° = 218x431 a) (Su+2)° ay (3-20) Anewer Answer = (5x) +2(5x)(2}+(2) = 25x" +20"-4 9-12x+4x" &} (4x42? Answer = (4x)? +2/4ny2 = 16x" + 16xy +4 == 2(x)(3)+37 +x" +2(x}(-3)+(-37 a +Gm+9+0°-Gx-9 z 18 16x°-26x+3Difference of Two Squares 1. @* and b* are perfect squares and so a? -b* is called the difference of two squares. =a(a—b)+b(a-5) =) -ab+ba-b* <2 pb? EXAMPLE 9 Expand and simpity using the rule (a+b}(a-b) = a) (u+2}(x-2) Answer =v -4 a) (7—4yll7+4y) Answer @) (-3-4x)(-3+4x) 1) (-Sy-2)i-Sy +2) Anewer Answer g) (3x -6y)(ax+6y) Answer 9a? - 36y7Further Expansion 1 In this Section, we expand more complicated expression by repeated use of the expansion laws. EXAMPLE 10 Expand and simpity a) (x+2)[x?+3x-2} e) (2x+3)(-3+4n} Answer g) 3x7 + 2x) 6-2x-(3x-1)] Answer = 3x" +2x(6-2x-3n+1] <3 +12n-407 07 +20 =-TK +14 by (4-yP Answer =(4-y)l4-yl4-y) =(4-y)[18-8y+ =64-4ay+12y°-y a) (3 +2y)(1-5y Answer 21-79y- 1229" t) -3/ 45-1)" (Bs —4t} Answer hy 5) x? -[6x(5-3x)+4x77] Answer\) Tay -S2[4 (52 -3)-8-(4xy-8)] Answer Tuy -1002" + 502+ 20xyz Sx Sy -Ox)-17 xy 8x? + 18xy— 7 (4b-3)+83]—-63b —fo* +12b3a-10b —5y/3x* -3x+2)+18x7y-2ax7 x? -TOx+1Smy-10y +49