UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERNG

PROJECT TITLE: MASONRY WORK

COURSE NAME & CODE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

(BFC43502)
DATE OF SUBMITED 18 DECEMBER 2019
th

1. FARAH ARISHA BINTI SHAHROM (DF 170134)

2. FARAH NURIZUWANI BT MUHAMADI SAIFULIZAN
(DF170137)
STUDENT'S NAME
3. NOR AMIRA AZWA BT JAMION (DF170149)
4. SAFI AQILAH BT SABARUDIN (DF170168)

LECTURER'S NAME TS. DR. RAFIKULLAH BIN DERAMAN

SECTION 6

MARKS
CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction to Masonry Work 1

1.2 Project Background 2

2.0 FLOWCHART ACTIVITY 2

2.1 Concrete Block Masonry 3

2.2 Brick Masonry 5

2.3 Stone Masonry 7

3.0 HAZARD IN MASONRY WORK 8

4.0 METHODOLOGY 11

4.1 Identify the Hazard 11

4.2 Decide Who Might Be Harmed And How 12

4.3 Evaluate The Risk And Decide On The Precautious 12

4.4 Record Your Findings and Implement Them 13

4.5 Review Assessment 13

5.0 HIRARC TABLE 14

6.0 DISCUSSION 21

7.0 CONCLUSION 24

7.0 REFERENCES 25
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Masonry work is a complex of processes that includes, in addition to the basic processes by
the laying of brick or other stone in mortar, the delivery and laying out of the stone, and the smoothing
of the mortar, related auxiliary processes erection of scaffolding and trestles and preparation of the
materials at the construction site.

1.1 Introduction to Masonry Work

Masonry unit are laid with cement mortar which binds them together to create a structure.
Masonry construction can provide a beautiful walls and floor at economical process. Due to the
individual masonry units, masonry construction tends to be quite labor intensive, because of the
cement, clay or stone nature of the masonry materials, masonry construction tends to be durable and
often requires little maintenance.

In ancient times, skilled masons erected stone buildings and complex engineering works
(towers, arched bridges, and domes) However, the masonry work was done slowly, and the methods
changed little over the centuries. Masonry work was done by hand; the master masons usually
performed all the preparatory and transport jobs at the site and prepared the mortar and delivered it to
the work area themselves. In building walls, cumbersome scaffolding was erected to their full height.
The work was done only in the warm seasons. In the early 20th century, measures were taken in the
developed countries to improve masonry work by mechanization of the delivery of materials and the
preparation of mortar.

Figure 1.0: Brick Masonry

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1.2 Project Background

The report are to propose a development of 100 units of two-storey semi-detached house in
Jalan Kulim, approximately 3 km away from Penang-Kedah border. This project will be developed in
multiple phase, offering a mix of shop offices and gated housing with full clubhouse facilities. Hazard
identification and risk analysis was carried out for construction activities in masonry work. The
different segments of activities were divided into high, medium and low depending upon their
consequences and likelihood.

Hazard identification and risk assessment is carried for identification in masonry work during
the construction of house in Jalan Kulim to hazard and risk among the worker. We have identify the
most masonry work activity that can lead to health and safety of the worker. So, during the process of
construction, the worker can use practically the recommendation that we have stated in this report and
the purpose of this report are to analyse hazard and the use of multiple techniques is recommended
because each has its own purpose, strengths and weaknesses.

2.0 FLOWCHART ACTIVITY

Masonry is commonly used for walls and buildings. Masonry can be classified into three
categories which is brick masonry, concrete block masonry and stone masonry. Each of categories
consists different flowchart of activities. Concrete block and brick are the most common types of
masonry in use in industrialized nations and may be either weight-bearing or a veneer. Concrete
blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer various possibilities in masonry construction

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 2.1 Concrete Block Masonry

Produce mortar Place mortar Lay first course

of stretcher brick

Lay three header brick Lay second course Utilize level

Lay other level course Use level Untill target height reach

1. Initially, mix the mortar with water and blend it until a smooth and plastic mortar is produced.

Figure 2.0: Mortar Preparation

2. After that, place the mortar on foundation line evenly using trowel (25mm thickness and one brick
wide is recommended for laid mortar).

3. Then, lay the first course of stretcher bricks in the mortar. Start with second brick, apply mortar to the
head joint end of each brick, After that shove the bricks into place firmly so that the mortar is
squeezed out of all side of the joints.

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 Figure 2.1: laying bricks

4. Utilize a level to examine the course for correct height. Ensure that bricks are plumb and level.

Figure 2.2: Plumb line of brick masonry

Figure 2.3: Checking level of brick masonry

5. Place another mortar line alongside the first course, then begin laying the second course.
6. Use the two half bricks to begin the second to ensure that the first two courses are staggered
for structural purposes.
7. To finish the second course of the lead, lay three header bricks and make sure that they are
plumb and level.

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 8. The third and fifth courses consists of stretchers similar to the first course. The fourth course
begins with single header, followed by stretchers. Use the level to make sure that the lead is
true on each course. Lastly, this pattern of brick laying is used till the target height is
reached.

2.2 Brick Masonry

Brick masonry is the process of manufacturing of bricks from clay involves preparation of
clay, moulding, drying and burning of bricks. The bricks are building materials which are generally
available as rectangular blocks. The bricks do not require any dressing and brick laying is very simple
compared to stone masonry. The site should be selected based in important considerations such as the
ground should be plain surface, connected with communicating roads for transporting materials and
offer facilities to the workers. Preparation of clay, moulding, drying and burning are involved in
process of manufacturing of bricks.

Preparation of clay is done in six steps, unsoiling of clay is thrown away the top layer of soil
about 200mm depth because may contains impurities. Digging is second steps where the clay is dug
out from the ground and spread on plain ground. The clay is cleaned of stones, and particulate matter
in cleaning stage. Then the clay is washed and screened, the lumps of clay converted into powder with
earth crushing rollers. The cleaned clay is exposed to atmosphere for softening that may be 3 to 4
weeks of the weathering period. Blending stage, ingredient were added to the clay by making the clay
loose and spread the ingredient over it. Tempering stage is where the water added to clay and pressed
or mixed that let the clay obtains plastic nature and ready for moulding.

Preparation of Clay Moulding

for Brick Manufacturin
of Cay for Brick
g Manufacturin g
Drying of Raw Bricks
Burning of Bricks
Site Slection

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 Moulding process can be done in two ways which is hand moulding for small scale and
machine moulding for large scale. In hand moulding there are two typed which is ground moulded
bricks and table moulded bricks. While for machine moulding of bricks are required in large quantity.
There also two types of machine used which is plastic clay machines and dry clay machines.

Figure 2.4: Hand moulding of bricks

Figure 2.5: Machine moulding of bricks

After moulding process the bricks contain some amount of moisture in it. So, drying is to be
done otherwise they may cracked while burning. The drying of raw bricks is done by natural process
that took 3 to 10 days and also depends on weather condition. The drying yards also prepared on
higher level than the normal ground for the prevention of bricks from rain water.

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2.3 Stone Masonry
Stone masonry is a type of building masonry construction that uses stones and mortar. This
construction technique is used for building foundations, floors, retaining walls, arches, walls and
columns. Natural rocks were used for masonry construction by cut and dressed into proper shape in
order to use it. Stones are one of the most durable and strong building materials. Materials used are
stones and mortar. Classification of stone masonry are Rubble Masonry and Ashlar Masonry. Rubble
masonry classified into coursed rubble masonry and uncoursed rubble masonry. The various types of
Ashlar masonry are Ashlar Fine Masonry, Ashlar Block in Course, Ashlar Chamfered Masonry,
Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry and Rock or Quarry Faced Masonry.

Figure 2.6: Rubble Masonry Structure Building

Figure 2.7: Ashlar Masonry Structure Building

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3.0 HAZARD IN MASONRY WORK

A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone. Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or an adverse effect. For example, to people as
health effects, to organizations as property or equipment losses, or to the environment. Hazards
commence when all forms of masonry are off loaded, stored and then transported to the site of
operations. Incorrect stacking can lead to risks, as can a restricted access for transport vehicles and
plant. Every effort should be made to plan the site to allow adequate access and storage facilities.

There are several factors that make masonry work can lead to hazard. Hazard will be held
when person works with wrong way. Effect of the activity sometimes can be less or more effect.
Figure below shows that activities of masonry work that lead to some hazard.

Figure 3.0: Mortar mixing work

Figure 3.1: Brick and compressed block laying work

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 Figure 3.2: Plastering work

In order to prevent hazard in masonry works, a few precautions or control measures should be
done to ensure the safety of worker.

Figure 3.3: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Figure 3.4: Install signage on hazard

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Figure 3.5: Wearing vertical life line while working at height

Figure 3.6: Install temporary guard rail as an edge protection

Figure 3.7: Conduct Tool Box Talk before starting works

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 4.0 METHODOLOGY

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) is carried for identification of undesirable
events that can lead to a hazard, the analysis of hazard of this undesirable event, that could occur
and usually the estimation of its extent, magnitude and likelihood of harmful effects. It is widely
accepted within industry in general that the various techniques of risk assessment contribute
greatly toward improvements in the safety of complex operations and equipment.

The objective of this work of hazards and risk analysis is to identify and analyse hazards, the
event sequences leading to hazards and the risk associated with hazardous events. In this project,
risk assessment is performed based on flow chart below:-

4.1 Identify the Hazard

The first step to create risk assessment report is determining what kind of hazards that the
employees and construction site face. Record them in “Hazard” column and list each hazard in a
separate row.

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4.2 Decide who might be harmed and how

Look around the working places and think how the employees could be harmed by the
activities or other external factor. For every hazard that already identify in step one, think about who
will be harmed should the hazard the place.

4.3 Evaluate the risk and decide on the precautious

After gather a list of potential hazards, the likelihood of the hazard will be occurred need to be
considered and how severe the consequences will be if that hazard occurs. When evaluate the risk,
Table
4.1 and 4.2 should be taken into account so that risk rating value can be produce.

Table 4.0: A guide to likelihood rating

Level Likelihood Description

1 Rare
2 Remote
3 Occasional
4 Frequent
5 Almost Certain
Not expected to occur but still possible
Not likely to occur under normal circumstances
Possible or known to occur
Common occurrence
Continual or repeating experience

Table 4.1: A guide to severity rating

Level Severity Description

1 Catastrophic
2 Major
3 Moderate
4 Minor
5 Negligible
Table 4.3: 5x5 Risk matrix with numeric (quantity) and word (quality) rating
Death, fatal diseases or multiple major injuries.
Serious injuries or life-threatening occupational diseases
(includes amputations, major fractures, multiple injuries,
occupational cancers, acute poisoning, disabilities and
deafness).
Injury or ill-health requiring medical treatment (includes
lacerations, burns, sprains, minor fractures, dermatitis and
work-related upper limb disorders).
Injury or ill-health requiring first-aid only (includes minor
cuts and bruises, irritation, ill-health with temporary
discomfort).
Negligible injury.

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Risk rating = likelihood x severity

4.4 Record your findings and implement them

After evaluate the risk, we are required by law to write down the risk assessment process. The
report or plan should be included the hazards that already found, the people that affected and how to
mitigate them. The report or risk assessment plan should show how to:-

i. Conducted a proper check of working place

ii. Determine who would be affected
iii. Controlled and dealt with obvious hazards
iv. Initiated precautions to keep risks low

4.5 Review assessment

The working place is always changing, so the risks also change as well. As new equipment,
processes, and people are introduced, each brings the risk of a new hazard. Continually review and
update the risk assessment process to keep alert of these new hazards

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5.0 HIRARC TABLE

Table 5.0: Hirarc Table of Masonry Works

1. Hazard Identification 2. Risk Analysis 3. Risk Control 4. Legislation

Work Hazard Effect Likeli Severit Risk Risk Control Measures OSHA 1994, FMA
Activity hood y Rating Classification 1967, BOWECS
1986

1. Mortar Expose to Potential to 3 3 9 Medium Administrative Control Part II, Regulation

mixing contact or sustain (AC) 11, BOWECS 1986
works splash by dermatitis and i. To conduct periodic
wet cement eye injury inspection on mixing Part II, Regulation
mixture machinery and mortar. 13, BOWECS 1986
ii. Work must be carried out
by trained personnel. Section 17(1), Act
PPE Control (PC) 1994, OSHA 1994
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
water proof safety
shoes/boots and water proof
hand gloves, safety vest and
safety face protection.

Expose to Potential to 3 4 12 Medium Engineering Control (EC) Section 17(2), Act

contact with sustain serious i. Machine guarding must 1994, OSHA 1994
moving and body injury be fixed on moving and
dangerous dangerous part of Part II, Section 15,
part of machinery. Act 139, FMA 1967
machinery Administrative Control
(AC)

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 i. Work must be carried out
by trained personnel.
ii. To provide and install
signage and notice on
hazard.
PPE Control (PC)
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest and working gloves.

Excessive Potential to 5 2 10 Medium Engineering Control (EC) Section 15, Act 1994,
manual sustain body i. To maximize usage of OSHA 1994
handling injury and machinery aid to minimize
Musculoskeletal manual handling. Section 17(1), Act
Disorder Administrative Control 1994, OSHA 1994
Syndrome (AC)
(MSDs) i. To organise work rotation. Section 24, Act 1994,
ii. Work must be carried out OSHA 1994
by trained personnel.
iii. Never try to lift heavy Part II, Section 12,
object by yourself. Act 139, FMA 1967
PPE Control (PC)
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest and working gloves.
Exposed to Potential to 5 3 15 High Engineering Control (EC) Section 17(1), Act
excessive sustain hearing i. Ensure engine 1994, OSHA 1994
noise loss endorsement cover is fully
closed. Part II, Section 18,
Administrative Control Act 139, FMA 1967
(AC)

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 i. To organise work rotation.
ii. To provide standing
supervision.
iii. To conduct Tool Box
Talk on noise hazard
prevention.
PPE Control (PC)
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest and ear plugs or ear
muff.

2. Brick Exposed to Potential to 4 2 8 Medium Administrative Control Section 17(1), Act

and crush by sustain finger (AC) 1994, OSHA 1994
compressed brick or injury i. Work must be carried out
block compressed by trained bricklayer.
laying block ii. Ensure compliances of
works Safe Work Instruction.
iii. To grasp one brick or
compressed block at a time.

PPE Control (PC)

i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest and working gloves.

Unsecured Falling object 4 5 20 High Engineering Control (EC) Part VI, Regulation
brick or potential to hit i. To install catch platform. 43, BOWECS 1986

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compressed and cause head ii. To cordon below of
block injury and fatal. laying work location to Section 17(1), Act
prevent unauthorised entry. 1994, OSHA 1994
Administrative Control
(AC)
i. To ensure that there are
no loose brick or
compressed block pallets
are placed too close to
building edges.
ii. To keep bricks on
platform only at minimum
or allowable number.
PPE Control (PC)
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots and
safety vest.
Excessive Potential to 5 2 10 Medium Engineering Control (EC) Section 15, Act 1994,
manual sustain body i. To maximize usage of OSHA 1994
handling injury and machinery aid to minimize
Musculoskeletal manual handling. Section 17(1), Act
Disorder 1994, OSHA 1994
Syndrome Administrative Control
(MSDs) (AC) Section 24, Act 1994,
i. To organise work rotation. OSHA 1994
ii. Work must be carried out
by trained personnel. Part II, Section 12,
iii. Never try to lift heavy Act 139, FMA 1967
object by yourself.
PPE Control (PC)

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 i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest and working gloves.

Expose to Potential to 3 2 6 Medium Administrative Control Part II, Regulation

contact with sustain (AC) 11, BOWECS 1986
wet cement dermatitis i. To conduct periodic
mixture inspection on mixing Part II, Regulation
machinery and mortar. 13, BOWECS 1986
ii. Work must be carried out
by trained personnel. Section 17(1), Act
PPE Control (PC) 1994, OSHA 1994
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
water proof safety
shoes/boots and water proof
hand gloves, safety vest and
safety face protection.

Exposed to Potential to fall 3 4 12 Medium Engineering Control (EC) Part VII, Regulation
fall while from height and i. To install horizontal and 53, BOWECS 1986
working at may cause fatal vertical life line.
height ii. To install temporary Section 17(1), Act
guard rails as an edge 1994, OSHA 1994
protection.
Administrative Control Part VI, Regulation
(AC) 24, BOWECS 1986
i. To provide full time
supervision.
ii. Employees must be
trained to work at height.
PPE Control (PC)

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 i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest, working gloves and
body hamess.

3. Excessive Potential to 5 2 10 Medium Engineering Control (EC) Section 15, Act 1994,
Plastering manual sustain body i. To maximize usage of OSHA 1994
works handling injury and machinery aid to minimize
Musculoskeletal manual handling. Section 17(1), Act
Disorder Administrative Control 1994, OSHA 1994
Syndrome (AC)
(MSDs) i. To organise work rotation. Section 24, Act 1994,
ii. Work must be carried out OSHA 1994
by trained personnel.
iii. Never try to lift heavy Part II, Section 12,
object by yourself. Act 139, FMA 1967
PPE Control (PC)
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest and working gloves.
Expose to Potential to 3 3 9 Medium Administrative Control Part II, Regulation
contact with sustain (AC) 11, BOWECS 1986
wet cement dermatitis i. Work must be carried out
mixture by trained personnel. Part II, Regulation
ii. To organise work 13, BOWECS 1986
rotation.
iii. To conduct Tool Box Section 17(1), Act
Talk on dermatitis hazard 1994, OSHA 1994
and control prior to laying
work.
PPE Control (PC)

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 i. Wearing of safety helmet,
water proof safety
shoes/boots and water proof
hand gloves, high visibility
safety vest and safety face
protection.

Exposed to Potential to fall 3 4 12 Medium Engineering Control (EC) Part VII, Regulation
fall while from height and i. To install horizontal and 53, BOWECS 1986
working at may cause fatal vertical life line.
height ii. To install temporary Section 17(1), Act
guard rails as an edge 1994, OSHA 1994
protection.
Part VI, Regulation
Administrative Control 24, BOWECS 1986
(AC)
i. To provide standing
supervision.
ii. Employees must be
trained to work at height.
iii. To conduct Tool Box
Talk on working at height
hazard and control prior to
plastering work.
PPE Control (PC)
i. Wearing of safety helmet,
safety shoes/boots, safety
vest, working gloves and
body hamess.

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6.0 DISCUSSION

Based on the HIRARC Table that has been constructed with the analysis of likelihood,
severity and risk, the safety and health hazard are identified. The most critical health hazard is exposed
to excessive noise while mixing mortar. The consequence of being exposed to excessive noise is
having a potential to sustain hearing loss.

Exposed to excessive noise has been viewed as one of the most frequently incident that
happen to workers during the construction. The noise is come from the machinery that used during
mixing the mortar, since the project are quite big, therefore it might be hard to mix the mortar
manually due to the enormous amount of mortar need to produce. Consequently, this hazard might be
inevitable but we can control it by recommend some control measures that employer and employees
can take. The recommendations are as in table 6.1:-

Table 6.0: Recommendations for the most critical health hazard

Hierarchy of Control Control Measures

i. Ensure engine enclosement cover is fully closed.
Engineering Control (EC)
 This method can reduce the sound of the machinery
i. To organise work rotation.
 Doing the work at regular intervals of time and shifted between
two or more other employees in order to reduce the expose time
of an employee to the noise.
ii. To provide standing supervision.
Administrative Control (AC)  An area or a place where the engineer or supervisor stand to
supervise work done by employees (workers who do the mixing
mortar)
iii. To conduct Tool Box Talk on noise hazard prevention.
 Conduct an informal safety meeting about noise hazard and
safety work practices.
i. Wearing of safety helmet, safety shoes/boots, safety vest
and ear plugs or ear muff.
 Wearing ear plugs are the most important thing when doing a
PPE Control (PC)
work that involves excessive noise. It helps the workers to
reduce the effect of being work in the noise or even prevent
us
from hearing loss.

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 From HIRARC the most critical safety hazard is unsecured brick or compressed block and
exposed to fall while working at height with risk rating of 20. The consequence of unsecured bricks is
the falling object has potential to hit and cause head injury and fatal to workers.

Unsecured brick or block categorized as hazard is because the building is a two-storey house,
which means that the unsecured materials can fall from the second floor of the building. Although, it
seems that the hazard is insignificant, but it can causes head injury and even bring someone
(employees) to death.

For example, there is an employee walk under the working place without a wearing safety
helmet then, the bricks happen to fall on him, this can cause an injury if the bricks hit other part of the
body except of head which can bring him to death if the bricks hit on the head. Therefore, some
controls measure need to be taken to avoid this kind of hazard. Table 6.1 show the recommendations
that employees and employer can take to reduce the effect of hazard.

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 Table 6.1: Recommendations for the most critical safety hazard
Hierarchy of Control
Engineering Control (EC)
Administrative Control (AC)
PPE Control (PC)
Control Measures
i. To install catch platform.
 Catch platforms should be erected along the exterior faces of the
exterior walls to prevent injury to the public below.
ii. To cordon below of laying work location to prevent
unauthorised entry.
 This way can protect public or unauthorised person from getting
injured in a place where they cannot entered.
i. To ensure that there are no loose brick or compressed block
pallets are placed too close to building edges.
 This is to prevent an accident where the bricks fall from
height place. It is safe to put it near to the centre of the floor.
ii. To keep bricks on platform only at minimum or allowable
number.
 Do not put too much bricks on a platform. It is because the
platform can withstand with limited load on it.
i. Wearing of safety helmet, safety shoes/boots and safety vest.
 By wearing safety helmet and safety boots, it can protect
some part of body from getting a direct hit from the bricks
that fall from height place.
 Safety vests are made out of fluorescent colours and reflective
materials to make the worker easily seen in all conditions.
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7.0 CONCLUSION
The risk of workplace injury or illness or disorder varies both across and within occupation
and industry, and workers' exposure to such risks varies across the course of their lives. Therefore,
analyses that attempt to explain life course health outcomes or that use health characteristics as
variables to help explain major life course transitions such as retirement should have good information
on these health and safety risks.

In order to reduce the hazard or most critical hazard rate, the employer should show
commitment towards safety and health practices and should follow all the requirement for
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). Therefore give full priority and enforce the safety and health
rules in work place.

Besides, the hierarchy of control must be used in order to minimize and control the most
critical hazard that exist at the workplace. This is to ensure the safety culture can be implemented in an
organization and the management and workers have to take part in any safety and health program and
give a full cooperation when comes to safety and health issues.

Lastly, occupational safety is very important and it is the joint responsibility of all: the
government, employer and the worker.

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8.0 REFERENCES

[1] (1994, Febuary 24). Retrieved from Occupational Safety and Health Act 19944:
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/acts/23-02-occupational-safety-and-health-act-
1994-act-514/file

[2] Construction Knowledge.net. (2007-2010). Retrieved from Masonry:

https://www.constructionknowledge.net/masonry/masonry_masonry.php

[3] Contractors Insurance. (n.d.). Retrieved from 7 Recommended Safety Precautions for Masonry
Contractors: https://contractorsinsurance.org/masonry-contractors-safety-tips/

[4] Dosh.gov.my. (2008). Retrieved from Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assesment
and Risk Control: http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/guidelines/hirarc-2/1846-01-
guidelines-for-hazard-identification-risk-assessment-and-risk-control-hirarc-2008/file

[5] Factories And Machinery Act 1967. (1986, September 30). Retrieved from
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/legislation/eregulations/regulations-under-factories-and-
machinery-act-1967-act-139/508-06-factories-and-machinery-building-operations-and-works-
of-engineering-construction-safety-regulations-1986/file

[6] Hamakareem, M. I. (n.d.). The constructor. Retrieved from Brick Masonry Definition, Types
and Construction: https://theconstructor.org/building/brick-masonry-definition-types-
construction/25916/

[7] Trotto, S. (2017, May 28). Safety Health Magazine. Retrieved from Understanding
Occupational Skin disorders: https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/15644-
understanding-occupational-skin-disorders