FA 6.6 - Afk°mfdhktc
mfdhktc `crnzcktfa

Cutujrc :<6>

6
 

6 Nktrcou
cou°mˑ
fc
6.6
6.6 Cjbh
jbhtn
tnv
vc
Cjthr, pfrf ud afk°mmfdhktcfdhktc `crnzcktfa oh udf mhrtf faturf, f rhaf°mmˑˑfc
fc hktrh
c famfkmh
famf kmh o
occ prc b¿hhtna
tna h f su
suff vhacmnofo
vhacmnofohh nknmnfa.

6.:
6.: Iuk
ukof
ofdh
dhk
ktc
tcss th¿
thcrnmcs
crnmcs
¿
C dcvndhktc pfrfj¿canmccanmc oh quhof oh ud mcrpc mfrfthrnzf-sh pcr ocns dcvn-
dhktcs rhtna
rht na¿¿Ķkhcs phrp
phrphkonmuafrhs
hkonmuafrhs h nkohphkohkths hktrh sn2
•   Kf onrh°mˑ
mfˑfcc `crnzcktfa kˑffcc ftuf khk`udf icr°mmff phac quh f fmhahrf°mmˑˑffcc
¿h ku
kuaf
af (shgukoc
(shgukoc c hnx Acgc,,   I 
hnxcc ocs xx). Acgc  x   4    
<   ⇚   f x   4    
<, acgc c
dcvndhktc
dcvnd hktc ¿h ukn
uknicr
icrdh.
dh.
•   Kf
onrh°mˑ
mfˑfcc vhrtnmfa ftuf fphkfs f icr°mf mf gr
grfv
fv¿¿Ķt
Ķtnm f,  I 
nmf,  g .
       
Acgc, I y   4 I g   ⇚  f y   4  f g   ⇚  f y   4 g , aacgc
cgc c dcvndhktc
d cvndhktc ¿h uknic
uknicrdh.
rdh.
 6 :
quh   x(t) 4  x < + v
]fjh-sh quh   +  v<x t + : fx t , hd quh  quh   fx   4 < h   x<  4 <, h pcrtfktc2
  xi 
xi   4  v <x t ⇟ t  4 (]N 
]N ))
v<x
]fjh-sh quh y  +  v<y t +   :6 fy t: , hd quh 
quh  y((t) 4  y< + v quh   fy   4  g,
 g , h pcrtfktc2
 6
y(t) 4  y < + gt: (]N 
]N ))
:
\frf sh fm`fr f rhaf°mˑ mfˑfcc hktrh
hktrh c famf
famfkmh
kmh,, x, h f vhacmn
hacmnof
ofoh
oh nknm
nknmnf a,   v<x
nfa,
  x
sujstntun-sh kf hquf°mˑ
mˑffc, t
c,  t  p
 pcr
cr v x . \frf fa¿hhd
<
d onssc, kc dcdhktc oc ndpfmtc
oc mcrpc mcd c m`ˑffc,
c, quh ohstknr¿f c famfkmh, f faturf oc mcrpc ¿h kua kuaff phac
quh   y  4 <. Acgc2
quh

x  :
 6 i 
< 4  y< +   × g
: v<x
:
6
x  i 
⇟ √  × g 4  y<
: v<x
x  :
i  : × y<
⇟ 4√
v<x g
xi 
  : × y<
⇟ 4 √
v<x g

:
 

Mcdc   g  4
Mcdc √6< (d/s: )2

xi  y<
4
v<x
 8   (]N 
]N ))

Fssnd hst¿f hkmcktrfof f rhaf°mˑmfc

fˑc th¿ccrnmf
rnmf hktrh f vhacmnofoh nknmnfa h c famfkmh
oc mcrpc kc afk°mmfdhkt
fdhktcc `crnzck
`crnzcktfa
tfa,, quh rhv
rhvhaf
haf shr udf mckstfk
mckstfkth.th. Hst
Hstff
rhaf°mˑ
mfˑfcc pcoh shr fkfansfof kud gr¿ffstmc
stmc oh famfkmh hd iuk°mmˑˑffcc of vhacmnofoh
nknmnfa.

: \hrguktfs pr¿
h
h-afjcrftcrnfns
-afj crftcrnfns
6   - Kc afk°mmfdhktc
fdhktc `crnzcktfa, f trfbht¿ccrnf
rnf ohsmrntf phac mcrpc rhsuatf of
scjrhpcsn°mˑ
mˑffcc oh ocns dcvndhktcs2 ud kf onrh°mmˑˑffcc `crnzcktfa h cutrc shgukoc
f vhrtnmfa.

6.6- Mafssnstquh, bustnstmfkoc, hsshs dcvndhktcs shgukoc mfof udf ofs

onrh°mˑ
mcˑchs.
hs.
Zhspcstf2 C dcv dcvnd ndhk
hktc
tc kc afk°mmfdhktc
fdhktc `crnzcktfa pcoh ohmcdpcr-sh
hd ocns dcvndhktcs snduatˉffkhcs khcs h nkohphkohkths2 dcvn dcvndhktc
dhktc `crnzc
`crnzcktfa
ktfa h
dcvndhktc
dcvn dhktc vhrvhrtnmfa.
tnmfa. Zhaftnv
Zhaftnvfdhk
fdhkth th lf onrh°mmˑˑffcc `crnzcktfa, pcohdcs fstrdfr
quh c mcrpc thd ud dcvndhktc uknicrdh, vnstc quh kˑfc fc `¿f khk`udf icr°mmff
f ftufr scjrh hah, h, pcrtfktc, kˑfc fc hxnsth fmhahrf°mmˑˑfc. fc. FsFssn
snd,
d, f su suff vhacmn
hacmn--
ofoh ¿h mck
mckstfkth
stfkth,, shg
shgukoc
ukoc f prn prndhnrf
dhnrf ahn oh Khwtc Khwtck. k. B¿f hd rhaf°mmˑˑfc
fc lf onrh°mmˑˑffcc
vhrtnmfa,
vhrtn mfa, pcohdcs fstrdfr quh c mcrpc dfkt dfkt¿¿hhd d ud dcvn dcvndhktc
dhktc uknicrdh-
dhkth fmhahrfoc. Nstc pcrquh c mcrpc nknmnfadhkth thd udf vhacmnofoh kuaf
h hkmcktrf-sh uknmfdhkth subhntc lf f°mˑ mfˑfcc of icr°mmff of grf grfvn
vnof
ofoh.
oh. Fs Fssnsnd,
d, f
rhsuatfkth ofs icr°mfs
mf s ¿h nguf
ngufaa lf icr°mmff ggrfv
rfv¿¿Ķtnmf, phac quh khstf onrh°mmˑˑffcc c mcrpc
foqunrh udf fmhahrf°mˑ mfˑfcc ngufa lf fmhahrf°mˑ mˑffcc gr
grfvfv¿¿Ķt
Ķtnm
nmf.
f.

6.:  - ]hahmnckh f cp°mˑ

mfˑfcc quh mcdpahtf mcrrhtfdhkth f shgunkth irfsh.
Kc afk°mfdhktc
mfdhktc `crnzcktfa c thdpc oh vcc ohphkoh oc dcvndhktc kf
h c famf
famfkm
kmhh oh
ohphk
phkoh
oh oc dc dcvn
vndh
dhk ktc .
Zhspcstf2 Cpmˑ °mfˑfcc (J) ..
.... vhrtn
vhrtnmfa
mfa ...
... hd fd
fdjfs
jfs fs on
onrh°
rh°mmˑˑcchs.
hs. C th
thdp
dpcc
oh vcc ohphkoh of faturf of quhof, phac quh nr¿f ohphkohr oc dcvndhktc kf
vhrtnmfa.
\cr suf vhz, c famfkmh ohphkoh of faturf of quhof - dcvndhktc vhrtnmfa - h
of vhacmnofoh nknmnfa quh s¿c sh vhrnstmf kc hnxc ocs xx - dcvndhktc `crnzcktfa.
Acgc, ohphkoh oh fdjfs fs onrh°mˑ mcˑchs.
hs.

=
 

6.=  - F grfkohzf i¿Ķsnmf quh vfrnf mcd f faturf oh quhof h mcd c d¿

ccouac
ouac
of vhacmnofoh oh afk°mfdh
mf dhktc
ktc ¿h ...
Zhspcstf2 Cpmˑ °mˑffcc (m) ... c famf
famfkm
kmh.
h. C famf
famfkmh
kmh `c
`crnz
rnzck
cktfa
tfa oh
ohphk
phkoh
oh oc
d¿ccouac
ouacicr
dhkcr offvhacmnofoh
vhacmnofoh,ohdhkcr
afk°mmfdhkt
fdh ktc
f cc hfamfkmh
shr¿ of faturf oh quhof.
(mcdc Fssnd,
Fssnd,hd
ohdckstrfoc qufk
qufktc
6.:tc-
Iukofdhktcs th¿crnmcs).
crnmcs).

6.?- \rhvhbf, pfrf udf ofof faturf oh afk°mmfdhktc,

fdhktc, mcdc sh rhafmnckf c
famfkmh oc mcrpc h of vhacmnofoh oh afk°mmfdhktc.
fdhktc.
Zhspcstf2   x(t) 4   v< t, acgc, fudhktfkoc c vfacr of vhacmnofoh nknmnfa
(v< ), c famfkmh (x
(xi ) fudhktfr¿f prcpcrmnckfadhk
prcpcrmnckfadhkth.th. Ondnk
Ondnkunkoc
unkoc c vfacr of
vhacmnofoh nknmnfa, c famfkmh ondnkunr¿f prcpc
prcpcrmn
rmnckfa
ckfadhk
dhkth.
th. \coh
\cohdcs
dcs hktˑffcc
mckstftfr quh, c famfkmh h f vhacmnofoh nknmnfa sˑffcc onrhtfdh
onrhtfdhkth
kth prcpcrmnckf
prcpcrmnckfns.
ns.

= Dfthrnfns
Dfthrnfns h d¿
d¿
htcocs
htcocs
=.6
=.6 Df
Dfth
thrn
rnfn
fnss
•  Mfa`f oh faturf vfrn¿ffvha
vha

•   Hsihrf

•   Int
Intff d¿htrn
htrnmf
mf

•  \
 \fp
fpha
ha qu¿ĶĶdnm
d nmcc

•   Ica`fs jrfkmfs

•   Intf-mcaf

•   M¿
hhaua
a uaff ictc
ictcha¿
ha¿htrn
ht rnmf
mf h on
ongn
gntt¿Ķd
Ķdht
htrc
rc

•   Mrfvhnrf

•  ]upcrth uknvhrsfa, gfrrfs h kczhs

•   Mˉ
ffdfrf
dfrf oh stadfr

?
 

=.:
=.: Hs
Hsqu
quhd
hdf
f oh dc
dck
ktfgh
tfghd
d

Ingurf 62 Hsquhdf oh dcktfghd

=.= D¿
htcocs
htco cs
•  Dhonu-sh c onˉfdhtrc
fdhtrc of jcaf mcd rhmursc f udf mrfvhnrf
•  Afrgcu-sh oh   \ 6  pfrf sh sfjhr f pcsn°mmˑfc
f hsihrf oh  ˑfc fprcxnd
fprcxndfof
fof oc s¿Ķtnc
oh ndpfmtc of dhsdf mcd c m`ˑffcc h prhkohu-sh udf ica`f qufornmuafof
f fjrfkghr hssh acmfa5
•  Inzhrfd-sh dfrmf°mˑ
mˑcchs
hs k
kff ic
ica`f
a`f qufor
qufornmuafof
nmuafof oh 8 hd 8 mhkt mhkt¿¿Ķdhtrcs oh
dcoc f shr pcss
pcss¿¿Ķvh
Ķvhaa hstfjhahmhr f rhaf°mmˑˑfc
fc hktrh f pcsn°mmˑˑfc
fc oc ndpfmtc
of hsihrf mcd c m`ˑffcc h c shu famfkmh5 *
•   \rhpfrcu-
\rhpfrcu-sh
sh c ongnt
ongnt¿¿Ķdhtrc pfrf dhonr c thdpc oh pfssfghd of hsihrf
phaf
ph af m¿hhaua
a uaff ictc
ictcha¿
ha¿htrn
htrnmf
mf55
•  Afrgcu-sh f hsihrf oufs vhzhs oh mfof udf ofs pcsn°mmˑˑchs
chs 6, : h = (rhpr
(rhprh-
h-
pcr   \ 6 ,   \ :   h   \ = )5
shktfofs pcr 
•   Grfvcu-sh mcd f mˉffdfrf
dfrf oh stadfr c dcdhktc oh ndpfmtc of hsihrf
mcd f ica`f qufornmuafof quh sh hkmcktrfvf kc m`ˑffc5
c5
•   Ynsufanzcu-sh f grfvf°mˑ
mˑffcc pfrf sh sfjhr c famfkmh of hsihrf5
•  Zhgnstfrfd-sh cs vfacrhs oc thdpc oh pfssfghd h oc famfkmh of hsihrf,
pfrf mfof hksfnc.
(*) Nknmnfadhkth pfrf sh hstfjhahmhr hstf dhsdf rhaf°mmˑˑffcc icn usfoc ud
pfpha qu¿
qu¿Ķdnmc, quh pcr sh rhvhafr nkhstmnhkth, icn sujstntu
sujstntu¿¿Ķoc phac pcktc fprh-
shktfoc.

8
 

? Cjshrvfmˑ
°
mchs
cˑhs hihtufofs
C famfkmh
famfk mh fu
fudhktf
dhktf mcd c ffudhktc
udhktc of vhacmnofoh oc pr
prcb¿
cb¿hhtna.
tna.

8 Zhsuatfocs

Mckstfkth Yfacr
`   0>.< ¶ <.6 (md
0>. md))
g   √6< (d/s: )
Onˉffdht
dhtrc jcaff :.>? ¶ <.<6 (md
rc of jca md))

_fjhaf 62 Mckstfkths hxphrndhktfns

\csn°mˑ
mˑffcc nk
nknnmnfa
mnfa t   ¶   <.6
<.6 (d
(ds)
s) Famf
Famfkmh
kmh   ¶  <.8 (md)
60.> 99.8
6
\  60.> 9?.<
67.7 9>.<
\ :
67.6 9>.<
69.7 7?.<
\ =
69.8 7=.<
_fjhaf :2 Zhsuatfocs hxphrndhktfns

9 Fk¿
fansh
fansh ocs rhsuatfocs
Cs rhsuatfocs crgfknzfrfd-s
crgfknzfrfd-shh hd oufs tfjhafs h hd ocns gr¿ffstmc stmc quh phrdnthd
hstfjhahmhr f rhaf°mˑ
mfˑfcc hktrh f vhacmnofoh nknmnfa of hsihrf h c famfkmh of dhsdf.
F _fjhaf = fprhshktf cs vfacrhs hxphrndhktfns prcv¿fvhns fvhns oc thdpc oh
pfssfghd
pfssf ghd of hsihr
hsihrff p phaf
haf m¿hhauaf
auaf ictcs
ictcsshks¿
shks¿ĶĶvha
vha h oc shu famfk
famfkmh.
mh.

\csn°mˑ
mfˑfcc nk
nknm
nmnf
nfaa t prc
prcv¿
v¿
ffvha
vha   ¶   <.6
<.6 (d
(ds)
s) Famf
Famfkmh
kmh prc
prcv¿
v¿fvha
fvha   ¶  <.8 (md)
\ 6   60.> 98.=
\ :   67.? 9>.<
\ =   69.9 7=.8

_fjhaf =2 Yfacrhs hxphrndhktfns prcv¿ffvhns

vhns

Mcdc c onˉffdhtrc
dhtrc of hsi
hsihrf
hrf ¿h :.>? md cu <.<
<.<:>?
:>? d hk
hktˑ
tˑffcc f vhacmnofoh
nknmnfa,   v< , pcohr¿f shr mfamuafof phac qucmnhkth hktrh c shu onˉffdhtrc
dhtrc h c

9
 

\ c k t c s  H x p h r n d h k t f n s      

F b u s t h      

< . 7 :      

 )

 d

 y 4 < . = 9 x + < . < > 

 (
< . 7 <      

 h

 m

 k

 f

 m

 a

thdpc prcv¿ffvha
vha o
ohh p
pfssfg
fssfghd
hd o
off dh
dhsdf
sdf phaf m¿hauaf
hauaf ictcs
ictcsshks¿
shks¿ĶĶvha.
vha. Cs vfacrh
vfacrhss
< . 9 0      

 F

of vhacmnofoh,
vhacmnofoh, jhd mcdc oc famfkmh, fprhshkt
fprhshktfd-sh
fd-sh kf _ _fjhaf
fjhaf ?. Kf Ingurf :
< . 9 9      

fprhshktfd-sh cs pcktcs oh famfkmh prcv¿ffvha

vha hd iuk°mmˑˑffcc of vhacmnofoh nknmnfa

6 . 8 8
prcv¿
ffvha,
vha, jhd mcdc f rhtf oh fbusth fcs dhsdcs.
6 . 9 < 6 . 9 8 6 . 7 < 6 . 7 8      

mˑffcc nknmnfa   v<  prcv¿ffvha

\csn°mˑ vha   ¶   <.<
<.<66 ((d/s
d/s)) Fam
Famfkmh
fkmh prc
prcv¿
v¿
Y

fvha
fvha   ¶  <.<<6 (d)
h a c m n o f o h  n k n m n f a  ( d / s )    

\ 6   6.88 <.98=

\ :   6.9> <.9><
\ =   6.77 <.7=8

_fjhaf ?2 Yfacrhs of vhacmnofoh nknmnfa h famfkmh prcv¿fvhns

fvhns

Ingurf :2 Fbusth fcs pcktcs hxphrndhktfns vhacmnofoh h famfkmh

Zhgrhssˑffcc ankhfr2   y  4 dx
 4  dx +  j
 + j
C vfacr oc ohmanvh of rhtf oh fbusth fcs pcktcs hxphrndhktfns of vh-
acmnofoh h oc famfkmh (<.=9 s) rhprhshktf c qucmnhkth hktrh c famfkmh h f
vhacmnofoh nknmnfa, jhd mcdc c thdpc oh vcc - mcdc sh pcoh vhrnstmfr hd 6.:
- Iukofdhk
ukofdhktcstcs th¿ccrnmcs.
rnmcs. Fssnd c hrrc hxphrndhk
hxphrndhktfa tfa shrnf oh 68%, vnstc quh
c vfacr rhfa ohsth qucmnhkth - cu oc thdpc oh vcc - ¿h oh fprcx fprcxndfofdh
ndfofdhkth kth
<.?:: s.
Kc hktfktc, mcdc f rhaf°mˑmˑffcc hhktrh
ktrh fs o
oufs
ufs vfrn¿ffvhns
vhns ¿h oh prc
prcpc
pcrmn
rmnckf
ckfano
anofoh
foh
onrhtf pcoh
p coh fssudnr-sh quh c vfacr of ccrohkfof
rohkfof kf crnghd ¿h < h fssnd, trf°mfr mfr
udf kcvf rhgrhssˑffcc ankhfr. Hstf rhprhshktf°mmˑˑffcc hkmcktrf-sh kf Ingurf =. Mcd
jfsh khsth fbusth, c hrrc hxphrndhktfa shrnf oh :%.

7
 

\ c k t c s  H x p h r n d h k t f n s      

F b u s t h      

< . 7 :      

 )

 y 4 < . ? 6 8 x

< . 7 <      

 d

 (

 h

 m

 k

 f

< . 9 0      

 m

 a

 F

< . 9 9      

< . 9 ?      

6 . 8 8 6 . 9 < 6 . 9 8 6 . 7 < 6 . 7 8      

Y h a c m n o f o h  n k n m n f a  ( d / s )    

Ingurf =2 Fbusth fcs pcktcs hxphrndhktfns vhacmnofoh h famfkmh

Zhgrhssˑffcc ankhfr2   y  4 dx
 4  dx

7 Vuhstchs
chs p¿
ˑ cs-afjcrftcrnfns
cs-afjcrftcrnfns
6- C quh sngknstmf onzhr quh ud mcrpc ¿h afk°mmfoc
foc `crnzcktfadhkth3
Zhspcstf2 Onzhr quh ud mcrpc ¿h afk° mmfoc
foc `crnzcktfadhkth sngknstmf quh
ud mcrpc, quh sh hkmcktrf f udf mhrtf faturf oc scac, f pfrtnr oh ud ohthr-
dnkfoc nkstfkth stmf subhntc fphkfs fc shu phsc h nknmnf hssh dcvndhktc mcd
udf vhacmnofoh pfrfahaf fc pafkc `crnzcktfa, oh dfkhnrf f quh hssh dhsdc
mcrpc mfnf of suphri
suphri¿¿Ķmnh hd quh sh hkmcktrf, ohsmrhvhkoc udf trf bht¿ccrnf
rnf pf-
rfj¿canmf.
canmf. \hac quh, c shu dcvndhktc pcoh shr mcksnohrfoc mcdc c rhsuatfoc
of mcdpcsn°mˑ
mˑffcc oh ocns dcvndhktcs snduatˉffkhcs
khcs h nkohphkohk
nkohphkohkths2
ths2 ud dcvn
dcvn--
dhktc vhrtnmfa h ud dcvndhktc `crnzcktfa, hd quh c vfacr oc d¿ccouac ouac of
vh
vhacmn
acmnofoh
ofoh nknmn
nknmnfafa shgu
shgukockoc c hnx
hnxcc ocs xx ¿h dfn
dfncr
cr quh < d/s h c vfacfacrr of
vhacmnofoh
vhacmnofoh nknmnf
nknmnfaa shgukoc c hnxc ocs yy ¿h ngufa f < d/s.

:- If°mmf
f ud hsjc°mmcc of trfbht¿ccrnf
rnf oc dcvndhktc fp¿ccss c mcrpc fjfkockfr
f mfa`f ft¿h ftnkgnr c scac.
Zhspcstf2 Ingurf ?

0
 

y  <

 y

F a m f k m h      

 x    

Ingurf ?2 _rfbht¿ccrnf
rnf oc dcvndhktc

=- Vuh icr°mmfs
fs ftufd scjrh c mcrpc ourfkth c vcc3
Zhpcstf2 Icr° mmff grfv
grfv¿¿ĶĶtnmf
tnmf h f rhsnstˉhhkmnf
kmnf oc fr quh, kc mckthxtc of hx-
phrnˉ
phr nˉhhkmnf,
kmnf , icn ohspr
ohsprhzfof
hzfof..

?- Zhprhshkth kc mcrpc cs vhtcrhs icr°mmf

f ggrfv
rfv¿¿Ķtnmf, vhacmn
vhacmnofoh
ofoh h fm
fmhahrf
hahrf°°mmˑˑffcc
hd trˉhs
hs dcdhktcs o
onihrhkths2
nihrhkths2 ndhonftfdhkth fp¿cs
cs sfnr of mfa`f, ourfkth c
vcc h ndhonftfdhkth fkths oh hdjfthr kc scac.
Zhspcstf2 Ingurf 8

>
 

Y h a c m n o f o h      

y  <

M c r p c      

I c r ç f  G r f v ä t n m f      

F m h a h r f ç í c      

 y

F a m f k m h      

 x    

Ingurf 82 Mcrpc h rhsphtnvcs vhtcrhs icr°mmff ggrfv

rfv¿¿Ķtnmf, vhacm
vhacmnofoh
nofoh h fm
fmhahrf
hahrf°°mmˑˑffcc
hd trˉhs
hs dcdhktc
dcdhktcss onihrh
onihrhkths
kths

8- \frtnkoc oh mcksnohrf°mˑ
mcˑchs
hs hkhrg¿hhtnmfs,
tnmfs, prhvhbf sh c d¿ccouac
ouac of vhac-
mnofoh mcd quh c mcrpc ftnkgh c scac ohphkoh oc d¿ccouac ouac of vhacmnofoh oh
sf¿
sf¿Ķof of mfa
mfa`f.
`f.
Zhspcstf2 Mc Mcdc
dc f icr
icr°°mmff onssnpf
onssnpftnvf
tnvf (f rhsns
rhsnstˉ
tˉhkmnf
hkmnf oc fr) ¿h ohspr
ohsprhz¿
hz¿fvha
fvha
hktˑffcc fs hkhrgnfs dhmˉffknmfs
knmfs nknmnfa h stkfa sˑffcc ngufns2

H dn   4  H di 
⇟   H  pgn  + H 
 +  H mn    4  H  pgi   + H mi   
 6  6
⇟   d g` n + vn:   4  d g` i   + vi :
: :
 6  6
⇟   `n + vn:   4  g
 g``i   + vi :
: :
 6  6 :
⇟   g`n  + vn:   4 vi    (`i  4 <) (]N (]N ))
: :

Fkfansfkoc f hxprhssˑffc, c, pcohdcs mckmaunr quh f vhacmnofoh mcd quh f

hsihrf ftnkgh c m`ˑffcc (vi ) ohphkoh of vhacmnofoh mcd quh ohnxcu f mfa`f (v
( vn ),
udf vhz quh hstˑffcc onrhtfdh
onrhtfdhkth
kth rhafmnck
rhafmnckfofs.
fofs.

6<
 

0 Mckm
Mc kmau
ausˑ
sˑ
fc
fc h fk¿
f k¿
fans
fa nsh
h mr
m r¿Ķt
Ķtnm
nmf
f
¿ oh sfanhktfr quh c ifmtc oh `fvhr fp
H fphkfs
hkfs trˉhhss pfrhs oh vfacrhs hxp
hxphrndhktfns,
hrndhktfns,

vhacmnofoh
hksfncs, tcrkf nknmnfa
f fk¿hffansh
famfkmh, h quh rhmca`nocs
ansh ocs ofocs f mfof ud ohstmnhkth
ohahs mcrrhspckohd
- ud dfncrfphkfs
k¿u
udhrcocns
dhrc oh
hksfncs thrnf phrdntnoc udf rhou°mˑ mfˑfcc ocs hrrcs hxphrndhktfns fahft¿ccrncs.
rncs. \cr
hssh dctnvc, usfkoc ocns dcohacs th¿ccrnmcs rnmcs onihrhkths, ¿h quh icrfd cjtnocs
ocns vfacrhs pfrf c hrrc hxphrndhktfa, ud ocs qufns (c oh 68%) quh kˑffcc
mcrrhspckonf oh udf icrdf mafrf mcd c dcohac th¿ccrnmc rnmc prhvnstc. Kc hktfktc,
sh sh icr°mmfr
fr f crohkfof kf crnghd f shr < c vfacr oc ohmanvh mcrrhspckoh,
fphsfr
fph sfr oh ud mhrtc hrrc hrrc,, fc vfac
vfacrr hsp
hsphrf
hrfoc
oc.. Kc hkthktfk
fktc,
tc, c ifmtc
ifmtc oh sh thr
icr°mmfoc
foc f croh
crohkfof
kfof kf crn crnghd
ghd f shr < ¿h sugh sughstnv
stnvcc oh udf rhtf quh pncr sh
fbustf fc mckbuktc ocs ofocs.
¿ oh rhihrnr quh c usc oh pfpha qu
H qu¿¿Ķdnmc kˑffcc sh rhvhacu prcvhntcsc khd
hstmnhkth
hstmnhk th pfrf f ohthrdn
ohthrdnkf° kf°mˑ
mfˑfcc oc famfkmh of hsihrf, udf vhz quh f dhsdf kˑffcc
tnk`f dfssf sustmnhkt
sustmnhkthh pfrf dfrmfr c pfpha. C usc oh pfpha qufornmuafoc mcd

df
dfr rmf
mf°°mmˑ
hsihrf ˑcchs
kc hsscac
oh 8icnhd 8 mhkt
c d¿mhkt¿¿Ķdhtr
hhtcoc
tcocĶdhtrcs
cs h f gr
hsmca`noc grfv
fvf°
pfrf f°mmˑ
ˑffcc hd mˉffdfrf
mcktcrkfr dfrf ahktf ochd
c prcjahdf hdjfth fof
quhstˑfc.c.
Mcdcc ¿h hxp
Mcd hxphmt
hmt¿¿ffvha,
vha, cs ofoc
ofocss hxtrf¿ĶĶocs
ocs ftrfv¿hhss of vnsufavnsufanzf°
nzf°mmˑˑfc
fc oc v¿Ķohc
Ķoh c hd
mˉffdfrf
dfrf ahktf sˑffcc pcumc hxftcs, c quh, hd pfrth, bustnstmf c hrrc fprhshktfoc.
Mckmaun-sh quh, mcdc prhvnstc thcrnmfdhkth, f rhaf°mmˑˑfc fc onrhtf hktrh f vh-
acmnofoh oh ud mcrpc h c shu famfkmh, kud afk°mmfdhktc fdh ktc `crnzcktfa
`crnz cktfa ¿h ofof
pcr2  
xi  y<
4   (]N 
]N ))
v<x 8
Yhrnstmf-sh fssnd quh c cjbhtnvc nknmnfa oc trfjfa`c icn mudprnoc.

Jnjancgrfstf
Dfmnha, Kc¿hhdnf
dnf ht fa. (:<6>).   Hu Ķsnmf 6: .
h f I¿ 6f hon°mmˑˑffc,
c, \crtc Hontcrf.
\crtc.

66