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Course No. : Drafting Technology 113

Course Title : Occupational Health and Safety Practices(OHSP)

Course No. : Drafting Technology 113

Course Title : This course will enable the students to get acquainted with the basics
of Architectural Drafting. Lettering equipment and materials& measurements. Procedures are
included in this course of study it is with an Occupational Safety and Health Program for
industrial and commercial establishments. It involves safety education, safe work practices,
recognition and elimination of health hazards, proper housekeeping in plant traffic, materials
handling and emergency treatment of industrial accident.
.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

After reading this MODULE, students should be able to:

 Discuss Graphics, its definition and why do we need to study Graphics
 Introduce Occupational Safety and Health Practices in Drafting
 Distinguish and introducetechniques in different Sketching and Pencil Drawing
 Know how to handle a Pencil in terms of different techniques
 Explain the shading Techniques in Pencil Drawing
 Familiarize with the different principles in creating depth with 3D Drawing.
 Applying and using Drawing techniques Still life, Fruits or Plants, Insects or Animal,
Landscape, Seascape, and Human figure Sketching
 Explain in planning and Preparing in Pencil Portrait
 Recognize the position and scale in Pencil Portrait
 Distinguish How to Draw Eyes, Nose, Lips and Ear
 Preparing of materials used for charcoal pencil
 Introducing and Applying technique in making Portraiture using charcoal pencil

INTRODUCTION

This Module provides trainees with general background information on occupational health
and safety, and on the magnitude and variety of health and safety problems worldwide, and
explains the role of the health and safety representative.

What is occupational health and safety?

Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many
specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it should aim at:

 the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social
well-being of workers in all occupations;
 the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working
conditions;
 the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors
adverse to health;
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 the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to

physical and mental needs;
 the adaptation of work to humans.

In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical
well-being of workers, that is the “whole person”.

Successful occupational health and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation
of both employers and workers in health and safety programmes, and involves the
consideration of issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology,
education, engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.

Occupational health issues are often given less attention than

occupational safety issues because the former are generally more difficult to confront.
However, when health is addressed, so is safety, because a healthy workplace is by definition
also a safe workplace. The converse, though, may not be true - a so-called safe workplace is
not necessarily also a healthy workplace. The important point is that issues of both health
and safety must be addressed in every workplace. By and large, the definition of
occupational health and safety given above encompasses both health and safety in their
broadest contexts.

Poor working conditions affect worker health and safety

 Poor working conditions of any type have the potential to affect a worker's health and
safety.
 Unhealthy or unsafe working conditions are not limited to factories — they can be
found anywhere, whether the workplace is indoors or outdoors. For many workers,
such as agricultural workers or miners, the workplace is “outdoors” and can pose
many health and safety hazards.
 Poor working conditions can also affect the environment workers live in, since the
working and living environments are the same for many workers. This means that
occupational hazards can have harmful effects on workers, their families, and other
people in the community, as well as on the physical environment around the
workplace. A classic example is the use of pesticides in agricultural work. Workers
can be exposed to toxic chemicals in a number of ways when spraying pesticides: they
can inhale the chemicals during and after spraying, the chemicals can be absorbed
through the skin, and the workers can ingest the chemicals if they eat, drink, or smoke
without first washing their hands, or if drinking water has become contaminated with
the chemicals. The workers' families can also be exposed in a number of ways: they
can inhale the pesticides which may linger in the air, they can drink contaminated
water, or they can be exposed to residues which may be on the worker's clothes. Other
people in the community can all be exposed in the same ways as well. When the
chemicals get absorbed into the soil or leach into groundwater supplies, the adverse
effects on the natural environment can be permanent.
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Overall, efforts in occupational health and safety must aim to prevent industrial

accidents and diseases, and at the same time recognize the connection between worker health
and safety, the workplace, and the environment outside the workplace.

Why is occupational health and safety important?

Work plays a central role in people's lives, since most workers spend at least eight hours a
day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office, factory, etc. Therefore, work
environments should be safe and healthy. Yet this is not the case for many workers. Every
day workers all over the world are faced with a multitude of health hazards, such as:

 dusts;
 gases;
 noise;
 vibration;
 extreme temperatures.

Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers'
health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they have the moral and
often legal responsibility to protect workers. As a result of the hazards and a lack of attention
given to health and safety, work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the
world.

Costs of occupational injury/disease

How much does

an occupational
disease or
accident cost?
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Work-related accidents or diseases are very costly and can have many serious direct
and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. For workers some of
the direct costs of an injury or illness are:

 the pain and suffering of the injury or illness;

 the loss of income;
 the possible loss of a job;
 health-care costs.

It has been estimated that the indirect costs of an accident or illness can be four to ten
times greater than the direct costs, or even more. An occupational illness or accident can have
so many indirect costs to workers that it is often difficult to measure them. One of the most
obvious indirect costs is the human suffering caused to workers' families, which cannot be
compensated with money.

The costs to employers of occupational accidents or illnesses are also estimated to be

enormous. For a small business, the cost of even one accident can be a financial disaster. For
employers, some of the direct costs are:

 payment for work not performed;

 medical and compensation payments;
 repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment;
 reduction or a temporary halt in production;
 increased training expenses and administration costs;
 possible reduction in the quality of work;
 negative effect on morale in other workers.

Some of the indirect costs for employers are:

 the injured/ill worker has to be replaced;

 a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust;
 it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the original worker;
 time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing of reports and filling
out of forms;
 accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence labour relations in
a negative way;
 poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result in poor public
relations.

Overall, the costs of most work-related accidents or illnesses to workers and their
families and to employers are very high.

On a national scale, the estimated costs of occupational accidents and illnesses can be
as high as three to four per cent of a country's gross national product. In reality, no one really
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knows the total costs of work-related accidents or diseases because there are a multitude of
indirect costs which are difficult to measure besides the more obvious direct costs.

Health and safety programmes

For all of the reasons given above, it is crucial that employers, workers and unions are
committed to health and safety and that:

 workplace hazards are controlled - at the source whenever possible;

 records of any exposure are maintained for many years;
 both workers and employers are informed about health and safety risks in the
workplace;
 there is an active and effective health and safety committee that includes both workers
and management;
 worker health and safety efforts are ongoing.

Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the lives of
workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety programmes also
have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity, which are important benefits.
At the same time, effective programmes can save employers a great deal of money.

Points to remember

1. Occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-
being of workers in all occupations.
2. Poor working conditions have the potential to affect a worker's health and safety.
3. Unhealthy or unsafe working conditions can be found anywhere, whether the
workplace is indoors or outdoors.
4. Poor working conditions can affect the environment workers live in. This means that
workers, their families, other people in the community, and the physical environment
around the workplace, can all be at risk from exposure to workplace hazards.
5. Employers have a moral and often legal responsibility to protect workers.
6. Work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world and often
have many direct and indirect negative consequences for workers and their families.
A single accident or illness can mean enormous financial loss to both workers and
employers.
7. Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the lives of
workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Effective programmes can also
have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity, and can save employers
a great deal of money.
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II. Extent of the problem worldwide

A. Accidents

In general, health and safety in the workplace has improved in

most industrialized countries over the past 20 to 30 years. However, the situation in
developing countries is relatively unclear largely because of inadequate accident and disease
recognition, record-keeping and reporting mechanisms.

It is estimated that at least 250 million occupational accidents occur every year
worldwide. 335,000 of these accidents are fatal (result in death). (Since many countries do
not have accurate record-keeping and reporting mechanisms, it can be assumed that the real
figures are much higher than this.) The number of fatal accidents is much higher in
developing countries than in industrialized ones. This difference is primarily due to better
health and safety programmes, improved first-aid and medical facilities in the industrialized
countries, and to active participation of workers in the decision-making process on health and
safety issues. Some of the industries with the highest risk of accidents worldwide are: mining,
agriculture, including forestry and logging, and construction.

Identifying the cause of an accident

In some cases, the cause of an industrial injury is easy to identify. However, very
often there is a hidden chain of events behind the accident which led up to the injury. For
example, accidents are often indirectly caused by negligence on the part of the employer who
may not have provided adequate worker training, or a supplier who gave the wrong
information about a product, etc. The consistently high fatal accident rates in developing
countries emphasize the need for occupational health and safety education programmes that
focus on prevention. It is equally important to promote the development of occupational
health services, including the training of doctors to recognize work-related diseases in the
early stages.

B. Diseases

Exposure to
hazards in the
workplace can
lead to serious
illness.
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Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect workers in
different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of exposure, the dose, etc.
Some well known occupational diseases include:

 asbestosis (caused by asbestos, which is common in insulation, automobile brake

linings, etc.);
 silicosis (caused by silica, which is common in mining, sandblasting, etc.);
 lead poisoning (caused by lead, which is common in battery plants, paint factories,
etc.);
 and noise-induced hearing loss (caused by noise, which is common in many
workplaces, including airports, and workplaces where noisy machines, such as presses
or drills, etc. are used).

There are also a number of potentially crippling health problems that can be associated with
poor working conditions, including:

 heart disease;
 musculoskeletal disorders such as permanent back injuries or muscle disorders;
 allergies;
 reproductive problems;
 stress-related disorders.

Many developing countries report only a small number of workers affected by work-related
diseases. These numbers look small for a variety of reasons that include:

 inadequate or non-existent reporting mechanisms;

 a lack of occupational health facilities;
 a lack of health care practitioners who are trained to recognize work-related diseases.

Because of these reasons and others, it is fair to assume that in reality, the numbers of
workers afflicted with occupational diseases are much higher. In fact, overall, the number of
cases and types of occupational diseases are increasing, not decreasing, in both
developing and industrialized countries.

Identifying the cause of occupational disease

The cause of work-related diseases is very often difficult to determine. One factor is
the latency period (the fact that it may take years before the disease produces
an obvious effect on the worker's health). By the time the disease is identified, it may be too
late to do anything about it or to find out what hazards the worker was exposed to in the past.
Other factors such as changing jobs, or personal behaviours (such as smoking tobacco or
drinking alcohol) further increase the difficulty of linking workplace exposures to a disease
outcome.
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SELF ACTIVITY IN
GRAPHICS 111(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PRACTICES)
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Name:_____________________________________Yr.&Sec.:____________Date:________

Test I: IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following sentences and supply the words or
group of words to complete the statement. Write your answer in notebook, paper or
coupon bond. Then take a picture and submit to my GC account.
Note: Strictly wrong spelling wrong….

____________1. is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized fields is

called.

____________2. the promotion and ________of the highest degree of physical, mental and social
well-being of workers in all occupations;

____________3.the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their

working_______.

____________4.the protection of workers in their employment from ________resulting from factors

adverse to health;

____________5.the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment _______to

physical and mental needs;

____________6.occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-
being of workers, that is the “________”.

____________7.Poor working conditions of any type have the potential to affect a worker's health
and_____.

____________8.Unhealthy or_____ working conditions are not limited to factories — they can be
found anywhere, whether the workplace is indoors or outdoors. For many workers, such as
agricultural workers or miners, the workplace is “outdoors” and can pose many health and safety
hazards.

____________9.Work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world and often
have many direct and indirect ______consequences for workers and their families.

____________10.Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the ______of
workers by reducing hazards and their consequences.
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Test II:Discuss and Explain the following

 Enumerate the Poor working conditions affect worker health and safety?
 Why is occupational health and safety important?
 For workers, what are  the direct costs of an injury or illness?
 The costs to employers of occupational accidents or illnesses are also estimated to be
enormous. What are the direct costs and indirect cost of occupational health and
safety?

Test II: Enumeration:

 What are the Points to remember in occupational health and safety?

 Enumerate the Poor working conditions affect worker health and safety?
 Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect
workers in different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of
exposure, the dose, etc. Some well known occupational diseases include;
Enumerate……

Prepared by:

MARTE G.GARBO
Course Facilitator
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Although more is understood now about some occupational hazards than in the past,
every year new chemicals and new technologies are being introduced which present new and
often unknown hazards to both workers and the community. These new and unknown hazards
present great challenges to workers, employers, educators, and scientists, that is to everyone
concerned about workers' health and the effects that hazardous agents have on the
environment.

Points to remember about

the extent of the problem worldwide

1. There are at least 250 million occupational accidents every year worldwide, at least
335,000 of which result in death.
2. Developing countries have more fatal accidents than industrialized nations,
emphasizing the need for health and safety education programmes that focus on
prevention.
3. Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years and affect workers
in different ways. Such diseases are still problems in all parts of the world.
4. The numbers of work-related diseases in developing countries are much higher in
reality than the numbers that are reported.
5. The numbers of cases and types of occupational diseases are increasing in both
developing and industrialized countries.
6. It is often difficult to identify the cause of both occupational accidents and diseases.

III. The range of hazards

There is an unlimited number of hazards that can be found in almost any workplace.
There are obvious unsafe working conditions, such as unguarded machinery, slippery floors
or inadequate fire precautions, but there are also a number of categories of insidious hazards
(that is, those hazards that are dangerous but which may not be obvious) including:

 chemical hazards, arising from liquids, solids, dusts, fumes, vapours and gases;
 physical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and
extreme temperatures;
 biological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses, infectious waste and infestations;
 psychological hazards resulting from stress and strain;
 hazards associated with the non-application of ergonomic principles, for example
badly designed machinery, mechanical devices and tools used by workers, improper
seating and workstation design, or poorly designed work practices.

Most workers are faced with a combination of these hazards at work. For example, it
is not difficult to imagine a workplace where you are exposed to chemicals, unguarded and
noisy machines, hot temperatures, slippery floors, etc. all at the same time. Think about your
own workplace. Are there various hazards there that you can think of?
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Hazards are often built into workplace.

Work processes can be designed to prevent accidents and illnesses. Existing hazards should be
removed from the  workplace.
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Workers do not create hazards - in many cases the hazards are built into the
workplace. The trade union position on occupational health and safety is to ensure that work
is made safer by modifying the workplace and any unsafe work processes. This means that
the solution is to remove the hazards, not to try to get workers to adapt to unsafe conditions.
Requiring workers to wear protective clothing which may not be suited or designed for the
climate of your region is an example of forcing workers to try to adapt themselves to unsafe
conditions, which is also shifting the responsibility from management to the worker.

It is important for unions to maintain this position because many employers blame
workers when there is an accident, claiming that the workers were careless. This attitude
implies that work can be made safer if workers change their behaviour or if employers only
hire workers who never make mistakes. Everyone makes mistakes — it is human nature, but
workers should not pay for mistakes with their lives. Accidents do not stop simply by making
workers more safety conscious. Safety awareness may help but it does not remove unsafe
work processes or conditions. The most effective accident and disease prevention begins
when work processes are still in the design stage, when safe conditions can be built into
the work process.

Points to remember
about the range of hazards

1. There is an unlimited number of hazards that can be found in almost every workplace.
These include both obvious unsafe working conditions and insidious, less obvious
hazards.
2. Hazards often are built into the workplace. Therefore, trade unions must ensure that
hazards are removed, rather than trying to get workers to adapt to unsafe conditions.
3. The most effective accident and disease prevention begins when work processes are
still in the design stage, when safe conditions can be built into the work process

IV. Importance of management commitment

A successful health and safety programme requires strong management commitment and worker
participation.
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In order to develop a successful health and safety programme, it is essential that there
be strong management commitment and strong worker participation in the effort to create and
maintain a safe and healthy workplace. An effective management addresses all work-related
hazards, not only those covered by government standards.

All levels of management must make health and safety a priority. They must
communicate this by going out into the worksite to talk with workers about their concerns
and to observe work procedures and equipment. In each workplace, the lines of responsibility
from top to bottom need to be clear, and workers should know who is responsible for different
health and safety issues.

Points to remember about the importance of management commitment

1. Strong management commitment and strong worker involvement are necessary

elements for a successful workplace health and safety programme.
2. An effective management addresses all work-related hazards, not only those covered
by government standards, and communicates with workers.

V. The importance of training

Effective training is a key component of any health and safety programme.

Workers often experience work-related health problems and do not realize that the problems
are related to their work, particularly when an occupational disease, for example, is in the
early stages. Besides the other more obvious benefits of training, such as skills development,
hazard recognition, etc., a comprehensive training programme in each workplace will help
workers to:

 recognize early signs/symptoms of any potential occupational diseases before they

become permanent conditions;
 assess their work environment;
 insist that management make changes before hazardous conditions can develop.
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Points to remember
about the importance of training

A comprehensive health and safety training programme in each workplace will,

among other more obvious benefits, help workers to recognize any early signs/symptoms of
potential occupational diseases before they become permanent conditions, to assess their
work environment, and to insist that management make changes before hazardous conditions
can develop.

VI. Role of the health and safety representative

Health and safety representative

As health and safety representative your role is to work proactively (this means taking
action before hazards become a problem) to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. You can do this by making sure management eliminates hazards or
keeps them under control when they cannot be eliminated.

Steps to help you reach your goals are:

1. Be well informed about the various hazards in your workplace and the possible solutions
for controlling those hazards.

2. Work together with your union and the employer to identify and control hazards.

3. Although these Modules have been developed for the protection of workers, you may
occasionally need to share some of this information with your supervisors and employer in
the process of working towards a safe and healthy workplace.
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Being a health and safety representative is not always easy, but helping to protect the
lives of your fellow workers is worth all the time and effort you put into the job.

Use a variety of sources for information about potential or existing hazards in your workplace
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VII. Summary

Workers in every occupation can be faced with a multitude of hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health and safety addresses the broad range of workplace hazards from accident
prevention to the more insidious hazards including toxic fumes, dust, noise, heat, stress, etc.
Preventing work-related diseases and accidents must be the goal of occupational health and
safety programmes, rather than attempting to solve problems after they have already
developed.

Hazards in the workplace can be found in a variety of forms, including chemical, physical,
biological, psychological, non-application of ergonomic principles, etc. Because of the
multitude of hazards in most workplaces and the overall lack of attention given to health and
safety by many employers, work-related accidents and diseases continue to be serious
problems in all parts of the world. Therefore, trade unions must insist that employers control
hazards at the source and not force workers to adapt to unsafe conditions.

Management commitment to health and safety and strong worker participation are two
essential elements of any successful workplace health and safety programme. The most
effective accident and disease prevention begins when work processes are still in the design
stage.

Discuss the hazards that may be associated with these jobs

1. Welder — A welder can be burnt from the sparks and there is always the danger of the
work process starting a fire. There is the problem of the intense light which can cause
permanent eye damage as well as the fumes given off by the process which can damage the
lungs.
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2. Mechanic - Depending on the precise nature of a mechanic's duties, there may be safety
problems from cuts and falls, etc., and exposure to chemical hazards: oils, solvents, asbestos
and exhaust fumes. Mechanics can also have back and other musculoskeletal problems from
lifting heavy parts or bending for long periods.

3. Port worker - Again hazards depend largely on the nature of the job and in particular the
cargo being handled. Port workers often have no idea of the dangerous nature of the cargo;
there may be a sign on the side of a box or drum, but the information may not be in their
language or in words that make much sense to the average worker. The condition of the cargo
is also important as leaking drums or split bags can be very hazardous for the handlers. Other
risks include falls, cuts, back and other musculoskeletal problems as well as collisions with
fast moving vehicles such as fork-lift trucks or delivery trucks.
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4. Textile worker - The textile

worker faces a variety of problems. First there is the problem of safety with many machines
around that are often unguarded, as well as the risk of fire with so much combustible material
in the workplace. Then there are the hazards of noise and vibration. There is also exposure to
dust from the material which can seriously affect the lungs. Exposure to cotton dust can lead
to the occupational disease known as by sinosis.

5. Tractor driver - One of the most serious problems with tractors is that they often overturn
and, if they have no safety cab, the driver can easily be crushed. Other problems include
noise, vibration and exposure to chemical herbicides and pesticides when being sprayed by
tractor.

6. Agricultural worker - When spraying crops the worker may be exposed to hazardous
chemicals contained in the spray. Many pesticides and herbicides that have been banned in
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some countries because of their toxic effects are still used in many developing countries. If
spraying takes place on a windy day, the spray can be breathed into the lungs and blown on to
the skin where it can cause damage. It can also be absorbed into the body through the skin.

7. Electronics assembly worker - An electronics assembly worker can suffer eye problems
from doing close work, often in poor light. Because such workers sit still for long periods
with inadequate seating, they can also suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems.
For some workers there are the dangers of solder fumes or solder “flecks” in the eye when the
excess solder is cut off with pliers.

8. Office worker - Many people may think that office workers have no health and safety problems;
this is far from true. Stress is one of the most common complaints, as well as exposure to chemical
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hazards from office machines such as photocopiers. Poor lighting, noise and poorly designed chairs
and stools can also present problems.

9. Construction worker - Construction workers face a variety of hazards, particularly safety problems
such as falls, slips, trips, cuts, and being hit by falling objects. There are also dangers from working
high up, often without adequate safety equipment, musculoskeletal problems from lifting heavy
objects, as well as the hazards associated with exposure to noisy machinery.
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10. Miner - The hazards of mining are well known and include the ever present danger of dusts, fire,
explosion and electrocution, as well as the hazards associated with vibration, extreme temperatures,
noise, slips, falls, cuts, etc.

Note to the instructor

Now that trainees have begun to consider the possible hazards in different workplaces, ask them to
consider and discuss the hazards in their own workplaces. Trainees should answer the following
questions about their own workplaces.

(1) Describe the job you do.

(2) What hazards do you know exist in you workplace?

(3) Are there other conditions at work that you suspect may be hazardous but you are not sure abo
 22

SELF ACTIVITY IN
GRAPHICS 111(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PRACTICES)
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Name:_____________________________________Yr.&Sec.:____________Date:________

Test I: IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following sentences and supply the words or
group of words to complete the statement. Write your answer in notebook, paper or
coupon bond. Then take a picture and submit to my GC account.
Note: Strictly wrong spelling wrong….

_____________1. It is a burnt from the sparks and there is always the danger of the work process
starting a fire is called.

____________2. A precise nature of a mechanic's duties, there may be safety problems from cuts
and falls, etc., and exposure to chemical hazards: oils, solvents, asbestos and exhaust fumes is called.

____________3. The dangerous nature of the cargo; there may be a sign on the side of a box or drum,
but the information may not be in their language or in words that make much sense to the average
worker is called.

____________4. The textile worker faces a variety of problems. First there is the problem of safety
with many machines around that are often unguarded, as well as the risk of fire with so much
combustible material in the workplace. Then there are the hazards of noise and vibration is called.

____________5. One of the most serious problems with tractors is that they often overturn and, if
they have no safety cab, the driver can easily be crushed. Other problems include noise, vibration and
exposure to chemical herbicides and pesticides when being sprayed is called.

____________6. When spraying crops the worker may be exposed to hazardous chemicals contained
in the spray is called.

____________7. An electronics assembly worker can suffer eye problems from doing close work,
often in poor light. Because such workers sit still for long periods with inadequate seating, they can
also suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems is called.

____________8. Many people may think that office workers have no health and safety problems; this
is far from true. Stress is one of the most common complaints, as well as exposure to chemical
hazards from office machines such as photocopiers. Poor lighting, noise and poorly designed chairs
and stools can also present problems is called.
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____________9. A variety of hazards, particularly safety problems such as falls, slips, trips, cuts, and
being hit by falling objects. There are also dangers from working high up, often without adequate
safety equipment, musculoskeletal problems from lifting heavy objects, as well as the hazards
associated with exposure to noisy machinery is called.

____________10. The hazards of mining are well known and include the ever present danger of dusts,
fire, explosion and electrocution, as well as the hazards associated with vibration, extreme
temperatures, noise, slips, falls, cuts, etc. is called.

Test II: Discuss and Explain the following

 Explain the range of hazard?

 What are the Points to remember about the range of hazards?
 What is the Role of the health and safety representative?

Test II: Enumeration:

 What are the importance of training?

 Enumerate the hazards that may be associated with these jobs.

Prepared by:

MARTE G.GARBO
Course Facilitator
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MID-TERM EXAMINATION IN
GRAPHICS 111(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PRACTICES)
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Name:_____________________________________Yr.&Sec.:____________Date:________

Test I: IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following sentences and supply the words or
group of words to complete the statement. Write your answer in notebook, paper or coupon bond. Then
take a picture and submit to my GC account.
Note: Strictly wrong spelling wrong….

_____________1. It is a burnt from the sparks and there is always the danger of the work process
starting a fire is called.

____________2. A precise nature of a mechanic's duties, there may be safety problems from cuts and
falls, etc., and exposure to chemical hazards: oils, solvents, asbestos and exhaust fumes is called.

____________3. The dangerous nature of the cargo; there may be a sign on the side of a box or drum,
but the information may not be in their language or in words that make much sense to the average
worker is called.

____________4. The textile worker faces a variety of problems. First there is the problem of safety
with many machines around that are often unguarded, as well as the risk of fire with so much
combustible material in the workplace. Then there are the hazards of noise and vibration is called.

____________5. One of the most serious problems with tractors is that they often overturn and, if
they have no safety cab, the driver can easily be crushed. Other problems include noise, vibration and
exposure to chemical herbicides and pesticides when being sprayed is called.

____________6. When spraying crops the worker may be exposed to hazardous chemicals contained
in the spray is called.

____________7. An electronics assembly worker can suffer eye problems from doing close work,
often in poor light. Because such workers sit still for long periods with inadequate seating, they can
also suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems is called.

____________8. Many people may think that office workers have no health and safety problems; this
is far from true. Stress is one of the most common complaints, as well as exposure to chemical
hazards from office machines such as photocopiers. Poor lighting, noise and poorly designed chairs
and stools can also present problems is called.
 25

____________9. A variety of hazards, particularly safety problems such as falls, slips, trips, cuts, and
being hit by falling objects. There are also dangers from working high up, often without adequate
safety equipment, musculoskeletal problems from lifting heavy objects, as well as the hazards
associated with exposure to noisy machinery is called.

____________10. The hazards of mining are well known and include the ever present danger of dusts,
fire, explosion and electrocution, as well as the hazards associated with vibration, extreme
temperatures, noise, slips, falls, cuts, etc. is called.

____________11. is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized fields is called.

____________12. the promotion and ________of the highest degree of physical, mental and social
well-being of workers in all occupations.

____________13.the prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their

working_______.

____________14.the protection of workers in their employment from ________resulting from factors

adverse to health.

____________15.the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment _______to

physical and mental needs.

____________16.occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical well-
being of workers, that is the “________”.

____________17.Poor working conditions of any type have the potential to affect a worker's health
and_____.

____________18.Unhealthy or_____ working conditions are not limited to factories — they can be
found anywhere, whether the workplace is indoors or outdoors. For many workers, such as
agricultural workers or miners, the workplace is “outdoors” and can pose many health and safety
hazards.

____________19.Work-related accidents and diseases are common in all parts of the world and often
have many direct and indirect ______consequences for workers and their families.

____________20.Effective workplace health and safety programmes can help to save the ______of
workers by reducing hazards and their consequences.
 26

Test II: Enumeration:

 What are the importance of training?

 Enumerate the hazards that may be associated with these jobs.
 What are the Points to remember in occupational health and safety?
 Enumerate the Poor working conditions affect worker health and safety?
 Some occupational diseases have been recognized for many years, and affect
workers in different ways depending on the nature of the hazard, the route of
exposure, the dose, etc. Some well known occupational diseases include;
Enumerate……

Prepared by:

MARTE G. GARBO
Course Facilitator
 27

Drafting/Introduction
Two sources of beauty are commonly recognized—nature and art. Natural beauties
exist like the rainbow, mountains, lakes, plants, human beings, birds, and other animals.
Nature is considered the Mother of all arts.

Art, on the other hand, is made by persons. Collins and Riley say that "Art is anything
made or done by man that affects or moves us so that we see or feel beauty in it." Art is
anything created by persons for their comfort and enjoyment, using materials, sounds, or
body movements for its expression.

Two classifications of art are generally made—the fine arts and the practical arts. The
fine arts, purposely created by persons for their own pleasure and appreciation, include
music, painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, drama, and dance. The practical arts are
also called useful, functional or manual arts since those arts were created by people for use in
their daily lives. Architecture is not only functional but aesthetic as well.

The Practical Arts

The practical arts are of six general types: industrial arts, agricultural arts, business or
commercial arts, home economic or homemaking arts, fishery arts and distributive arts.
Industrial arts refer to activities by which a person creates or produces objects in industrial
plants or home shops, such as general metal work, general automotive, drafting and graphic
arts, general woodworking, general electricity, ceramics and home industries.

In the Philippines, the trade or vocational courses offered in the trade or technical
schools are commonly called industrial education or trade courses and not industrial arts.
These courses prepare the students for entrance into the occupations or trades.

The industrial or manual arts in the elementary schools are simpler and their main
goal is not to prepare the pupils for employment but rather to explore their interests and
aptitudes and to train them in good citizenship. Some of the industrial arts in the grades are
bamboo craft, toy craft, shell craft, coir and fiber craft, leather craft, wire and sheet-metal
craft, elementary electricity, elementary woodworking, and bookbinding.

The manual arts offered in the secondary schools are generally called practical arts.
The main objective of offering practical arts in the first and second years is the same as the
objective of industrial arts in the elementary schools. In the third and fourth years, however,
the practical arts are chiefly offered to prepare the students for "initial gainful employment"
in these arts.
 28

Agricultural arts include farming, vegetable gardening, horticulture, swine and poultry
raising, dairy farming and planting of ornamental plants.

Business arts refer to retail merchandising, lunchcounter work, typewriting,

stenography, and bookkeeping.

Homemaking arts include dressmaking, crocheting, food preparation and

preservation, interior decoration, nutrition, child care, hair science, and embroidery work.

In the high schools, the term home economics refers to advanced homemaking arts.
Fishery arts are offered in schools located near rivers and seas. They include net weaving,
shallow-water fishing, deep-sea fishing, and fish preservation. The distributive arts involve
packaging, marketing, warehousing, advertising and shipping of manufactured goods.

Drafting Areas
Drafting is the process of representing an object or idea by means of lines having
various thicknesses and makeups. Drafting is an industrial art because it helps in the
production of economically useful articles. Practically all modern home appliances,
automobiles, buildings, radio and television sets, space satellites, rockets, etc., start on the
drawing or drafting board. They are first designed and laid out on paper before being made in
the factories.

The major kinds of drafting are furniture drafting, architectural drafting, mechanical
or machine drafting, electrical and electronics drafting, topographical drafting, airplane
drafting, ship or naval drafting, structural drafting and sheet-metal drafting.

Furniture drafting includes not only the making of working drawings of the various
types of furniture but also the designing of them. Architectural drafting pertains to the
making of working plans for buildings for residential, business, manufacturing, religious,
recreational and storage purposes.

Machine drafting is the preparation of detail and assembly working drawings of

machines and their parts. Electrical and electronics drafting produces schematic wiring
diagrams for either house wiring connections and radio and television receivers and
transmitters or the installation of electrically-operated machines.

Topographical drafting is the making of plots or maps for various purposes. Airplane
drafting concerns the preparation of working drawings of aircraft, including helicopters,
planes, rockets and spaceships. Ship drafting is the making of working plans for all types of
ship and for either commercial or naval purposes.

Structural drafting refers to the making of working drawings of steel buildings,

bridges, towers, dams and so forth. Sheet-metal drafting is the development of surfaces of
various objects made of galvanized iron, steel aluminum or copper sheets. It includes pattern
 29

development for chimneys, downspouts, water tanks and air-conditioning ducts, among many
others.

Drafting Occupations
The occupations which a drafting student can apply for after graduation depend on the
type of drafting area he specialized in at school. He can be a mechanical or machine
draftsman, furniture designer, architectural draftsman, topographical draftsman, structural
draftsman, electrical draftsman, or naval draftsman. A new drafting graduate is usually first
employed either as an assistant draftsman, tracer, blueprinter, checker, or computer before
becoming a full-fledged draftsman.

Allied Drafting Trades

Drafting work is also needed by craftsman in other occupations like the commercial
artist, layout-stripper, and lithographic artist in printing establishments, textile designer and
silk-screen printer.

A commercial artist manufactures signs, commercial posters and advertisements for

the newspapers and magazines and on billboards. He also makes promotion pictures for
theaters and car cards. A commercial artist can also be a lithographic artist, one whose job is
to make pictures and pages of text from engraved zinc or aluminum plates because of the
similarity in the nature of his work to that of the latter.

A layout-stripper is a skilled worker who prepares layouts and strips negatives or

positives on goldenrod paper or vinyl sheet, respectively, preparatory to the making of the
lithographic printing plate for offset printing. A textile designer designs motifs and all-over
patterns appropriate for printing on textiles.

A silk-screen printer draws and prepares stencils out of lacquer-coated paper(called

Nu-film or Blu-film in the market), which is made to adhere to a silk-screen frame for
printing purposes.
 30

SELF ACTIVITY IN
GRAPHICS 111(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PRACTICES)
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

Name:_____________________________________Yr.&Sec.:____________Date:________

1. What is occupational Health and Safety? Occupational health and safety is a discipline
with a broad scope involving many specialized fields.
a. Job order b. Discipline c. Construction d. Function

2. List of efforts in occupational health and safety must aim to:

a. prevent b. avoid c. attain d. reserve

3. Identifying the cause of accident in workplace.

a. out of order b. improper support c. discipline d. negligence

4. Biological hazards in workplace or industry.

a. chemical b. dust c. viruses & Bacteria d. Smoke

5. A key component of health and safety program.

a. Effective training b. Proper Orientation c. Program d. Action
plan

6. Role of health and safety representative.

a. control b. Action plan c. proper orientation d. discussion

7. Identifying hazards in the workplace.

a. techniques b. process c. training d. Instruction

8. Importance of management commitment.

a. Schedule b. control c. discipline d. plan

9. Work processes can be designed to prevent accident and illnesses.

a. keep out b. Resist c. Removed d. avoid

10. Psychological hazards in workplace.

a. Strain & Stress b. anxiety c. illness d. trouble
 31

TEST II: Enumeration…

A.GENERAL TYPES OF PRACTICAL ARTS (1-6)

B. MAJOR KINDS OF DRAFTING AREAS (7-16)

C. DIFFERENT ARTICLES IN INDUSTRIAL ART DRAFTING (17-23)

D. KINDS OF ALLIED DRAFTING TRADES (24-26)

E. SOURCES OF BEAUTY IN DRAFTING (27-28)

F. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS IN DRAFTING (29-30)

Prepared by:

MARTE G. GARBO
 32

Course Facilitator

FINAL EXAMINATION IN
GRAPHICS 111(OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH PRACTICES)
S.Y. 2019 – 2020

Name:_______________________________________Yr.&Sec.:____________Score:________

TEST I. MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided before each number.

____1. What is occupational Health and Safety?

a. Job order b. Discipline c. Construction d. Function

____2. List of efforts in occupational health and safety must aim to:
a. prevent b. avoid c. attain d. reserve

____3. Identifying the cause of accident in workplace.

a. out of order b. improper support c. discipline d. negligence

____4. Biological hazards in workplace or industry.

a. chemical b. dust c. viruses & Bacteria d. Smoke

____5. A key component of health and safety program.

a. Effective training b. Proper Orientation c. Program d. Action plan

____6. Role of health and safety representative.

a. control b. Action plan c. proper orientation d.
discussion

____7. Identifying hazards in the workplace.

a. techniques b. process c. training d. Instruction

____8. Importance of management commitment.

a. Schedule b. control c. discipline d. plan

____9. Work processes can be designed to prevent accident and illnesses.

a. keep out b. Resist c. Removed d. avoid

____10. Psychological hazards in workplace.

a. Strain & Stress b. anxiety c. illness d. trouble

____11. A classification of arts which is purposely created by persons for their own pleasure and
appreciation, include music, painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, drama, and dance is called.

a. Nature b. Fine arts c. Practical arts d. Fishery art

 33

____12. A nature of beauties is exist like the rainbow, mountains, lakes, plants, human beings, birds,
and other animals and it is considered the Mother of all arts.

a. Practical arts b. Art movement c. Natural Beauties d. Fine arts

____13.A classification of arts are also which is called useful, functional or manual arts created by
people for use in their daily lives is called.

a. Homemaking art b. Nature c. Practical arts d. All of these

_____14.Who are the persons says: "Art is anything made or done by man that affects or moves us so
that we see or feel beauty in it."

a. Collin & Riley b. Mike & Maslow c. Nikki & James d. Marvin &
Cyrus

_____15.It is anything created by persons for their comfort and enjoyment, using materials, sounds, or
body movements for its expression.

a. Arts b. Both A&C c. Drafting d. Trades

_____16. A general types of practical arts that the main goal is not to prepare the pupils for
employment but rather to explore their interests and aptitudes and to train them in good citizenship.

a. Business art b. Industrial or manual art c. Fishery art d. Homemaking art

_____17. A general types of practical arts refer to retail merchandising, lunch counter work,
typewriting, stenography, and bookkeeping.

a. Art appreciation b. Fine arts c. Art movement d. Business art

_____18. A types of practical arts which include farming, vegetable gardening, horticulture, swine
and poultry raising, dairy farming and planting of ornamental plants.

a. Practical art b. Agricultural art c. Business art d. Fishery art

_____19. A types of practical arts which include dressmaking, crocheting, food preparation and
preservation, interior decoration, nutrition, child care, hair science, and embroidery work.

a. Nature art b. Homemaking art c. Industrial art d. Both A&B

_____20. A types of practical arts which offered in schools located near rivers and seas which
include net weaving, shallow-water fishing, deep-sea fishing, and fish preservation.

a. Fine arts b. Still art c. Fishery art d. Agricultural

art

____ 21. Drafting is the process of representing an object or idea by means of lines having various
thicknesses and make ups.
 34

a. Drafting b. Lines c. Graphics d . None of

these

____ 22. Major kinds of drafting which includes not only the making of working drawings of the
various types of furniture but also the designing is called…
a. Airplane drafting b. Ship drafting c. Furniture drafting d. All of the above

_____23. Making of working plans for buildings, residential, business, manufacturing, religious,
recreational and storage purposes …what major kinds of drafting?
a. Architectural b. Sheet metal c. Electrical d. Electronic

_____24. A major kinds of drafting which is the development of surfaces of various objects made of
galvanized iron, steel aluminum or copper sheets. Which includes pattern development for chimneys,
downspouts, water tanks and air-conditioning ducts, among many others
a. Structural b. Machine c. Topographical d. Sheet metal

_____25. A major kinds of drafting refers to the making of working drawings of steel buildings,
bridges, towers, dams and so forth.
a. Structural b. Machine c. Topographical d. Sheet metal

_____26. The preparation of detail and assembly working drawings of machines and their parts.
what major kinds of drafting?
a. Structural b. Machine c. Topographical d. Sheet metal

______27. A major kinds of drafting which produces schematic wiring diagrams for either house
wiring connections and radio and television receivers and transmitters or the installation of
electrically-operated machines.
a. Machine or mechanical b .Ship or naval c. Electrical & electronics d. Both A,B
&C

______28. The making of working plans for all types of ship and for either commercial or naval
purposes.
a. Machine or mechanical b . Electrical & electronics c. Ship or Naval d. Both A,B
&C

______29. A working drawings of aircraft, including helicopters, planes, rockets and spaceships is
called.
a. Structural b. Machine c. Airplane d. Sheet metal

______30. A major kinds of drafting which is the making of plots or maps for various purposes is
called.
a. Structural b. Machine c. Topographical d. Sheet metal

TEST II. True or False. DIRECTION: Write your answer in the spaced provided.

__________ 1. Graphics can be functional or artistic.

__________ 2. As a tool or skill, sketching has its role in the design process.
__________ 3. Sketching is an excellent way to quickly explore design.
__________ 4. From 600–250 BC, the Greeks played a major role in geometry.
__________ 5. "Graphics" is used to distinguish work in monotone and made up of lines.
__________ 6. Drawing generally involves making marks on a paper.
 35

__________ 7. The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink
drawing, blotting paper.
__________ 8. Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and
stippling.

__________ 9. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by drawing.

__________ 10. Etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised into the
surface of a metal plate using an acid.

TEST III: ENUMERATION(In any order)

A. GENERAL TYPES OF PRACTICAL ARTS (1-6)

B. MAJOR KINDS OF DRAFTING AREAS (7-16)

C. DIFFERENT ARTICLES IN INDUSTRIAL ART DRAFTING (17-23)

D. KINDS OF ALLIED DRAFTING TRADES (24-26)

E. SOURCES OF BEAUTY IN DRAFTING (27-28)

F. CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS IN DRAFTING (29-30)

Prepared by:

MARTE G.GARBO
Course Facilitator
 36

Bibliography

Books:

Hepler, Donald & Wallace, Paul :Architecture: Drafting and Design, 4th edition

Manaois, German. Drafting Vol.2, 5th edition.

Reference:

The Importance of Drawing

web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~ullmand/drwg.htm
by DG Ullman - Cited by 367

Drafting | graphics | Britannica.com

https://www.britannica.com/topic/drafting

Technical drawing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing

Graphics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics

The Role of Sketching in the Design Process - Design & Illustration

design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/the-role-of-sketching-in-the-design-process--psd-153

Importance of hand drawing skills in addition to computer graphics ...

www.cadtutor.net › Forum › Resources › Useful Links

Graphic Design
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design
 37

The Role of Sketching in the Design Process - Design & Illustration

design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/the-role-of-sketching-in-the-design-process--psd-153

Importance of hand drawing skills in addition to computer graphics ...

www.cadtutor.net › Forum › Resources › Useful Links

Graphic Design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design