Assignment 1

Question Differentiate between 2018 and 2021 government by using indicators

of development

 Poverty: The percentage of people in poverty in Pakistan in 2018 was 31.3%.

According to the Business Recorder, In 2018, Pakistan suffered a macroeconomic crisis.
The government had accrued a budget deficit of $18 billion by the end of 2018. As a
result, this forced the government to limit its spending. The economic growth slowed
significantly.COVID-19 pandemic has further brought the economy to an almost
standstill. COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected the poverty-stricken
citizens in Pakistan. These people consist of women, children, the elderly and people with
disabilities. They are far more likely to suffer from malnutrition and their health may be
weak.
The World Bank has estimated that poverty in Pakistan has increased from 4.4 per cent to
5.4 per cent in 2020, as over two million people have fallen below the poverty line. Using
the lower-middle-income poverty rate, the world bank estimated that the poverty ratio in
Pakistan stood at 39.3 per cent in 2020-21 and is projected to remain at 39.2 per cent in
2021-22 and might come down to 37.9 per cent by 2022-23Moreover, by using the upper-
middle-income poverty rate, the global financial institution estimated that the poverty
stood at 78.4 per cent in 2020-21 and it would be standing at 78.3 per cent in 2021-22 per
the Bank's estimates, 40 per cent of households suffered from moderate to severe food
insecurity in Pakistan

 Education: In 2018 the overall literacy rate was 47% Pakistan ranked 152 out of 189
countries in the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development
Index (HDI) ranking. The Human Development Report 2019 stated that Pakistan has not
exhibited improvement in key educational indicators, such as literacy rate, gross
enrolment ratio, and expenditure on education, as compared to regional countries.
Pakistan’s literacy rate 57 percent lags well behind its neighboring countries. The
primary school dropout rate is 22.7 percent (3rd highest in the region after Bangladesh
and Nepal), which is alarming given it as at the stage of formative learning.

Literacy rate of Pakistan in 2021 was 62.3 which mean that an estimated population of 60
million is illiterate in the country. Keeping in view this situation, the 2021 government is
a priority enhancing the national literacy rate. Pakistan vows to raise the literacy rate in
four years by providing school access to approximately 22.8 million students and
improving the education system for all age groups through the application of modern
technological resources.
 Health: Pakistan's population is around 185 million out of which more than 70 million
people are living below the poverty line. The proportion of population which has access
to improved drinking water and sanitation is expenditure in health Pakistan in 2018 was
mostly Out of Pocket spending, which is around 56.2% followed by the Government
health spending’s 35.5% .The death rate in 2018 was 6.983.Pakistan clean water access
for 2018 was 35.69%, a 0.17% decline from 2017.
In the year 2021-2022, PKR 21.7 billion has been allocated to the Ministry of National
Health Services, Regulation, and Coordination for 40 new and ongoing schemes this is a
50 percent increase from the budget allocated to the Ministry last year. In addition, PKR
2 billion has been allocated to health projects under the Finance Division, PKR 4.4 billion
to health projects under Kashmir Affairs and Gilgit Baltistan, and PKR 2.8 billion to
health projects under Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, totaling to PKR 30.9 billion
committed for improved health services for the people of Pakistan. Death rate in 2021
was 6.835. Pakistan clean water access for 2021 was 35.84%, a 0.07% increase from
2020.
 Natural hazards: In 2018 Pakistan received reduced rainfall during the monsoon
season May to August), with Sindh 69.5 per cent below average, and Balochistan 45 per
cent below. This has resulted in acute shortages of water, food and fodder. The
Government of Pakistan estimates some 5 million people are affected by the drought in
26 districts in Sindh and Balochistan. A heat wave in Karachi, Pakistan, killed
approximately 65 people in May 2018. Most of the casualties were from poverty stricken
areas of the metropolis.
According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in Pakistan, as of 09
September 2021 over 160 people have died in rain-related incidents since 1 July 2021 and
the start of the monsoon of this year. This total includes over 60 fatalities in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, 47 in Punjab Province, 24 in Balochistan and 8 in Sindh Province. A total
240 houses have been damaged and 257 destroyed, along with 13 roads and 9 bridges.
More than 20 people, mostly children, died and above 300 hundred injured on October 7,
when an earthquake hit Hernai district in Balochistan. The earthquake was of 5.9M with
the depth of 9km, followed by an aftershock of 4.9M with a depth of 12km, according to
USGS. Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) in Balochistan reported that
houses within a 15km radius of Harnai districts had been destroyed and rescue teams of
military and frontier corps (FC) were engaged in relief efforts. There had been also some
land sliding in mountainous areas. According to the initial reports from the civil
administration, more than 100 houses are fully damaged and operations underway to
rescue people stuck under the debris. As the Minister for Home Affairs of Balochistan
reported, five to six districts are affected on a "major scale" and data are still being
collected
 Land deforestation: Pakistan has suffered a significant loss to climate change in two
decades from 1998 to 2018 where 9986 people lost their live in USD 3.8 billion was
 reported in economic losses. Pakistan loses 27000 hectares of natural forest area annually
Pakistan lost 69.2 hectares of tree cover, equal to 19.6 kilotons of carbon dioxide
emissions
In 2021, it lost 1.35ha of tree cover, equivalent to 561t of CO₂ emissions.
 Biodiversity: Pakistan has been facing the brunt of climate change for quite some
time. Over the past 50 years, the annual mean temperature in Pakistan has already
increased by roughly 0.5 degrees Celsius.
In 2018, a German think tank ranked Pakistan as the seventh most vulnerable country to
climate change in the world. In addition, according to the think tank’s estimate, between
1997 and 2018, Pakistan lost an average of 523.1 lives per year due to extreme
environmental and weather conditions. A growing number of analysts consider climate
change a major security threat multiplier in the country. But rising temperatures are not
the only manmade environmental conditions impacting Pakistan and the rest of the world
 Fresh water: Pakistan can only store 10 per cent of the average annual flow of its
rivers, which is far below the world average storage capacity of 40 per cent. Pakistan had
been water-abundant in the past (almost 6000 cubic metres per capita in 1960), but now
has become a water-stressed country with 1017 cubic meter per capita According to the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan ranked third among the countries facing
severe water shortage. In May 2018, the Pakistan Council of Research in Water
Resources (PCRWR) announced that by 2025, there will be very little or no clean water
available in the country
Pakistan clean water access for 2018 was 35.69%, a 0.17% decline from 2017.
Pakistan clean water access for 2021 was 35.84%, a 0.07% increase from 2020
 Economic development: Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices
based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any
product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is
calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for
depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Pakistan gdp growth rate for 2018 was 6.15%, a 1.72% increase from 2017.
Pakistan gdp growth rate for 2021 was 6.03%, a 7.36% increase from 2020.
 Atmosphere:. The country's annual average analysis shows rainfall (-35.28%) during
2018. the provinces of Sindh and GB & AJK experienced -26.29% below normal
respectively 258.46% and KP received 287.58% above evident from figure 5 major rains
were received in Monsoon period especially in the month of Jun 2018
In 2021 the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its latest
report, on the heels of one of the hottest and most devastating summers on record. The
report tells us that the consequences of the current global warming crisis are largely
irreversible. One of the more sobering findings of the report is that polar and mountain
 glaciers are likely going to continue to melt, irreversibly, for decades or centuries to
come.
 Ocean, seas and coast: The environment of Pakistan is being degraded in several
ways, one of which is oceanic pollution. Despite being part of the London Convention on
the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Pakistan
throws all sort of waste into the sea, including plastic bags, bottles, sewage, and
potentially infectious hospital waste. Due to this large-scale violation of the convention,
the natural blue-colored water at the famous tourist point in Karachi, Sea View, has
turned black. Increasing dumping of hazardous waste, including cow dung, untreated
water, and industrial waste, and a large quantity of plastic into the sea is severely
affecting the fisheries resources, which in turn negatively impacts the economic
conditions of fishing communities highly dependent on these resources. According to
research conducted by WWF in 2018, 65 percent of the litter on the coastal areas consists
of plastic bottles, wrappers, bags, disposable utensils, etc.
2

In 2021 it got more worst it increases to 75 percent and sea level also decreases which
cause climate change More than 33 million people are estimated to be affected, with
more than 500,000 people living in relief camps around the country. In addition, almost
710,000 livestock are lost, and thousands of kilometers of roads and bridges destroyed.
The floods are causing an earthquake-like destruction.
 Demographic: In 2018 total population was 212,228,286 yearly changed 4,322,077 in
% 2.08, urban population was 73,630,430 in % 34.7 fertility rate was 3.73
In 2021 total population was 230,616,058 yearly changed 4,327,022 in % 2.00, urban
population 77,437,729 in % 35.1