2

(Neurophysiology)

biowiki.ucdavis.edu

(nervous system)

(neuron)

1)
(afferent fiber) (dendrite) 2) (cell
body soma) 3)
(efferent fiber) (axon)
(presynaptic terminal)
(myelin sheath)

(glial cell)

(action potential, AP)

(neurotransmitter)

2
(central nervous system, CNS) (peripheral nervous system, PNS)
2
 2.1 4
: National Institutes of Health, n.d.)

2.2 ( : Chudler, 2015)

38
(efferent fiber)
(sensory and motor subsystems)

(neuron)
2 1)
2) (glial cell)

100
100 200
10-50

4
(presynaptic terminal) 4

(output)

2.3 ( : Farabee, 2001)

(cell body or soma or perikaryon)

4 1) (blueprint)
2) 3)

39
 4)

(dendrites)

1 .

(axon hillock)

(axo-plasmic transport)
(myelin)
(Schwann cells)

(oligodendrocytes)
(nodes of Ranvier)

(presynaptic terminal synaptic boutons)

(synapse)
(presynaptic cell)
(postsynaptic cell) 2 (synaptic cleft)

2.4
: Farabee, 2001)

(chemical transmitter-filled synaptic vesicle)

(receptive surface)

40
 (presynaptic inhibition)

(dendritic spines)

1. (polarization)
(membrane
potential) 0
(magnitude)

(+ -)

2.5
( : The Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015)

2. (depolarization) (polarized)
(less polarized) (less negative)
0 ( -70 -60 )

41
 3. (repolarization)

4. (hyperpolarization)
( )
0 ( -70 -80 )

2
1) (microelectrodes)

(voltage clamp)

2..6 ( : Microprobes, n.d.)

2) (patch clamping)

(receptor
protein)
(signal molecules)

(electrical potential
or voltage)

(threshold value)

(resting electrical membrane potential)

(Na+) (K+) 2

(electrical gradients)

42
 (magnitude)
(voltage)
40-90 70
0
-70 70

2.7
: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015)

2.8

Cunningham Klein, 2012)

1. (Na+-K+ pump) (energy

dependent pump)
(concentration gradient)
2 (voltage)

3 2

43
 2. 2
2

( ) (electrical
gradient) (electrical driving force)
2

(dynamic equilibrium)
(equilibrium potential)
(equilibrium state)

2.9
Lodish, Berk, Zipursky , 2000)

3.

(K+ leak channels) (Na+ leak channels)

44
 ( -90 )
(
-70 ) -70

(Nernst and Goldman equation)

50-70%

(ion selective channels)

2 1) 2) ( )

(synaptic vesicle)
(postsynaptic potential)

( -75 -65 )
(excitatory postsynaptic potential; EPSP)
(synaptic
transmission)

(depolarized)

(ligand-gated Na+
channels) 2
(positive Na+
equilibrium potential)

45
(conductivity) (ligand-
gated) (chemically gated ion channels)

2-3

(2-3 )

(chemically gated K+
channels)
(-90 )

(inhibitory postsynaptic
potential; IPSP)

2.10 ( : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

(action potential)

(electrical signal) (information-receiving

end)
(information-transmitting zone)

(magnitude)

46
(summation)
(threshold potential)
10-20

(threshold potential)
(voltage-gated membrane channels)

2.11
: HumanPhysiology.Academy, 2015)

(depolarization phase)
(voltage-gated Na+ channels)
2

(voltage-gated K+
channels)

(equilibrium state)
(repolarization)
(hyperpolarized
state) (hyperpolarization)

2-3

47
 :
1. (resting membrane potential) (conductance)

50 100
( -90 )
2.
(-90 -40 -60 )
( )
0.1

(Na+ conductance) 5,000

(voltage clamp)
(over shoot)
0 +35

2.12
: PhysiologyWeb, 2014)

2.13
: PhysiologyWeb, 2014)
48
 3. (repolarization)
0.2
(permeability)

4. (hyperpolarization)
(positive after potential)

(all or none law)

-90
( )
(threshold)

(acute local potential)

(acute subthreshold potential) (partial
depolarization)
(over shoot)

2
“ ”(all or none)
(refractory period)

) (inactive)

(absolute refractory period)

1/2500
(relative refractory period) 1/4 1/2
( )
2
1.
2.

49
 2.14
: Lodish, Berk, Zipursky , 2000)

2.15
: Lodish, Berk, Zipursky , 2000)
50
 1.

2.
(depolarization)

(excitability)
3.

(activated)

(high voltage)

30-50%
(tetany tetanic
contraction)

(local anesthetic drug)

(block) (local
anesthetics) (stabilizer) (procaine) (tetracaine)

(tetrodotoxin)

(action potential
depolarization)
(electrotonic current)

(0.5 ./ )
90 ./ (
51
 1 1 )
(passive electrotonic current)
(nerve impulse)

( internodes)
(node)

(saltatory conduction)
(synapse)

(presynaptic neuron)
(postsynaptic neuron)
(interneuronal junction)

2 1) 2)
(chemical synapse)
(receptor protein)

40
(acetylcholine, ACh) (norepinephrine)
(histamine) (gamma-amino butyric acid, GABA)
(glutamate)

(one-way conduction)
(impulse)
(electrical synapse)
(synaptic transmission)

( )
(synaptic mechanism)

(release site)

(exocytosis)
(synaptic cleft)
(Ca2+ influx) 2-3
1
2,000-10,000

52
 2.16
: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015)

(ligand activated channel

ligand gate) 3

1. (sodium channel)

2. (potassium channel)
3. (chloride channel)

(excitatory transmitter)
(inhibitory transmitter)

(cyclic AMP, cAMP)

(modulator)
(memory process)

1. (diffusion)

2. (enzymatic destruction)

53
 3.
(transmitter re-uptake)
(re-uptake of norepinephrine)
(neuropeptide)

2- 3

2.17 : Peak Nootropics, 2013)

2.1

5-

)
: PhysiologyWeb, 2014)

54
 (synaptic delay)

0.5

(monosynapse) (polysynapse)
1 0.5
(neuronal pathway or neuronal circuit)
2
1. (convergence) 1

2. (divergence) 1

2.18 2 ( : PhysiologyWeb, 2014)

(partial
depolarization) (partial hyperpolarization)

( ) (summation)
(propagated action potential inhibition) 2
1. (spatial summation)
(many places at the same time)

55
 2. (temporal summation)

2.19
: HumanPhysiology.Academy, 2015)

2
1. (presynaptic inhibition)
(inhibitory neuron)

2. (postsynaptic inhibition)
(inhibitory interneuron)

(reciprocal
innervation) (stretch receptor of muscle
spindle)

56
 2.20 () ( )
: HumanPhysiology.Academy, 2015)

(presynaptic facilitation)
(neuromuscular junction, NMJ)

(end-feet)

( 1
200-300 ) (nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor, nAChR)
(motor endplate)
(Na+ influx)
(end-plate
potential) (firing level)
2

57
 2.21

: Gonzalez-Freire, de Cabo, Studenski Ferrucci, 2014)

(postganglionic neuron)
(varicosity)

1
(synapse en passant)

2.22 ( : BrainKart, 2015)

(cholinergic and
adrenergic nerve fiber) (sinoatrial node, SA node)
(atrioventricular node, AV node) (bundle of His)
(ventricle)
(single unit smooth muscle)

58
 (partial depolarization) (excitatory junction
potential, EJP)

(inhibitory junction potential, IJP)

(synapse
en passant)
1)
2)

2.23 ( : BrainKart, 2015)

59
 2

2 1)
2)

A-Z
A. Afferent neurons B. Associated neurons
D. Axon E. Chemical synapse
G. Depolarization H. Efferent neuron
J. EPSP K. Hyperpolarization
M. K+ channels N. Na+ channels
P. Oligodendrocytes Q. Polarization
S. Presynaptic cell T. Repolarization
V. Schwann cells W. Soma
Y. Temporal summation Z. Terminal bouton
C. Astrocytes
F. Dendrite
I. Electrical synapse
L. IPSP
O. Neuromuscular synapse
R. Postsynaptic cell
U. Saltatory conduction
X. Spatial summation

__________1.
__________2.
__________3.
__________4.
__________5.
__________6.
__________7.
__________8.
__________9.
__________10.

60
__________11.
__________12.
__________13.
__________14.
__________15.
.

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62