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บทที่ 2
บทที่ 2
บทที่ 2
(Neurophysiology)
biowiki.ucdavis.edu
(nervous system)
(neuron)
1)
(afferent fiber) (dendrite) 2) (cell
body soma) 3)
(efferent fiber) (axon)
(presynaptic terminal)
(myelin sheath)
(glial cell)
(neurotransmitter)
2
(central nervous system, CNS) (peripheral nervous system, PNS)
2
2.1 4
: National Institutes of Health, n.d.)
38
(efferent fiber)
(sensory and motor subsystems)
(neuron)
2 1)
2) (glial cell)
100
100 200
10-50
4
(presynaptic terminal) 4
(output)
39
4)
(dendrites)
1 .
(axon hillock)
(axo-plasmic transport)
(myelin)
(Schwann cells)
(oligodendrocytes)
(nodes of Ranvier)
(synapse)
(presynaptic cell)
(postsynaptic cell) 2 (synaptic cleft)
2.4
: Farabee, 2001)
(receptive surface)
40
(presynaptic inhibition)
(dendritic spines)
1. (polarization)
(membrane
potential) 0
(magnitude)
(+ -)
2.5
( : The Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015)
2. (depolarization) (polarized)
(less polarized) (less negative)
0 ( -70 -60 )
41
3. (repolarization)
4. (hyperpolarization)
( )
0 ( -70 -80 )
2
1) (microelectrodes)
(voltage clamp)
2) (patch clamping)
(receptor
protein)
(signal molecules)
(electrical potential
or voltage)
(threshold value)
(Na+) (K+) 2
(electrical gradients)
42
(magnitude)
(voltage)
40-90 70
0
-70 70
2.7
: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015)
2.8
3 2
43
2. 2
2
( ) (electrical
gradient) (electrical driving force)
2
(dynamic equilibrium)
(equilibrium potential)
(equilibrium state)
2.9
Lodish, Berk, Zipursky , 2000)
3.
50-70%
2 1) 2) ( )
(synaptic vesicle)
(postsynaptic potential)
( -75 -65 )
(excitatory postsynaptic potential; EPSP)
(synaptic
transmission)
(depolarized)
(ligand-gated Na+
channels) 2
(positive Na+
equilibrium potential)
45
(conductivity) (ligand-
gated) (chemically gated ion channels)
2-3
(2-3 )
(chemically gated K+
channels)
(-90 )
(inhibitory postsynaptic
potential; IPSP)
(action potential)
(magnitude)
46
(summation)
(threshold potential)
10-20
(threshold potential)
(voltage-gated membrane channels)
2.11
: HumanPhysiology.Academy, 2015)
(depolarization phase)
(voltage-gated Na+ channels)
2
(voltage-gated K+
channels)
(equilibrium state)
(repolarization)
(hyperpolarized
state) (hyperpolarization)
2-3
47
:
1. (resting membrane potential) (conductance)
50 100
( -90 )
2.
(-90 -40 -60 )
( )
0.1
2.12
: PhysiologyWeb, 2014)
2.13
: PhysiologyWeb, 2014)
48
3. (repolarization)
0.2
(permeability)
4. (hyperpolarization)
(positive after potential)
2
“ ”(all or none)
(refractory period)
) (inactive)
49
2.14
: Lodish, Berk, Zipursky , 2000)
2.15
: Lodish, Berk, Zipursky , 2000)
50
1.
2.
(depolarization)
(excitability)
3.
(activated)
(high voltage)
30-50%
(tetany tetanic
contraction)
(block) (local
anesthetics) (stabilizer) (procaine) (tetracaine)
(tetrodotoxin)
(action potential
depolarization)
(electrotonic current)
(0.5 ./ )
90 ./ (
51
1 1 )
(passive electrotonic current)
(nerve impulse)
( internodes)
(node)
(saltatory conduction)
(synapse)
(presynaptic neuron)
(postsynaptic neuron)
(interneuronal junction)
2 1) 2)
(chemical synapse)
(receptor protein)
40
(acetylcholine, ACh) (norepinephrine)
(histamine) (gamma-amino butyric acid, GABA)
(glutamate)
(one-way conduction)
(impulse)
(electrical synapse)
(synaptic transmission)
( )
(synaptic mechanism)
(release site)
(exocytosis)
(synaptic cleft)
(Ca2+ influx) 2-3
1
2,000-10,000
52
2.16
: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, 2015)
1. (sodium channel)
2. (potassium channel)
3. (chloride channel)
(excitatory transmitter)
(inhibitory transmitter)
(modulator)
(memory process)
1. (diffusion)
2. (enzymatic destruction)
53
3.
(transmitter re-uptake)
(re-uptake of norepinephrine)
(neuropeptide)
2- 3
2.1
5-
)
: PhysiologyWeb, 2014)
54
(synaptic delay)
0.5
(monosynapse) (polysynapse)
1 0.5
(neuronal pathway or neuronal circuit)
2
1. (convergence) 1
2. (divergence) 1
(partial
depolarization) (partial hyperpolarization)
( ) (summation)
(propagated action potential inhibition) 2
1. (spatial summation)
(many places at the same time)
55
2. (temporal summation)
2.19
: HumanPhysiology.Academy, 2015)
2
1. (presynaptic inhibition)
(inhibitory neuron)
2. (postsynaptic inhibition)
(inhibitory interneuron)
(reciprocal
innervation) (stretch receptor of muscle
spindle)
56
2.20 () ( )
: HumanPhysiology.Academy, 2015)
(presynaptic facilitation)
(neuromuscular junction, NMJ)
(end-feet)
( 1
200-300 ) (nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor, nAChR)
(motor endplate)
(Na+ influx)
(end-plate
potential) (firing level)
2
57
2.21
(postganglionic neuron)
(varicosity)
1
(synapse en passant)
(cholinergic and
adrenergic nerve fiber) (sinoatrial node, SA node)
(atrioventricular node, AV node) (bundle of His)
(ventricle)
(single unit smooth muscle)
58
(partial depolarization) (excitatory junction
potential, EJP)
(synapse
en passant)
1)
2)
2 1)
2)
A-Z
A. Afferent neurons B. Associated neurons C. Astrocytes
D. Axon E. Chemical synapse F. Dendrite
G. Depolarization H. Efferent neuron I. Electrical synapse
J. EPSP K. Hyperpolarization L. IPSP
M. K+ channels N. Na+ channels O. Neuromuscular synapse
P. Oligodendrocytes Q. Polarization R. Postsynaptic cell
S. Presynaptic cell T. Repolarization U. Saltatory conduction
V. Schwann cells W. Soma X. Spatial summation
Y. Temporal summation Z. Terminal bouton
__________1.
__________2.
__________3.
__________4.
__________5.
__________6.
__________7.
__________8.
__________9.
__________10.
60
__________11.
__________12.
__________13.
__________14.
__________15.
.
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