ANALYTIC

GEOMETRY 2
CONIC SECTIONS

“Satisfaction lies in the effort, not the attainment.

Full effort is full victory.”
- Mahatma Gandhi
 CONIC SECTION

Conic section is the locus of all points

which moves so that its distance from a
fixed point (focus) is in constant ratio, e
(eccentricity) to its distance from a fixed
straight line d (directrix).

Conics are the nondegenerate curves

generated by the intersections of a plane
with one or two nappes of a cone.
CONIC SECTION
 CONIC SECTION

General Equation
𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐁𝐱𝐲 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎

𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏

𝟏𝟎𝒙′𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙′ 𝒚′ + 𝟏𝟎𝒚′𝟐 = 𝟏

 CONIC SECTION

General Equation
𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐁𝐱𝐲 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎
Major axis/Axis Parallel to x-axis (x’-axis):
𝐱 = 𝐱 ′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 − 𝐲 ′ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐲 = 𝐱 ′ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐲 ′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
Major axis/Axis Parallel to y-axis (y’-axis):
𝐱 = 𝐱 ′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐲 ′ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐲 = −𝐱 ′ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐲 ′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐁
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝛉 =
𝐀−𝐂
 CONIC SECTION

General Equation

𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐁𝐱𝐲 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎

Discriminant Type of Conic

Eccentricity, e
𝐁𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂 Section
<0 Ellipse < 1.0
=0 Parabola = 1.0
>0 Hyperbola > 1.0
 CONIC SECTION

General Equation

𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐁𝐱𝐲 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎

Type of Conic provided B = 0

Circle A=C
Ellipse A≠C
A & C have different
Hyperbola
signs
Parabola Either A or C is zero
 CIRCLE

Circle is the locus of point such that it

moves equidistant from the fixed point
called the center.
 CIRCLE
General Equation

𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎
Standard Equation
𝑟 𝟐 𝟐
𝐱−𝐡 + 𝐲−𝐤 = 𝐫𝟐

𝐶(0,0) Center (h, k)

𝐃 𝐄
𝐡=− 𝐤=−
𝟐𝐀 𝟐𝐀
Radius (r)

𝐃 𝟐 + 𝐄 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐅
𝐫𝟐 =
𝟒𝐀𝟐
CIRCLE

Find the equation of the circle whose center is

at ( 3,-5 ) and whose radius is 4.
A. x2 + y2 – 6x + 10 y + 18 = 0
B. x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + 18 = 0
C. x2 + y2 + 6x + 10y + 18 = 0
D. x2 + y2 + 6x – 10y + 18 = 0

Ans: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 – 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟎
CIRCLE

What is the center of the curve x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y

– 31 = 0.
A. ( -1 , -2 ) C. ( 1 , -2 )
B. ( -1 , 2 ) D. ( 1 , 2 )

Ans: ( 𝟏 , 𝟐 )
CIRCLE

Find the value of k for which the equation x2

+ y2 + 4x - 2y - k = 0 represents a point circle.
A. 5 C. – 6
B. 6 D. – 5

Ans: – 𝟓
 ELLIPSE

An ellipse is a locus of a point which

moves so that the sum of its distance to
the fixed points (foci) is constant and is
equal to the length of the major axis.
 ELLIPSE
y
𝑃2
Latus rectum 𝑃1
𝑑
𝑑1 𝑑4
𝑑2 𝑑
𝑑1 𝑑3 𝐛 2 𝑓

x
𝑉2 (−𝑎, 0) 𝐹2 (−𝑐, 0) 𝐶(0,0) 𝐹1 (𝑐, 0) 𝑉1 (𝑎, 0)

𝐛
major axis (2a)

minor axis (2b) 𝐜

𝐚
 ELLIPSE
Major Axis parallel to x-axis Major Axis parallel to y-axis

General Equation:
𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎 𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎
Standard Equation:
𝐱−𝐡 𝟐 𝐲−𝐤 𝟐 𝐱−𝐡 𝟐 𝐲−𝐤 𝟐
+ =𝟏 + =𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐚𝟐
Center: C (h, k) Latus Rectum: eccentricity:
𝐃 𝐄 𝟐𝐛𝟐 𝐜 𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛 𝟐
𝐡=− 𝐤=− 𝐋𝐑 = 𝐞= =
𝟐𝐀 𝟐𝐂 𝐚 𝐚 𝐚
ELLIPSE

Find the center and major axis of

the ellipse x2 + 4y2 – 2x – 8y + 1 =
0.

Ans: 𝑪 𝟏, 𝟏 ; 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
ELLIPSE

The major axis of the elliptical

path in which the earth moves
around the sun is approximately
186,000,000 miles and the
eccentricity of the ellipse is 1/60.
Determine the apogee of the
earth.
ELLIPSE
Apogee Perigee

b
a
E c
SUN E

a = 93 x 106 c = ea

2a = 186 x 106

Ans: 𝟗𝟒, 𝟓𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔

 HYPERBOLA

A hyperbola is a locus of a point which

moves so that the difference of the
distances to the fixed points (foci) is
constant and is equal to the length of the
transverse axis.
 HYPERBOLA
asymptotes y Conjugate axis

d2 d1
𝐛
x
𝐅𝟏 𝐕𝟏 𝐶(0,0) 𝐕𝟐 𝐅𝟐
`

Transverse axis
𝐃
𝐚

Directrices
𝐜
 HYPERBOLA
Transverse Axis parallel to x-axis Transverse Axis parallel to y-axis

General Equation:
𝐀𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎 𝐂𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎
Standard Equation:
𝐱−𝐡 𝟐 𝐲−𝐤 𝟐 𝐲−𝐤 𝟐 𝐱−𝐡 𝟐
− =𝟏 − =𝟏
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐
Center: C (h, k) Latus Rectum: eccentricity:
𝐃 𝐄 𝟐𝐛𝟐 𝐜 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐
𝐡=− 𝐤=− 𝐋𝐑 = 𝐞= =
𝟐𝐀 𝟐𝐂 𝐚 𝐚 𝐚
 HYPERBOLA
asymptotes y

𝐛
𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)
x
𝐅𝟏 𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐 𝐅𝟐

𝐚
𝐜
 HYPERBOLA
Equation of the asymptotes

𝒚 − 𝒌 = ±𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒉

Note:
𝐡 and 𝐤 → center of the hyperbola
+ → upward asymptote (positive slope)
− → downward asymptote (negative slope)
𝐛
if transverse axis is horizontal: 𝐦 =
𝐚
𝐚
if transverse axis is vertical: 𝐦 =
𝐛
HYPERBOLA

Find the eccentricity of the curve

9x2 - 4y2 - 36x + 8 y = 4.

Ans: 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟑
HYPERBOLA

Find the location of the vertex of

the hyperbola
16y  9x  36x  96y  36  0
2 2
HYPERBOLA

(2, 0)
a=3

(2, -3)

a=3
(2, -6)

Ans: (𝟐, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐, −𝟔)

HYPERBOLA

Find the equation of the

hyperbola with vertices at (-4, 2)
and (0, 2) and foci at (-5, 2) and
(1, 2).
HYPERBOLA

f(-5, 2) V(-4, 2) C (-2, 2) V(0, 2) f(1, 2)

a=2
c=3

Ans: 𝟓𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝐱 + 𝟏𝟔𝐲 − 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎

 PARABOLA

A parabola is a locus of a point which

moves so that it is always equidistant to a
fixed point called focus and a fixed straight
line called directrix.
 PARABOLA
𝐲 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬

directrix

a latus rectum
a
𝐿𝑅1 𝑎, 𝑏
b axis of parabola
𝑉 0,0 𝐹 𝑎, 0
𝐱 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬
b
f𝐿𝑅2 𝑎, −𝑏 focus
vertex
𝑃1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
d
 PARABOLA
Axis parallel to x-axis Axis parallel to y-axis

General Equation:
𝐂𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎 𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐃𝐱 + 𝐄𝐲 + 𝐅 = 𝟎
Standard Equation:
𝐲−𝐤 𝟐 = ±𝟒𝐚 𝐱 − 𝐡 𝟐
𝐱−𝐡 = ±𝟒𝐚 𝐲 − 𝐤
+ → opening 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 + → opening 𝐮𝐩𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝
− → opening 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 − → opening 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝
Vertex: Vertex:
𝐄 𝐃
𝐤=− 𝐡=−
Latus Rectum:
𝟐𝐂 𝟐𝐀
Latus Rectum:
𝐋𝐑 = 𝟒𝒂 = 𝑫 𝐋𝐑 = 𝟒𝒂 = 𝑬
 SQUARED PROPERTY OF PARABOLA

y 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐲−𝐤 𝟐 = ±𝟒𝐚 𝐱 − 𝐡
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝟐
𝐲𝟏 𝐱𝟏
x =
𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟐

y 𝟐
𝐱−𝐡 = ±𝟒𝐚 𝐲 − 𝐤
𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝟐
𝐱𝟏 𝐲𝟏
x =
𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
PARABOLA

Compute the focal length and

the length of latus rectum of
parabola y2 + 8x – 6y + 25 = 0 .

Ans: 𝒂 = 𝟐; 𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
 PARABOLA

Find the equation of the parabola

with vertex at (5, -2) and focus at
(5, -4)

Ans: 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝐱 + 𝟖𝐲 + 𝟒𝟏 = 𝟎
 PARABOLA

Find the equation of a parabola

with axes vertical and passing
through (0, 0), (1, 0) and (5, -
20).

Ans: 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟎
 PARABOLA

An arch 18 m high has the form

of parabola with a vertical axis.
The length of a horizontal beam
placed across the arch 8 m from
the top is 64 m. Find the width of
the arch at the bottom.

Ans: 𝟗𝟔 𝒎
PARABOLA
V (0, 0)

8m

32 32 P1 (32, -8)
18 m
64

x/2 x/2 P2 (x/2, -18)

x=?
Ans: 𝟗𝟔 𝒎
 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Polar Coordinates (r, θ) refers to the

coordinates of a point in a system of
coordinates where the position of a point is
determined by the length of ray segment
(radius vector) from a fixed origin (pole)
and the angle (polar angle) the ray
(vector) makes with the fixed line (polar
axis).
 POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Vector angle
𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 Argument
Azimuth

𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬

𝐫, 𝛉 x y
cos θ = sin θ =
r r
𝐫
𝐲 𝐱 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝐲 = 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝛉 𝐫= 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐
𝐱
PARABOLA

What is the polar equation of a

circle of radius 3 units and center
at (3, 0)?

Ans: 𝒓 = 𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
PARABOLA

Determine the length of the latus

rectum of the curve r cos2 θ – 4
cos θ = 16 sin θ

Ans: 𝟏𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
“The more I PRACTICE,
the Luckier I get.”
-Gary Player