Chapter 5

Congruency, Enlargement and Combined

Transformations
Example 1
Determine whether each pair of the following shapes are congruent.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Example 2
The diagram below shows two congruent triangles which satisfy the conditions of Angle-Angle-Side (AAS).

Complete the table below based on the triangle congruency of Angle-Angle-Side (AAS).
Corresponding angles Corresponding sides
∠ACB = ∠YZX
Example 3
The diagram below shows a triangle PQR.

It is given that another triangle CDE is congruent to the triangle PQR. State the triangle congruency used to
determine both triangles are congruent if
(a) PQ = CD, PR = CE and ∠QPR = ∠DCE
(b) QR = DE, ∠PQR = ∠CDE and ∠PRQ = ∠CED
Example 4
The diagram below shows a parallelogram ABCD.

P and Q are midpoints of the sides AB and CD respectively. Determine whether the triangle APD is congruent with
(a) triangle QCP.
(b) triangle CQB.
Example of HOTS Question
The diagram below shows a shape consisting of a combination of three congruent shapes.

Find the area, in cm2, of the shape.

Example 5
Determine whether each pair of the following geometric objects are similar.
(a)

(b)
Example 6
In each of the following diagrams, triangle A’B’C’ is the image of the object ABC under an enlargement.
(a)

(b)

Describe the enlargement in each diagram.

Example 7
In the diagram below, PQRS is the image of EFGH under an enlargement.

Describe the enlargement.

Example 8
The diagram below shows four similar triangles drawn on the Cartesian plane.

5
Determine the image of triangle A under the enlargement at centre (-8, 4) with scale factor .
3
Example 9
Draw the image for each of the following objects under the enlargement at centre O with the given scale factor.
(a) Scale factor, k = 3
SPM TIPS:
We can use the horizontal distance and vertical distance to determine the ratio
of a point from the centre of enlargement as follows.
It is given that point P is object and point P’ is its image, O is the centre of
enlargement and k = 3.
k = 3 means that the horizontal distance and vertical distance P’ from O to the
horizontal distance and vertical distance of P from O follow the ratio 3 : 1.

1
(b) Scale factor, k = −
2
Example 10
Draw the object for each of the following images under the enlargement at centre O with the given scale factor.
4
(a) Scale factor, k = SPM TIPS:
3
We can use the inverse scale factor to determine the
object of an image under an enlargement. For
example, if ‘A’ is image of A under the enlargement
at centre O with scale factor k, then we can perform
1
the enlargement at centre O with scale factor on
𝑘
the image A’ to determine the object A.

(b) Scale factor, k = −2

Example 11
It it given that the area of a geometric object is 16 cm2. Calculate the area of its image under an enlargement with
scale factor,
(a) k = 5
3
(b) k =
4
Example 12
The area of the image of object A under an enlargement is 54 cm2. Find
(a) the area of the object if the scale factor of the enlargement is 3,
(b) the scale factor if the area of the object is 24 cm2.
Example 13
In the diagram below, triangle ABC is the image of triangle PBQ under an enlargement at centre B.

Find
(a) the scale factor of the enlargement.
(b) the area of the shaded region, if the area of triangle ABC is 100 cm2.
Example 14
It is given that transformations
−6
A = translation
3
B = reflection on the line y = x
C = rotation of 90° anticlockwise at centre (8, 4)
The diagram below shows the point P and point Qn on a Cartesian plane.

(a) Determine the image of point P under the combined transformation AB.
(b) If Qn is the image of point Q under the transformation AC, determine the coordinates of point Q.
Example 15
The diagram below shows a triangle A drawn on a Cartesian plane.

It is given that transformations

1
P = translation
−4
Q = rotation of 180° at the origin
R = enlargement at centre (4, 3) with scale factor 2
Determine the image of triangle A under the combined transformation
(a) P2
(b) PQ
(c) QR
Example 16
The diagram below shows some similar pentagons drawn on a Cartesian plane.

It is given that transformations

1
A = enlargement at centre (-2, 3) with scale factor −
2
B = reflection on the line x = 2
C = rotation of 90° clockwise at centre (-1, 3)
Determine the object of image P under the combined transformation
(a) AB
(b) CB
SPM Highlights
In the diagram below, pentagon ABCDE is the plan of a shopping complex. Pentagon QSTUV is the plan of Taman
Sarjana with PQRWX is a commercial region and the shaded region is the residential region.

(a) Pentagon QSTUV is the image of pentagon ABCDE under a combined transformation LH.
Describe in full, the transformation
(i) H (ii) L
(b) It is given that the area of the residential region is 12 600 m2. Calculate the area of the shopping complex.
Example 17
Determine whether each of the following is a tessellation.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Example 18
The diagram below shows a tessellation consisting of equilateral triangles and squares.

Based on the diagram, describe the transformation used to produce the tessellation from
(a) object A to the images C and D.
(b) object B to the images E and F.