GENERAL MATHEMATICS FIRST QUARTER

Chapters I - IV
Chapter I: Functions
Domain and Range
The domain of any non-rational, non-radical, and absolute value functions are all real numbers, represented as R.
Given a function written in an equation form that includes a Given a function written in equation form including an even root,
fraction, find the domain find the domain.
1. Identify the input values. 1. Identify the input values.
2. Identify any restrictions on the input. If there is a denominator 2. Since there is an even root, exclude any real numbers that
in the function’s formula, set the denominator equal to zero result in a negative number in the radicand. Set the radicand
and solve for x. greater than or equal to zero and solve for x.
3. Write the domain in set-builder notation or interval notation, 3. The solution(s) are the domain of the function. If possible,
making sure to add the information of the restricted values write the answer in set-builder notation or interval notation,
from the domain. depending on the teacher’s advice.
Given a function written in equation form, find the range.
1. Label the function as y = f(x).
2. Isolate x and express x as a function of y.
3. Find all values of y where f(y) is defined.
4. Eliminate the values of y that will make the function undefined (for rational functions) or negative (for radical functions).
Write the range in set-builder notation, making sure to add the information of the restricted values from the domain, if ever.

Evaluation of Functions – Short Recapitulation

√ x−3 , find the following values:
Given f ( x )=
① f ( 7 )=√ 7−3=√ 4=2
② f ( 2051 ) =√ 2051−3= √ 2048=√ 211 = √ 210 • 2=25 √ 2=32 √ 2

Function Operations and Composite Functions

Definition: Let f and g be functions.
Operations Equations 2
Examples: Let f ( x )=x +2 ; g ( x )=3 x−3
( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x )
( f + g )( x )=(x ¿¿ 2+ 2)+(3 x −3)¿
Addition ( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g (x) ( f + g )( x )=x 2 +2+3 x−3
( f + g )( x )=x 2 +3 x+ 2−3
( f + g )( x )=x 2 +3 x−1
( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g ( x )
( f −g ) ( x )=(x ¿¿ 2+2)−( 3 x−3)¿
Subtraction ( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g(x ) ( f −g ) ( x )=x 2+2−3 x+3
( f −g ) ( x )=x 2−3 x+5
( f −g ) ( x )=x 2+3 x−1
( f • g )( x )=f ( x ) • g ( x )
Multiplication ( f • g )( x )=f ( x ) • g( x ) ( f • g )( x )=( x 2 +2 ) ( 3 x−3 )
( f • g )( x )=3 x 3−3 x 2+ 6 x−6

( fg ) ( x )= gf (x)
Division
( fg ) ( x )= gf ((x)x) ; g(x )≠ 0 (x)

( fg ) ( x )= 3xx−3
2
+2

( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g ( x ) )
( f ∘ g )( x )=f (3 x−3)
2
Composition ( f ∘ g )( x )=f ( g( x)) f ( 3 x−3 )=( 3 x−3 ) +2
2
f ( 3 x−3 )=9 x −18 x+ 9+2
( f ∘ g )( x )∨f ( 3 x−3 )=9 x 2−18 x +11
Chapter II: Rational Functions
Rational Equation and Inequalities
To solve rational equations: To solve rational inequalities:
(a) Eliminate denominators by multiplying each term of the (a) Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on one
equation by the least common denominator. side of the inequality and 0 on the other.
(b) Note that eliminating denominators may introduce extraneous (b) Determine over what intervals the rational expression takes
solutions. Check the solutions of the transformed equations on the positive and negative values.
with the original equation. (c) Locate x values for which the rational expression is zero
(numerator) and undefined (denominator).
(d) Mark the numbers on a number line. Use SHADED circles to
indicate the value is included. Use HOLLOW circles if excluded.
(e) Select a test point within each interval.
(f) Summarize the interval containing the solutions.
WARNING: It is not valid to multiply both sides of an inequality by a variable. Recall that:
- Multiplying/dividing both sides of an inequality by a positive number retains the direction of the inequality, and
- Multiplying/dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number reverses the direction of the inequality.
Since the sign of the variable is unknown, therefore it is not valid to multiply both sides of an inequality by a variable.

Graphing Rational Functions

How to find the: Do the following:
Zeroes Find all x-values which do not make the denominator equal to zero.
y-intercept If 0 is not in the domain, then there is no y-intercept.
If 0 is in the domain, the y-intercept is the value of the function at x = 0.
x-intercept Find the values of x where the numerator is zero, but the denominator is non-zero.
Vertical Asymptote Find the values of x where the denominator of the reduced rational function is zero.
Horizontal Asymptote Use the degree of the polynomial in the numerator and denominator, wherein;
Let n be the degree of the numerator and m be the degree of the denominator.
 If n< m, the horizontal asymptote is y=0.
a
 If n=m, the horizontal asymptote is y= , where a is the leading coefficient of the numerator, and b
b
is the leading coefficient of the denominator.
 If n> m, there is no horizontal asymptote.

Applications on Rational Equations

Work For Air and Water Motion Problems
Diagram
1 1 1 Air Problem Water Problem Distance Rate Time
+ =
a b t (Direction of the wind) (Path of the object) d r t
Downstream / with the d1
Opposite Tailwind / with the wind
current
d1 x +c
Work x+ c
1 1 1 Upstream / against the d2
− = Headwind / against the wind
current
d2 x−c
a b t x−c
For Land Problems Setting up an Equation:

Land Problem Time Given in Equation to Use

(Vehicles with different Distance Rate Time Problem
speeds / different speeds in d r t The same 1st rational expression = 2nd rational
going to and back) expression
d1 As a total 1st rational expression + 2nd rational
Vehicle A (normal speed) d1 x expression = total time
x As a difference 1st rational expression - 2nd rational
Vehicle B (more than/less d2 expression = difference in time
than the speed of A)
d2 x±c
x±c
 For Mixture Problem
Volume (V) Concentration (C) (%)
V1 C1
V2 C2
V1+V2 C3
Equation: V1C1 + V2C2 = (V1+V2)C3

Chapter III: One-to-One and Inverse Functions

The function f is one-to-one if for any x 1 , x 2. in the domain of f ,
then f ( x 1) ≠ f ( x 2) . That is, the same y-value is never paired with
two different x-value.
All functions satisfy the vertical line test. All one-to-one functions satisfy both the vertical and horizontal line tests, and each function has
an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one.
To find the inverse of a one-to-one function:
(a) Write the function in the form of y=f (x );
(b) Interchange the x and y variables;
(c) Solve for y in terms of x.
Horizontal Line Test
A function is one-to-one if each horizontal line does not intersect
the graph at more than one point.
Property of an Inverse of a One-to-One Function
(a) The inverse of f −1 ( x ) is f ( x ) .
(b) f (f ¿ ¿−1 ( x ))=x ¿ for all x in the domain of f −1.
−1
(c) f (f ( x ) )=x for all x in the domain of f .

Chapter IV: Exponential Functions

An exponential equation with base b is a function of the form f ( x )=bx , A transformation of an exponential function with base b is
where b> 0 , b≠ 1. a function of the form g ( x ) =a ∙ b x−c +d , where a, c, and
d are real numbers.
Be careful on Grouping!
( ab )2=ab ∙ ab=a2 b2
2 2
ab =a ∙ b =a∙ b ∙ b
Properties of Exponential Equations
1. If b> 1, then the exponential function y=b x is
increasing for all x . This means that b x
<b
y
if and only
if x < y .
2. If 0<b<1, then the exponential function y=b is
x

decreasing for all x. This means that b >b y if and

x

only if x < y .
Finding the Domain and Range of an Exponential Function
Let f ( x)=a ∙b P (x) +h , be an exponential function, where
P(x) is a LINEAR function.

The DOMAIN of an exponential function is ALWAYS a set of

all real numbers. {x∨x ∈ R }

As for the RANGE,

https://d138zd1ktt9iqe.cloudfront.net/media/seo_landing_files/exponent- If a > 0, then the range of the exponential function is
rules-and-laws-of-exponents-1653552741.png { y ∨ y ∈ R , y> h }
If a < 0, then the range of the exponential function is
{ y ∨ y ∈ R , y< h }
Note: h is the horizontal asymptote of the exponential
function.
Zeroes, Intercepts and Horizontal Asymptote of an Exponential Function Compound Interest Formula
Zeroes – the zeroes of an exponential function are values of x which will
make the function zero. It is the value of x when y = 0. n
– in a graph, it is the x-coordinate of the point intersecting the x-axis A=P ( 1+r )
or it is also the x-intercept of the exponential function
Y – intercept – the point where the exponential function crosses the y-axis. Where, 𝐴 is the amount at the end of 𝑛 periods; 𝑃 is the
Horizontal Asymptote – the line y = h is the Horizontal asymptote of the principal amount; 𝑖 is the interest rate per period; 𝑛 the
exponential function. number of periods.
Half-Life Continuous-Compounding Formula
 ()
t
1 A=P ert
A=A 0 k
2
Where, 𝐴 is the amount or ending balance; 𝑃 is the
principal or beginning balance; 𝑟 is the annual percentage
Half-life is the time required for one-half of a radioactive nuclide to decay
rate compounded continuously; and 𝑡 is the time in years
(change to another element). In the formula, 𝐴 is the final amount; 𝐴 0 is the
initial amount; 𝑡 is the time; 𝑘 is the substance’ half-life
Depreciation Uninhibited Growth

n kt
A=P ( 1−r ) A=A 0 e

Where, 𝐴 is the amount at the end of 𝑛 periods; 𝑃 is the principal amount; 𝑖
is the interest rate per period; 𝑛 the number of periods
If a population increases according to the Law of
Uninhibited Growth, the number of organisms 𝑁 at time 𝑡
given by the formula where 𝐴 is the final amount, 𝐴 0 is the
initial number of organisms, and 𝑘 is the constant of
proportionality.