1. Write any two Laboratory test for Cement.

Fineness Test
Fineness is the mean size of cement grain. It is done to measure the mean size of
cement grain. The finer the cement the surface area for hydration will be large and it
increases the strength of cement.
Consistency Test
This physical test of cement is done to estimate the required water quantity to form a
normal consistency cement paste. It is defined as the percentage of water required form
the cement paste.
Setting Time Test
Cement has two types of setting time – Initial setting time and Final setting time.
Initial setting time is the state of cement mortar or concrete when it starts to become
stiffen and unworkable. Final setting time is the state when cement mortar or concrete
has become fully unworkable.

2. Write the Proportion of materials in R.C.C.

3. Write the Properties of Cement

4. Define the Classification of Sand.

According to the mode of origin the Sand can be classified as follows:
Pit sand : Generally sharp and regular – deposited by wind and form accumulations in
soil. Sand when cleaned and washed makes good mortar.
 River Sand : Occurs as accumulations of great along the base and bank of rivers. Shape –
almost Round. Its free from clay, salt and organic impurities. Most commonly used for
making mortar, plasters and concrete.
Marine Sand : occurs on beaches and along sea shore. Covered with Salt not easily
separable. If used in mortar, concrete – salts react with the binding material.

5. What is meant by curing ?

The process of keeping concrete wet to enable it to attain full strength is known as
curing. The objective of curing is to prevent loss moisture from concrete due to
evaporation or because of any other reason. Curing should be done for a period of three
weeks but not less than 10 days.

6. Define. Bulking of Sand.

The change or increase in volume of sands on getting moist. The volume of moist sand is
more than dry sand.
The fine sand shows higher bulking rate as compared to coarse sand.

7. What do you meant by guniting ?

From the Gun , the thoroughly mixed plaster is thrown out on the surface of application
with the help of compressed air. 1 cement : 3 sand which is applied under great
pressure – 2,5 kg/cm2 with the use of special gun.

8. Define the role of steel in R.C.C.

Steel bars in concrete structures to make the strong enough to resist tensile forces. The
main function of reinforcement is to provide tensile strength to the concrete structure
Concrete has a high compressive strength but a low tensile strength. Steel, on the other
hand, has a very high tensile strength (as well as a high compressive strength) but is
much more expensive than concrete relative to its load-carrying ability. By combining
steel and concrete into a composite material, we are able to make use of both the high
tensile strength of steel and the relatively low-cost compressive strength of concrete.

9. Explain Aggregates.
A combination of different sizes and shapes normally of stones. Maximum size is 75 mm.
Classified as : Fine Aggregates – those aggregate which pass through 4.75 mm sieve or
aggregates with size less than 5mm.
Coarse Aggregates – those aggregates passing through 75 mm sieve or aggregates size
greater than 5mm.
10. Write the Uses of cement.
Cement is a water-based binder used to bind other building materials (i.e. sand,
aggregate) together. It is used in the production of mortar and concrete during the
construction process. The reason cement is one of the most common construction
ingredients among other is its ability to hold the structure together.
It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.
It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
It is used for water tightness of structure.
It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels, beams, stairs, pillars
etc.

11. Explain types cement.

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Rapid Hardening Cement.
Low Heat Cement.
Sulphates Resisting Cement.
White Cement.
Coloured cement.
Air Entraining Cement.

12. Define . Mortar and Plasters.

Mortar : A paste obtained by adding water to a mixture of fine aggregates such as sand
and binding material.
Plaster : This is a lean mortar that has been prepared for the specific use of providing a
protective covering on the inner or outer faces of construction.

13. Define. Workability of concrete.

Workability of concrete is the amount of work required for to place concrete and to
compact it thoroughly. It increases with the addition of water but reduces the strength.
Uses of aggregates which are round and smooth surfaces increases the workability.

14. Write the stages in concrete construction.

Steps of concrete construction:
1.Installation of concrete formwork and shoring
2.Placing of concrete
3.Curing of concrete

15. What are all the finishes available in cement and concrete.
Broom Finish. ...
Exposed Aggregate Finish. ...
Salt Finish. ...
Stamped Concrete. ...
 Pigments. ... Concrete Stain.

16. Define. DPC and WPC.

A damp-proof course (DPC) is a barrier through the structure designed to prevent
moisture rising by capillary action such as through a phenomenon known as rising
damp.
Waterproofing concrete is a fairly simply procedure. Cement is actually a very porous
material and can easily absorb water. Therefore, any concrete that may come into
regular contact with water, such as under tile or for a pool, will need to be
waterproofed.

17. Write the types of foundations.

18. Sketch the basic types of roof slab.

One way slab Two way slab

19. Sketch the basic types of Columns and beams.

Types of column Types of beam – Regular , inverted and concealed beam.

20. Discuss about the materials used for damp and water proofing.
Materials which are resist penetration of dampness should be used for damp and water
proofing. Hot Bitumen , Mastic asphalt , Metal Sheets ,Plastic Sheets , cement concrete
and damp proof paint will be used for Damp proofing and water proofing.

21. Define Fibre-Reinforced Concrete.

In a type of concrete , Fiber has been introduced as reinforcing material known as Fibre-
Reinforced Concrete. Fiber can be made up of steel , glass , nylon , carbon , etc., . When
the structure is loaded , some micro-cracks can be happened. This leads to inelastic
deformation. This weakness can be removed by Fibre-Reinforced Concrete.

22. Define Polymer Concrete.

Polymer Concrete is mixer of aggregate with polymer as a sole binder. There is no other
binding material will be used, even Porland Cement too.

23. What are all advantages of pre-stressed concrete ?

Low Construction Cost
Thinner slab can be used for high rise building
Longer span can be achieved
Number of Joints is lower than regular RCC Structure, which leads low maintenance
cost.

24. Write the uses of Damp- Proofing.

It will avoid the weakness of structure due to dampness.
By this only we can get the comfortable damp-free environment in building in all
climate.
It helps to have basement floors in building.

25. Write short notes on ready-mixed concrete.

Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a type of concrete which is manufactured in a cement
factory, or specifically known as the batching plant, according to a given set of
proportions, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted with mixers. This
results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and
implemented on construction sites.
26. 27. List any two advantages of light weight concrete.
- Reduction of Dead Load
- Smaller section of structural members can be adopted.
- It reduce overall construction cost.
27. Give two advantages of prefabricated concrete.
- Reducing construction time and accordingly faster investment reverting
- Increasing the productivity of the site works
- Reducing site waste
- Reducing site supervision
- Eliminating changes during construction and reducing reworking

28. List any two advantages of bitumen.

Due to its high flexibility, it gives minimum thickness of damp-proofing layer.
It is perfectly impervious material, so it will not permit any moisture passing through.
It has maximum durability.

29. Mention few special concrete.

Light weight concrete
Aerated concrete
Polymer Concrete
Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
Ferro-cement Concrete
Ready-Mix Concrete
30. What is meant by “aerated concrete” ?
Aerated concrete is a compound of cement, lime, fly ash, and gas former (aluminum
powder). It is a high-efficient heat-insulating material made through the molding and
steam curing processes. It has the properties of heat preservation, heat insulation, and
sound absorption. The apparent density of the aerated concrete is small and the
thermal conductivity of it is even several times smaller than that of the clay brick.

31. What is meant by „RMC‟ ?

Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a type of concrete which is manufactured in a cement
factory, or specifically known as the batching plant, according to a given set of
proportions, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted with mixers. This
results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and
implemented on construction sites.

32. Mention few types of Precast concrete Products.

Structural Pre-Cast Products:
 Precast Beams
 Precast Columns
 Precast floor slabs
 Precast walls
  Precast staircases
Non-Structural Precast Product
Precast Pipe
Precast Furniture
Manhole cap
Compound wall

33. Differentiate the structural and non-structural Precast Products.

Structural Non - Structural

It deal with load calculation of building
It deal with the stability of building
Huge product
Difficult to install and need skilled labour
This is costlier than cast in-situ.
It won’t deal with load
It does not deal with stability
Small Product
It does not need skilled labour to install.
This is cheeper than cast in-situ.

34. Sketch any two Precast Products.

35. Sketch any two types joints to connect precast products.

36. Name four Precast Structural Products.

 Precast Beams- Internal beams, External beams
  Precast Columns- Edge columns , Internal columns , Corner
 Precast floor slabs- Hollow cored slab , Double tee slab
 Precast walls- Infill walls, Cantilever walls
 Precast staircases

37. Name four Precast Non-Structural Products.

Precast Pipe
Precast Furniture
Manhole cap
Compound wall

38. Differentiate Pre-Cast & Cast In-situ Concrete.

Pre- Cast
Quality can be controlled and
maintained easily.
Less labours are required. Less skilled
labours are required.
Precast concrete construction is quick as In situ concrete construction is slow as
it can be installed immediately and
there is no waiting for it to gain
strength.
Higher maintenance cost.
Large number of joints in structural
system.
Cast in-situ
Quality control and maintenance is
difficult.
More labours are required. More skilled
labours are required.
gaining of strength requires time.
Less maintenance cost
Less number of joints present in structural
system.

39. Name the Basic Pre-Cast Products Structural Connections.

- Connection Shoes
- Bolt and Nuts
- Splice and Sleeves
- Screw connections
-
40. Define Ferro-cement Concrete.
Ferro cement is a relatively new material consisting of wire meshes and cement mortar.
It consists of closely spaced wire meshes which are impregnated with rich cement
mortar mix. While the mortar provides the mass, the wire mesh imparts tensile strength
and ductility to the material. So, it posses high resisting to cracking.

41. Write About CBRI and SERC.

CBRI – Central Building Research Institute, to work as the world-class knowledge base
for providing solutions to almost all area of Building construction / Habitat planning and
 construction including building materials, technology, fire engineering and disaster
mitigation.
To carry out R&D on all aspects of building and housing and assist the building industry
in solving problems of planning, designing, found at ions, materials and construction
including disaster mitigation in all kinds of buildings.
SERC - Structural Engineering Research Centre - It will undertake application-
orientedresearch in all aspects of structuralengineering - both design andconstruction,
including rehabilitation ofstructures. It will provide design consultancyservices, including
proof checking, toorganisations in the public and privatesectors for developing a variety
ofstructural designs.

42. Write About NBO and BMTPC.

National Buildings Organisation (NBO) is an autonomous organisation of the Indian

Government established in 1954. The organisation is responsible for collecting, collating,
validating, analysing, disseminating and publishing housing and building construction
statistics.
BMTPC- BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL
In order to bridge the gap between research and development and large scale
application of new building material technologies, the erstwhile Ministry of Urban
Development, Government of India, had established the BMTPC in July 1990.The
Council strives to package proven innovative technologies for the benefit of
entrepreneurs interested in setting up manufacturing units in tiny, small, medium and
large scale sectors.

43. Write the Technique for Renovation.

Renovation (also called remodeling) is the process of improving a broken, damaged, or
outdated structure
- Planning
- Engineering
- Structural repair
- Rebuilding
- Finishes

44. What is retrofitting?

Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems.
• Power plant retrofit , improving power plant efficiency / increasing output / reducing
emissions.
• Home energy retrofit, the improving of existing building with energy efficiency
equipment.