6.

Discussion

Among the volumes of base used, small difference between first and second experiments with
actual volumes of16,4cm3 and 17,6cm3 indicate that there is a small error. This is because
there is use of white tile for easy and accurate observing colour changes. The experiment was
literally successful, because the pale pink colour was obtained except on the second trial that
got purple pink.This occurs because the Burette was not exactly 90⁰ vertically upright to the
table and this produce a challenge in reading volumes. The other possible reason may be due
to the solution of sulphuric acid over diluted. The most significant error could occur by not
shaking the flask properly while adding Sodium Hydroxide solution and not recognising the
pale pink colour on the instant it appeared and also the untimely adding of sodium hydroxide
into sulphuric acid. The other possible reason may be due to the solution of sulphuric acid
over diluted. The most significant error could occur by not shaking the flask properly while
adding Sodium Hydroxide solution and not recognising the pale pink colour on the instant it
appeared and also the untimely adding of sodium hydroxide into sulphuric acid.
The Conical flask used in more trials was wet since it had to be rinsed it before a new trial.
Due to wet flasks there was a possibility of the flask to be coated with another solution other
than water when not rinsed well, which could cause some mistakes or discrepancies in the
recorded data. For example, the end point changes and the solution can get contaminated.

7. Conclusion
From the experiment and calculation, the solution with phenolphthalein will change color
from transparent to pale pink when it attains the pH 9. The colour change determines the end
point.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH - > Na2SO4 + 2H2O.
The aim was to detect the equivalent point, the point at which chemically equivalent amounts
of reactants of been mixed. The reactants ration that's 1:2 respectively as in the stoichiometry
reaction.
6. Discussion

Among the volumes of base used, small difference between first and second experiments with
actual volumes of16,4cm3 and 17,6cm3 indicate that there is a small error. This is because
there is use of white tile for easy and accurate observing colour changes. The experiment was
literally successful, because the pale pink colour was obtained except on the second trial that
got purple pink.This occurs because the Burette was not exactly 90⁰ vertically upright to the
table and this produce a challenge in reading volumes. The other possible reason may be due
to the solution of sulphuric acid over diluted. The most significant error could occur by not
shaking the flask properly while adding Sodium Hydroxide solution and not recognising the
pale pink colour on the instant it appeared and also the untimely adding of sodium hydroxide
into sulphuric acid. The other possible reason may be due to the solution of sulphuric acid
over diluted. The most significant error could occur by not shaking the flask properly while
adding Sodium Hydroxide solution and not recognising the pale pink colour on the instant it
appeared and also the untimely adding of sodium hydroxide into sulphuric acid.
The Conical flask used in more trials was wet since it had to be rinsed it before a new trial.
Due to wet flasks there was a possibility of the flask to be coated with another solution other
than water when not rinsed well, which could cause some mistakes or discrepancies in the
recorded data. For example, the end point changes and the solution can get contaminated.
7. Conclusion

From the experiment and calculation, the solution with phenolphthalein will change color
from transparent to pale pink when it attains the pH 9. The colour change determines the end
point.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH - > Na2SO4 + 2H2O.
The aim was to detect the equivalent point, the point at which chemically equivalent amounts
of reactants of been mixed. The reactants ration that's 1:2 respectively as in the stoichiometry
reaction.

1. LITERATURE REVIEW
Titration is a laboratory technique designed to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution through adding measured amounts of a standard solution that reacts with the
unknown solution. The concentration of an unknown solution can be calculated using the
stoichiometry of the reaction that is the molar ratio of titrant to titrand. Acid and base are
the reactants taking part in the acid-base titration and the reaction is said to be
neutralization. Phenolphthalein, a weak colourless acid that releases a proton (H+) when
the neutralization has been completed, is used as an indicator for this experiment.Addition
of hydroxide ions OH- will change the phenolphthalein into its ion and turn the solution
pale pink. Sulfuric acid H2SO4 is a strong acid used as titrand and NaOH is a strong base
which was used as a standard solution. Strong acids and strong bases completely ionize in
solution producing salt and water in accordance to the following equation;
H2SO4aq + 2NaOHaq NA2SO4s+ 2H2Ol