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Study on internal overvoltages of 220 kV submarine cable transmission

system of the offshore oil–gas field group

Article  in  Energy Reports · July 2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.202

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Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr

2021 International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering (ICNEPE 2021)
November 19 to 21, 2021, Sanya, China

Study on internal overvoltages of 220 kV submarine cable

transmission system of the offshore oil–gas field group
Han Li ∗, Peixin Yu, Shurong Li, Junbo Deng
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi’an 710049, China
Received 27 December 2021; accepted 27 January 2022
Available online xxxx

Abstract
Since the Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) process of the high-voltage submarine cable has a great influence on the safe and
stable operation of the transmission system, it is necessary to analyze its EMT process under actual engineering. In this study,
PSCAD (EMTDC) is used to simulate the internal overvoltages (power-frequency overvoltages and switching overvoltages)
of the submarine cable transmission system. Under the working conditions considered in this study, the maximum power-
frequency overvoltage in the system occurs in the case of single-phase fault earthing, which is 1.147 p.u. The maximum
switching overvoltage is 1.321 p.u., and the 2% overvoltage is 1.276 p.u. The above results are all able to meet the regulations
of the internal overvoltages. By simulating the overvoltages in the system, the operation states of the system can be obtained,
which is of great significance to improve the transmission reliability of the submarine cable system.
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering, ICNEPE, 2021.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Transient process; Submarine cable; Internal overvoltage; Power-frequency overvoltage; Switching overvoltage

1. Introduction
The exploitation process of offshore oil–gas fields requires a large amount of electric energy, which is usually
generated by using natural gas or crude oil as fuel [1]. Due to its large energy consumption and serious air pollution
caused by carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and nitrogen oxide (NOx ) emissions, the onshore power supply system is gradually
becoming the mainstream to supply power to offshore oil–gas fields through submarine cables [2]. Now an Ultra
High Voltage (UHV) submarine cable transmission project with a voltage level of 220 kV for offshore oil–gas fields
in the Bohai Sea is under construction. As the submarine cables laid on the seabed in this project are generally
long, their large capacitance will have a certain impact on the overvoltages of the submarine cables [3]. In order
to prevent abnormal internal overvoltages in the system and avoid insulation damage, it is necessary to carry out
detailed calculation through simulation.
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: lihansiping@stu.xjtu.edu.cn (H. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.202
2352-4847/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on New Energy and Power Engineering, ICNEPE,
2021.
H. Li, P. Yu, S. Li et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

The internal overvoltage of cables and overhead lines (OHL lines) has always been the focus of scholars, in which
the power-frequency overvoltage and switching overvoltage are generally included. Power-frequency overvoltage is a
kind of overvoltage whose frequency is close to the power frequency. It often occurs at the time of normal operation
or fault operation of the power system, and the amplitude of it may exceed the maximum operating voltage [4,5].
For switching overvoltage, it is the overvoltage caused by the operations of the power system equipment, faults or
other reasons, which is usually affected by closing angles, system operation states and line parameters [6]. When
the switching overvoltage is caused by the actions of the circuit breakers, it is usually accompanied by statistical
characteristics, and it is necessary to obtain their corresponding statistical distributions under different working
conditions [7].
In addition to the traditional overvoltage analysis of underground cables and OHL lines, there has also been
increasing attention to the issues of submarine cable overvoltages. Guo et al. [8] calculated the energization
overvoltages and breaking overvoltages of the submarine cables used in large-scale offshore submarine wind farms,
explained the generation mechanism of overvoltages and put forward the suppression measures. Zhang et al. [3]
found that the arrester has the clamping effect on the overvoltages of submarine cables. With the increase of
the overvoltage amplitude, the clamping effect of arresters decreases. Thararak et al. [9] analyzed the switching
overvoltages of 115 kV underground and submarine cables. Some scholars have also studied the overvoltage and
insulation margin on the insulating sheath of XLPE submarine cables [10].
Johan Sverdrup oil field in Norway has already been succeeded in providing power to the offshore oil fields
using the Voltage Source Converter based High Voltage Direct Current (VSC-HVDC), and has also realized the
carbon neutralization of large and medium-sized oil fields for the first time in the world [2]. In China, the project
of 220 kV submarine cable transmission system of the offshore oil–gas fields involved in this study is also the first
domestic project to achieve carbon neutrality, which uses High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) Transmission
for power supply. Since this project is pioneering in China and has the characteristics of high voltage level, complex
system structure, and complex system operating conditions, it is very important to calculate its internal overvoltages
under various conditions stated in this study.
In this study, the internal overvoltages on buses and submarine cables of the system caused by different types
of reasons are calculated, which checks the operation status of the system theoretically, reduces the probability of
accidents, and improves the operation reliability of the system effectively.

2. System modeling
The system wiring and line lengths of the submarine cable power transmission system of the offshore oil–gas
field group are shown in Fig. 1. The whole system is composed of Bonan 220 kV switchyard, BZ35-2 power
platform, BZ34-1 power platform, BZ19-6 power platform, Pengbo power platform and KL10-1 power platform.
The power supply of 220 kV Xingang station and 220 kV Lianhua Station is connected through Bonan 220 kV

Fig. 1. Structure diagram of submarine cable power transmission system.

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switchyard. Underground cables and submarine cables are used to connect the onshore power supply to the offshore
oil–gas field group. Except that the voltage level of the KL10-1 power platform is 110 kV, the voltage level of other
platforms and switchyard is 220 kV. There exist 5 underground cables and 8 submarine cables in the system, of
which land cables L1, L2 and L5 also include OHL lines.
There are two different types of underground cables in the system. The cross-sectional areas of the two types
of underground cables are 800 mm2 and 2500 mm2 respectively. For submarine cables, there are four different
submarine cables, of which three submarine cables are applied with the voltage level of 220 kV, and their cross-
sectional areas are 400 mm2 , 500 mm2 , and 1000 mm2 respectively; the submarine cable with a 110 kV voltage
level has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 . The type of OHL line used in the system is 2×JL/G1A400/35
steel core aluminum stranded wire. Take the underground cable with 800 mm2 cross-sectional area and the 220
kV submarine cable with 400 mm2 cross-sectional area as examples. The structures of the cables are shown in
Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. (a) Underground cable; (b) Submarine cable.

where the submarine cable is composed of three coaxial cables, and the electrical parameters of each coaxial
cable are the same as those of the underground cable.
The model diagram of the submarine cable transmission system is shown in Fig. 3, in which the underground
cables (OHL lines) are marked with yellow segments and submarine cables are marked with blue segments. The
per values of the equivalent impedance of Xingang station and Lianhua station are shown in Table 1. The voltage
grade, winding connection mode and capacity of each platform transformer in the system are shown in Table 2. The
35 kV side or 10 kV side of each platform transformer is connected with the load. According to different operation
modes, it can be divided into maximum load operation mode and minimum load operation mode. The load sizes are
shown in Table 3, and the power factor of all loads is 0.94. Lightning arresters (omitted in the figure) are connected
at the outgoing lines of all 220 kV, 110 kV and other voltage levels of the transformers. The capacity of the high
voltage reactor on each platform bus is shown in Table 4.

Table 1. Per values of equivalent impedance of Xingang station and Lianhua station.
Station Zero sequence impedance Positive sequence impedance Negative sequence impedance
(Base value: 230 kV 100 MVA)
Xingang station 0.00192 + j0.01515 0.00252 + j0.01532 0.00253 + j0.01535
Lianhua station 0.00409 + j0.02641 0.00655 + j0.03035 0.00657 + j0.03039
Xingang station– 0.00258 + j0.01175 0.00060 + j0.00426 0.00060 + j0.00426
Lianhua station

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H. Li, P. Yu, S. Li et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of submarine cable transmission system. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Table 2. The voltage grade, winding connection mode and capacity of each platform transformer.
Platform Voltage level (kV) Capacity (MVA) Connection of transformer winding
BZ35-2 power platform 220/35 120/120 YNd11
BZ34-1 power platform 220/110/35 150/90/70 YNyn0d11
BZ19-6 power platform 220/35/10 140/90/70 YNyn0d11
Pengbo power platform 220/35 180/180 YNd11
KL10-1 power platform 110/35 90/90 YNd11

Table 3. The load size on the 35 kV side and 10 kV side of the transformer.
Platform Load size on the 35 kV side (MW) Load size on the 10 kV side (MW)
Maximum load Minimum load Maximum load Minimum load
BZ35-2 power platform 102.9 21.7 / /
BZ34-1 power platform 58.6 38.9 / /
BZ19-6 power platform 74.5 5.3 58.2 22.1
Pengbo power platform 164.2 117.5 / /
KL10-1 power platform 76.2 16.6 / /

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Table 4. The capacity and installation position of the high voltage reactor on each platform bus.
Bus platform Capacity (Mvar) Installation position
Switchyard 140 + 20 Bus
BZ35-2 power platform 2 × 95 Bus
BZ34-1 power platform 2 × 85 Both sides of circuit breaker K17 or K18
BZ19-6 power platform 2 × 40 Bus
Pengbo power platform / /
KL10-1 power platform / /

3. Simulation analysis of power-frequency overvoltage

The power-frequency overvoltage is generally caused by the capacitance effect, asymmetric fault earthing and
load rejection [11]. Therefore, a total of three cases of power-frequency overvoltages are considered: the capacitance
effect of the no-load line, single-phase fault earthing and three-phase sudden load rejection.

3.1. Capacity effect

Firstly, the power-frequency overvoltages caused by the capacity effect when high voltage reactors are connected
or not connected to the system are considered. After disconnecting all the loads in the system, the results of the
maximum power-frequency overvoltage on each bus and submarine cable can be obtained, which are shown in
Tables 5 and 6. All results are expressed in per values. Since the circuit breakers K3 and K27 are in the open
state under the actual operation condition, the Bus-1 and Bus-6 are divided into two parts, therefore the voltage on
both sides of them needs to be measured respectively, and their positions are expressed as Bus-1-L, Bus-1-R and
Bus-6-L, Bus-6-R. Base values corresponding to 220 kV and 110 kV are shown in Eqs. (1) and (2). For submarine
cables with joints, voltages at the sending end, cable joint and receiving end are measured, otherwise only voltages

Table 5. Power-frequency overvoltages caused by capacity effect (with high voltage reactors).
Working condition Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.) Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.)
position (Bus) position (Cable) Sending end Cable joint Receiving end
Bus-1-L 0.956 L6 0.961 0.966 0.965
Bus-1-R 0.947 L7 0.975 / 0.974
Bus-2 0.965 L8 0.964 0.971 0.974
Normal operation
Bus-3 0.974 L9 0.964 0.962 0.957
mode with high
Bus-4 0.957 L10 0.952 0.956 0.957
voltage reactors
Bus-5 0.991 L11 0.965 / 0.969
(capacity effect)
Bus-6-L 0.969 L12 0.974 0.980 0.982
Bus-6-R 0.982 L13 0.991 / 0.995
Bus-7 0.995 / / / /

Table 6. Power-frequency overvoltages caused by capacity effect (without high voltage reactors).
Working condition Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.) Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.)
position (Bus) position (Cable) Sending end Cable joint Receiving end
Bus-1-L 1.026 L6 1.039 1.056 1.067
Bus-1-R 1.018 L7 1.067 / 1.065
Bus-2 1.067 L8 1.039 1.054 1.065
Normal operation
Bus-3 1.065 L9 1.046 1.044 1.039
mode without high
Bus-4 1.039 L10 1.026 1.034 1.039
voltage reactors
Bus-5 1.094 L11 1.067 / 1.072
(capacity effect)
Bus-6-L 1.072 L12 1.065 1.072 1.074
Bus-6-R 1.074 L13 1.094 / 1.101
Bus-7 1.101 / / / /

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H. Li, P. Yu, S. Li et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

at the sending end and receiving end are measured.

252
V220kV −base = √ ≈ 145.49 kV (1)
3
126
V110kV −base = √ ≈ 72.75 kV (2)
3
It can be seen from Tables 5 and 6 that the power-frequency overvoltages caused by the capacity effect after
the installation of high-voltage reactors are less than that when the high-voltage reactors are not installed. When
there exist the high-voltage reactors, the maximum overvoltage on the bus appears on Bus-7, which is 0.995 p.u.,
and the maximum overvoltage on the submarine cable appears on cable L13, which is also 0.995 p.u. When the
high voltage reactors are not installed, the maximum overvoltage on the bus appears on Bus-7, which is 1.101 p.u.,
and the maximum overvoltage on the submarine cable appears on the submarine cable L13, which is 1.101 p.u.
The above results meet the requirement that the power-frequency overvoltage in the system should be less than
1.3 p.u. [12], indicating that the system is supposed to operate safely and reliably under these circumstances. At
the same time, other calculation results for the power-frequency overvoltages of offshore wind farms show that the
overvoltage caused by the capacitance effect is about 1.10 p.u. under conditions similar to this article [13], which
further supports the accuracy of the results of this study. During the actual operation of the system, the high-voltage
reactors are always connected to the system, so only the cases that high-voltage reactors are connected to the system
are considered in the following part of the study.

3.2. Single-phase fault earthing

As for the conditions that the power-frequency overvoltages are caused by single-phase fault earthing, the
simulation process is similar to that of the capacity effect. Note that the insulation of the submarine cable is non-
self-restoring. When a single-phase earthing fault occurs, the recovery voltage generated after arc extinguishing
may make damage to the insulation and further increase the recovery voltage, which makes it more difficult for
the relay protection equipment to conduct single-phase automatic reclosing [14]. Therefore, the above single-phase
reclosing process is not considered in this study. Take the single-phase earthing at the sending end of submarine
cable L8 as an example, the results are shown in Table 7. Since the overvoltages under small loads are generally
greater than that under large loads, only the case under small load is simulated and the results are compared with
the specification values.

Table 7. Power-frequency overvoltages caused by single-phase earthing (with high voltage reactors).
Working condition Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.) Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.)
position (Bus) position (Cable) Sending end Cable joint Receiving end
Bus-1-L 1.035 L6 1.146 0.886 1.040
Bus-1-R 0.918 L7 1.044 / 1.035
Normal operation
Bus-2 1.035 L8 1.142 1.139 1.132
mode with minimum
Bus-3 1.139 L9 1.140 1.139 0.937
load and high
Bus-4 0.929 L10 0.929 0.886 0.888
voltage reactors
Bus-5 0.888 L11 0.935 / 0.929
(single-phase
Bus-6-L 1.037 L12 1.035 1.037 1.139
earthing)
Bus-6-R 1.146 L13 1.147 / 1.146
Bus-7 0.886 / / / /

On the condition of single-phase earthing at the sending end of cable L8, the maximum power-frequency
overvoltage on the bus reaches 1.146 p.u., which is on Bus-6-R, and the maximum overvoltage on the cable is
1.147 p.u., which is on submarine cable L13. The results also satisfy the requirement of the regulation, so that the
system will not have serious accidents due to power-frequency overvoltage before the single-phase earthing fault is
eliminated. For the single fault earthing of other submarine cables, the results are similar to those shown in Table 7,
and there are no excessive overvoltages that may cause serious damage to the system.
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Table 8. Power-frequency overvoltages caused by three-phase sudden load rejection (with high voltage reactors).
Working condition Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.) Voltage measurement Voltage (p.u.)
position (Bus) position (Cable) Sending end Cable joint Receiving end
Bus-1-L 0.946 L6 0.950 0.951 0.946
Bus-1-R 0.938 L7 0.000 / 0.000
Normal operation
Bus-2 0.946 L8 0.953 0.959 0.961
mode with minimum
Bus-3 0.000 L9 0.954 0.952 0.948
load and high
Bus-4 0.948 L10 0.943 0.946 0.948
voltage reactors
Bus-5 0.000 L11 0.946 / 0.945
(three-phase sudden
Bus-6-L 0.945 L12 0.000 0.000 0.000
load rejection)
Bus-6-R 0.000 L13 0.000 / 0.000
Bus-7 0.000 / / / /

3.3. Three-phase sudden load rejection

The submarine cable undertakes the task of supplying power to offshore oil–gas field platforms, and its load
rejection will have a certain impact on the power-frequency overvoltages on the line. The load rejection of the
submarine cable L8 is still considered as an example, and the results are shown in Table 8.
When the load rejection of the submarine cable L8 is considered, the voltages on several buses and submarine
cables become zero. That is because the submarine cable L8 is the transmission line responsible for supplying
power to the bus of the BZ34-1 power platform, and the power platform is in turn responsible for supplying power
to the KL10-1 power platform. At the moment of the sudden load rejection of the submarine cable L8, all of the
above-mentioned platforms and related lines will lose power. For buses and lines that have not lost power, the
maximum overvoltages are 0.948 p.u. and 0.961 p.u., which appear on Bus-4 and submarine cable L8, respectively.
The results are similar to those of the 220 kV submarine power transmission system with high voltage reactors
shown by Wang et al. [15], and both are in the range of 0.96 p.u. to 1 p.u. Although the overvoltages meet the
requirements of the regulation, the fault should be eliminated to restore the power supply to the relevant power-loss
platforms as soon as possible.

4. Simulation analysis of switching overvoltage

Switching overvoltage is a type of overvoltage generated by the actions of circuit breakers and switches in
the system, which usually includes energization (reclosing) overvoltages and de-energization overvoltages [16]. In
general, energization overvoltage has a great impact on the operating condition of the system. For the submarine
cable transmission system of the offshore oil–gas field group, it is necessary to simulate and analyze the energization
overvoltages of the submarine cables. The no-load energization at the sending end of submarine cable L8 is
simulated as an example.
The three-phase energization time of the circuit breaker is specified as 0.02 s (with the energization phase angle
of 90◦ ) in this study, and the overvoltage waveforms at the receiving end of the submarine cable L8 are shown
in Fig. 4. The maximum overvoltage calculated from the simulation is 1.321 p.u. However, in the actual process
of energization, the energization times of the three-phase contacts in the circuit breaker are slightly different from
the specified times, resulting in the emergence of random characteristics [17]. Therefore, in order to obtain the
energization overvoltages that can represent the actual operating conditions, it is necessary to use the statistical
circuit breaker to analyze the energization overvoltages statistically. Gaussian distribution is used in the statistical
switch to control the three-phase energization times of the circuit breaker. The closing time of phase A is shown in
Fig. 5 as an example, in which the probability of the circuit breaker operating time in the shaded range is 99.7%.
Taking into account the versatility of the results and calculation efficiency, the number of calculations is specified
as 150 times. The maximum overvoltage, minimum overvoltage, 2% overvoltage at different locations are shown in
Table 9. The cumulative probability of maximum values of three-phase energization overvoltages at the receiving
end of L8 in the simulation processes is shown in Fig. 6. Assuming that the cumulative probability of a specific
overvoltage value V is X, then the cumulative probability means that the proportion of all overvoltages that exceed
V is X [7]. Take the value with a cumulative probability of 2% among all voltage results and specify this value as
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H. Li, P. Yu, S. Li et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

Fig. 4. Overvoltage waveform at the receiving end of the submarine cable L8.

Fig. 5. Mean and variance of Gaussian distribution of statistical circuit breaker.

Table 9. Switching overvoltage when L8 is energized (with high voltage reactors).

Working condition Overvoltages Values (p.u.)
Sending end 1.086
Maximum overvoltage Cable joint 1.205
L8 is energized with Receiving end 1.286
all its three phase Sending end 0.983
contacts closing Minimum overvoltage Cable joint 0.991
around their voltage Receiving end 0.997
peaks
Sending end 1.079
2% overvoltage Cable joint 1.195
Receiving end 1.276

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H. Li, P. Yu, S. Li et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

Fig. 6. Cumulative probability of maximum values of three-phase energization overvoltages at the receiving end of L8.

the 2% overvoltage value. In cases of switching overvoltages, the base value at the voltage levels of 220 kV and
110 kV should be modified, as shown in Eqs. (3) and (4).
252 √
V220kV −base = √ × 2 ≈ 205.76 kV (3)
3
126 √
V110kV −base = √ × 2 ≈ 102.88 kV (4)
3
For the cases of switching overvoltages with voltage levels of 110 kV and 220 kV, the overvoltage values are not
supposed to exceed 3.0 p.u. according to the relevant regulation [12]. As can be seen from Table 9, the overvoltages
at the receiving end of the line are larger than the overvoltages at other locations, and the values vary from 0.997
p.u. to 1.286 p.u. The 2% value is 1.276 p.u. Note that the no-load energization overvoltage of the submarine cable
is closely related to the short-circuit capacity of the system [15], so the results of different systems are often not
comparable, but the results obtained in this study meet the requirements of relevant regulations, which shows that
the insulation of the system will not be greatly damaged during the energization process.
For the no-load energization of other submarine cables, the results obtained are similar to those of submarine
cable L8, indicating that the switching overvoltages will not cause severe harm to the system.

5. Conclusion
In this study, the internal overvoltages of the submarine cable transmission system of offshore oil–gas field
groups are simulated, and the system model is built in PSCAD (EMTDC). For the power-frequency overvoltage,
the overvoltages caused by the capacitance effect, single-phase fault earthing and three-phase sudden load rejection
on each bus and submarine cable line of the system are calculated. It is obtained that when the system is connected
to the high-voltage reactors and the minimum loads, the power-frequency overvoltages caused by single-phase fault
earthing become the largest, and the maximum overvoltage on the bus is 1.146 p.u., the maximum overvoltage on
the submarine cable line is 1.147 p.u., which meets the regulation on power-frequency overvoltages of the system.
For the switching overvoltage, the no-load energization at the sending end of submarine cable L8 is taken as an
example, the switching overvoltage at the receiving end of the line when the circuit breaker energizes at 0.02 s
(with the energization phase angle of 90◦ ) is calculated, and its maximum value is 1.321 p.u. Then, the statistical
switch is used for calculation in order to consider the statistical characteristics, and the 2% overvoltage is 1.276
p.u., which meets the regulation on system switching overvoltages. For other cases not mentioned, the results also
meet the requirements. The calculation of internal overvoltages is of great importance for the test of the overvoltage
conditions during system operation and plays an important role in improving the stability of the system.
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H. Li, P. Yu, S. Li et al. Energy Reports 8 (2022) 377–386

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could
have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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