POLITICAL IDEOLOGY a.
Utopian socialism
Ideology - is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or
unconsciously held, which reflects or shapes understandings or
misconceptions of the social and political world. It serves to recommend,
justify or endorse collective action aimed at preserving or changing political
practices and institutions.
Political Ideology - In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of
ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social
movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society
should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain
social order.
TYPES OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
1. Liberalism - a political and social philosophy that promotes individual
rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.
TYPES OF LIBERALISM
a. Neoliberalism
- Neoliberalism is a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes
free trade, deregulation, globalization, and a reduction in government
spending.
b. National Liberalism
- National liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal policies and
issues with elements of nationalism. Historically, national liberalism has
also been used in the same meaning as conservative liberalism (right-
liberalism).
c. Classical Liberalism
- Classical liberalism is a political ideology that favors the protection of
individual liberty and economic freedom by limiting government power.
d. Social Liberalism
- is a political philosophy and variety of liberalism that endorses a
regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights.
e. Economic liberalism
- is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy
based on individualism and private property in the means of production.
ONE OF THE LIBERAL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
Norway New Zealand
Sweden Switzerland
Denmark Canada
Finland Germany
Iceland Austria
2. Conservatism - commitment to traditional values and ideas with
opposition to change or innovation.
TYPES OF CONSERVATISM
a. Traditionalist Conservatism
- often known as classical conservatism, is a political and social philosophy
that emphasizes the importance of transcendent moral principles, allegedly
manifested through certain natural laws to which society should adhere
prudently. [1] Traditionalist conservatism is based on Aristotle's and
Edmund Burke's political views. [1] Traditionalist’s value social ties and the
preservation of ancestral institutions above what they see as excessive
individualism.
b. Cultural Conservatism
- Cultural conservatism is described as the protection of the cultural
heritage of a nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries. It
is usually associated with criticism of multiculturalism, and opposition to
immigration.
c. Social Conservatism
- Social conservatism in the United States is a political ideology focused on
the preservation of traditional values and beliefs. It focuses on a concern
with moral and social values which proponents of the ideology see as
degraded in modern society by liberalism.
d. Religious Conservatism
- Religious conservatism principally applies the teachings of particular
religions to politics: sometimes by merely proclaiming the value of those
teachings; at other times, by having those teachings influence laws.
Chile, Colombia and Venezuela are examples of nations that developed
strong conservative parties. Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador and Peru
are examples of nations where this did not occur. The Conservative
Party of Venezuela disappeared following the Federal Wars of 1858–
1863.
3. Socialism - is a left-wing to far-left economic philosophy and movement
encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the
dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to
private ownership.
TYPES OF SOCIALISM
- socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the
means of production peacefully to the people.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
Ideology - is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or
unconsciously held, which reflects or shapes understandings or
misconceptions of the social and political world. It serves to recommend,
justify or endorse collective action aimed at preserving or changing political
practices and institutions.
Political Ideology - In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of
ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social
movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society
should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain
social order.
TYPES OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
1. Liberalism - a political and social philosophy that promotes individual
rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.
TYPES OF LIBERALISM
a. Neoliberalism
- Neoliberalism is a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes
free trade, deregulation, globalization, and a reduction in government
spending.
b. National Liberalism
- National liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal policies and
issues with elements of nationalism. Historically, national liberalism has
also been used in the same meaning as conservative liberalism (right-
liberalism).
c. Classical Liberalism
- Classical liberalism is a political ideology that favors the protection of
individual liberty and economic freedom by limiting government power.
d. Social Liberalism
- is a political philosophy and variety of liberalism that endorses a
regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights.
e. Economic liberalism
- is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy
based on individualism and private property in the means of production.
ONE OF THE LIBERAL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD
Norway New Zealand
Sweden Switzerland
Denmark Canada
Finland Germany
Iceland Austria
2. Conservatism - commitment to traditional values and ideas with
opposition to change or innovation.
TYPES OF CONSERVATISM
a. Traditionalist Conservatism
- often known as classical conservatism, is a political and social philosophy
that emphasizes the importance of transcendent moral principles, allegedly
manifested through certain natural laws to which society should adhere
prudently. [1] Traditionalist conservatism is based on Aristotle's and
Edmund Burke's political views. [1] Traditionalist’s value social ties and the
preservation of ancestral institutions above what they see as excessive
individualism.
b. Cultural Conservatism
- Cultural conservatism is described as the protection of the cultural
heritage of a nation state, or of a culture not defined by state boundaries. It
is usually associated with criticism of multiculturalism, and opposition to
immigration.
c. Social Conservatism
- Social conservatism in the United States is a political ideology focused on
the preservation of traditional values and beliefs. It focuses on a concern
with moral and social values which proponents of the ideology see as
degraded in modern society by liberalism.
d. Religious Conservatism
- Religious conservatism principally applies the teachings of particular
religions to politics: sometimes by merely proclaiming the value of those
teachings; at other times, by having those teachings influence laws.
Chile, Colombia and Venezuela are examples of nations that developed
strong conservative parties. Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador and Peru
are examples of nations where this did not occur. The Conservative
Party of Venezuela disappeared following the Federal Wars of 1858–
1863.
3. Socialism - is a left-wing to far-left economic philosophy and movement
encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the
dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to
private ownership
TYPES OF SOCIALISM
a. Utopian socialism
- socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the
means of production peacefully to the people.
b. Communism
- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and
leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each
person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
c. Marxism
- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and
practice of communism
d. Anarchism
- belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on
a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
SOCIALIST STATES/COUNTRY
People's Republic of China
Republic of Cuba
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
4. Pragmatism - an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of
theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
TYPES OF PRAGMATISM
a. Humanistic Pragmatism
- This type of pragmatism is particularly found in social sciences.
According to it the satisfaction of human nature is the criterion of utility. In
philosophy, in religion and even in science man is the aim of all thinking
and everything else is a means to achieve human satisfaction.
b. Experimental Pragmatism
- Modern science is based upon experimental method. The fact that can
be ascertained by experiment is true. No truth is final, truth is known only
to the extent it is useful in practice. The pragmatists use this criterion of
truth in every field of life. The human problems can be solved only through
experiment.
Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often
attributed to the philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James,
and John Dewey.
5. Individualism - Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy,
ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the
individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires
and to value independence and self-reliance and advocate those interests
of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social
group while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by
society or institutions such as the government. Individualism is often
defined in contrast to totalitarianism, collectivism and more corporate
social forms.
A few countries that are considered individualistic cultures include the
United States, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, and Australia
b. Communism
- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and
leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each
person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
c. Marxism
- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and
practice of communism
d. Anarchism
- belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on
a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
SOCIALIST STATES/COUNTRY
People's Republic of China
Republic of Cuba
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
4. Pragmatism - an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of
theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
TYPES OF PRAGMATISM
a. Humanistic Pragmatism
- This type of pragmatism is particularly found in social sciences.
According to it the satisfaction of human nature is the criterion of utility. In
philosophy, in religion and even in science man is the aim of all thinking
and everything else is a means to achieve human satisfaction.
b. Experimental Pragmatism
- Modern science is based upon experimental method. The fact that can
be ascertained by experiment is true. No truth is final, truth is known only
to the extent it is useful in practice. The pragmatists use this criterion of
truth in every field of life. The human problems can be solved only through
experiment.
Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often
attributed to the philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James,
and John Dewey.
5. Individualism - Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy,
ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the
individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires
and to value independence and self-reliance and advocate those interests
of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social
group while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by
society or institutions such as the government. Individualism is often
defined in contrast to totalitarianism, collectivism and more corporate
social forms.
A few countries that are considered individualistic cultures include the
United States, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, and Australia.