CHAPTER6

MoLECOLAR BAs1 OFNHERLTANCE

Mendel suggesed that thene ane ome ctors
cLtons or
maintaun 4ha
tho phenotypes ond
aenes which
genes holp to gencunatiom aflo
aflen
genotypes o
onganitmufon 8enenetion
that DNA (Deoynibonucleic
T t t o o s loden esdablishod eria majonty of ongcnitt
acid) is the aenetic mad s o m e vine
virus«,
qenetic materiel 'nsome
while RNA act a s +he cwe0o. RNA Tcancdions
FuncAions ac ac
hos additione noles
bad in Cses
stnuctne and Some a
adapter, messengen,
Ccudalytie molecde.
All enzme ane in nodune except rubosime RNA
protem activities.
which hocos cadclytic
Genetic maderia
Nuclei Aid
ONA
RA
CDeoxynibonuclaie aid) CRibonuelaie acid)
Act cs atetie materia moaBerid
in Act as 9enetie
mojonrty torganism in s ome virues
Discoveries Reloded to studune ONA&
Friedrich Måesehen in 186q, finst identi?ied DNA os aa
acidie substence
acidic pneent in 4tho nuelaus ond nameq
it as nuclein"
sfmple
>Jamas dotcon and nancisrck, proposed o 1 q 5 3
double helix modolo the struiune PoNA
ONA
based omX-nay ditmadion ooda.
DNA (Deoxynibonucleic Acid)
It ts
long
a
pymar o deoxynu boneeleoides. The lang" a
DNA s uscuoy. defined os numbor o nuclootiaes
nucleotides (on
(O ent
pain oP
pain o nucleotide nefenred to a bese pains)P
in it , (vinu)
For example
For exo batteriophage knoon
a
as x
x1 14Y8502 bp
har
S386 nucleotides, bacteriophage lambdo has
ombda hos
 Escherichia covT has 6 X 10° bP 'nd haploid coy
DNA iS 3.3 x101 bp.
Acig (DNA RNA)
Nucleic
CPolymen) > Hblynueleof ide
nucleotidle (monom er)
phos phede gre
Nuelooside
Nitnoqenous Soses
Pertose sgon
Purine(double nring) imidine
Ribose Deoxynibose Une-
CDNA) Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine cu
CRNA) C
CA) CA) CDNA) CR
olcda f oNA
DNA w
w as
s
X-ray ditfracfton
produed
a Wotson Cnick
A wilkins Franklin
(c) Boutecm P u n e f t
Both Ca) Cb)
) oleoxyibenucleoti le
de
ON is a o e o x y i b e n u e l e o t i
pdymer
ot deoKyribonucleofides.
on9 mer ot eOxyribonudeotides
e o x y i b o n u d e o t i d e s
b shon poly
pdlymen of
ibonucdeotides
monomer
Cc) polymen ot cdeniol in
mo
) on
geneticmatenio
CASO 9enetic
. aM c o U ) organicms.
acts cs
Hssendion (A): DNA stranded o t ecda
mote cde
double
Reacon (R) : T i
Onganim
most Ris f
A is flse b
Chain
AN poly nucleotide nitnogenou
boue
ccmposad of
o
A nucleoticde is ario.
Pontosee Sugar and a phos phede
Nidnoqenousbote
Tis the coniaining onganic moleccde
havinga
nitogen Doaneohies o bee.
 beses
boses
n
níit
tnro
ogge
enno
ou s
us
ane tuoo types
ono G
Guanine CA,G)
Thene
Thene uanine
Adenine ond
ond Thymine ( C, 0, T)
Purrines Unaci ond
Unac
t osine, nccl
unccil
is pnesen
p res
Rrimidines while
ohile
i
Ann DNA , , anolh
onotha
pnesen
methy!unacil, unace,
is (5-
Smethy
hymíne
thumine
Thi
Thymiíne
in in RNA in plare
c thymine name of
Stnuctune puines urines
pcrine
rung
stnuctuune
tnucdune f
In
memben
e struciune
CN 8 C)
Npnesent in 1,3,9
# Heterocyelie posi im..
N 920di
Adeninhe (1) N ) (AMA
NH2
(2 )
1)N N (3)
(a)
Aunine
NCa)
H
(3
Adonine/6 amino purine
Guanine
btools. N
NH2 N a)
H
Guaninea amino 6 C purine
Strucdee eyrimidines
#1 ring Stnucdune
Pnimidin
memben4nucdue.
CN ) (3) N 6)
Hetenocyelic
t
#NiHnoqen pnesent in
N (6)
1 3 positiononly 1
LPyrimidine
 Urai
t h position
m e a mi n o C3
N
C5) Onaeil/,u, dioxy
8noup
Pynimidine
sh pos itiom me
methg}
1 gop
Cytosine hymine
NH2
(3N
= chs
(3N C)
N )
6)
,(1)
Cytosine/2-oxy -omino N
(1
melly
Thymine(au diox-5
Pyumicline
Pyrimídine 7
S-
m eth dncei
a Pentose Suga are presen
Two types a SLpors
C) Ribose (In case RNA)
coue of DNA)> (Modrfred
uger
(UGi) Deoxibose ( In (S-mamber ning)
Alto collod furan ring
Hetonocyelic Cco) to Aldeuode aCCHo)
stnuctcana due
Also colled Aldose
a noup pnesent
tructune of Ribose o
stuetuae oDeoiboze Sc
HOCHO
C
C1)
HOCH,O
C
C(»°N
H
OH
OH
Canbon struclune C)
OH H
Deoxyribase Sugar
Revmeu, J0t
 Nuclestide

Hydnagen
Phosphodias,
4en
bun
Boua
(Single stnande Peu
polyhclestide' cham Nuceofi de
o b l e stnanole
pot nueleotide chah

Hene 5 6.P préiet.

nitrroeenow base is
tohen a niinoqs
noacleoside isformed glcosicdie
N9cosidie
A A sugonthroreh throeh N
pentose
4o a
inked nucleoiide_
estens
estons t nucleoiide
Dinkage Nucleofcle oadengli
cune thee p h o s p h o r i c
N u t l e o t i des
Adenine
Nucleos ide
deoxadenosine- decxyadenlade
Bace
u a n i n e d e o x y q u a n a s i n e c d e o x y a u a n y l e t e

d e o x y e y l i d g l e t e

(DNA ine +hgmi duate

dyleate
Cytocine deoxycyti oleothymi
deoxythymidine de
Themine >Unidelade acid
(RNAOratil > Oridine
b 3 s ' phesphodias
ter bonds
ane joines
Neucleotiees
to torum a dinucleoticle
oihs nesielue jorhs
Aterunade deorubor e and phosphade
polyrueleotiqe chafn
toform the
DNA (Stnuctune )oise
nences between RNA
+DPertences
RNA ONn
Single stnande Double stnande ND
ibose sugcn deoxyrniboie sgan
Nitnoqen base Nitroqen base
ch-
COnceil) Cthymin
Bekhone f DNA fonmeb-
C n (6)
phosplale cLoth Co) } b)
Niineogenos bose, ( Rhdh Panimieihe)
 S
=
Nueleoside Pentose suqant Nitroger
NH Adenin e ( Panina)

N
(1) N Hene q-positio"o
punme i s j o i n e d t o1-pil,
N pentose suconbeonbu
Sugan) to fonm o
nucleoside
N-B
) NS= 1 corbm
HOCH - NitRogu
Sgar

OH
Lend)s N-lyeosidic' banhd
H

Nucleotide Nacdeeside + Phosphade anoup

Pentose suopi N-B + Phosphade ep
Phosphoeste bomd

NB yeocidie bond
O = Pt

H
Ho(Remov)
OH
OH
pp-oh H9e
OH
N-B
O = P0

Phoxphodiesden bend OH
H
H
HoRe

oH
O P-d HoXH
(5)
OH O p-O-CH2) N.B
HOCRemoe)
OH a)
H
OH
polynueleodidoe chain]
staanded
Single
 bolh DAA
ih DNA RNA
RN A ore
Parines PArLine nd
Cadenine and 9uanihs nimeli
utoxine 1
uonine
ond
b
C) cytosi h e Omo
thymine nnd
) adenine
omd hymime
s t e cle
Thmine 2CH3
C )m e t h y l unai C N
3
C) 5 melh Cna
(b) (1)
Cc)
)s Chymine
Gnked to cp -y
Nitroqenou base
- c o s i d i c band.
Structune t polynucleeBide Choin
nucleetide has hree components
A
( Nrogenous bose
) Pendate suaan (Ribase in case of RNA, and deornibas
for DÑA)
t a
phosphole anup
Thene ane tto types t nitnoaenou bas erpurrnes
CAdanine mdGuanine) omd pHrimfdfne (Cytosine
,Unati,
ond Tymine) n
ano Thumine
Thumine
both DNA RNA
utorine is incommonfon
Sheneas ncci fs present
in
Present in DNA
is 4hymine.
ploce
RNA ot tha
to +he
the CH GP 11e
oH
bse ii s ffnked
nked
a N - a c o slfe
linkage to
A A nitrogenous
pentos
nitroaenous
O suan Sugon
4hneush adenosf'ne o r deokpdeneum
os
Such
a
nudleosfde,
ctidfne
on
de tidie
form deeauanostne,
ern
ouanosfne
u a n o s f n e
or- deonnthmidine
se d
G? s'e
nd ridine 4o
4o oH
OH
Ond nucloosdP
fs inked
Vinked
a
phosphede aro
ancup
hmougn phos phoester
1hnough, fjole
ueleoiie
phosphoesien
heen a
n u c l e o s i d e
n u c l e c i d e ( o deex-macleoii
dec or
t
or mad.|[:
Suan nuclectide(
frmad.
Corespondiha
presad
presa) )
inkog e,
inkog
a
e 19Pe f
Ahe
h g
pon thnounh a - s phexphcdie
phoxphedier
depending thnouah s n u c l e o 4 ides can
nacleotidos a aone inked
inked
dinudeotide. M o n e ,nucleol
Mone
ido ca
d H n u d e o t i d e .
polynusled
polynucleda
Two 4oform m a o onm ao
fonm
Ma nn
nenNento
0inkoge
0inkoge such
a ch
O choin
nn
be joined
 ee
Aone enc petmen h One end a
the sugen
m e r the
poly
s has
phe4phata
he polymer
fhe
the one end cf c grep chich
s At moie
moiefy
polncles4 i de chan
phosphate
C
nee Cs Seno
fs nefenn.ed othe end he pymar
he 3'c
dt4 CH ancsup
Similanly has afnee
3eno f 4hR
he neterre Cs to cu
which
p o l y n u c l e ot i d e chom.
tice chcun
chcu
foRne
Tormed
ponuclee
t a
badbume
T The Crock
p h o p h a t e s .
he Cnrck
due fo sc Francs
Franeis
dation
Lda tcon an
cund
b Fame
Fameus
James
James i n p l e bH
Sinpl
In
In 19S3 ven
v e
sstru gtune
t r a stun
e f PN
PNI4
+he'
+ he'
nn
p r o p a s o a
beree o proered
Double h e l i heli
hooel
RadiP#ration d
base th x- Rasalin Frenk!m.
b M&unice Wikins
propoitiM toc
hellmaniks +hein
4he h o tnand
nt
ene een
bac fds h
ba cd
P o h c l e c
clto
.{Lt, fon
This propouitim toas C
hangoafP
ot Eruoin nati
a e belcscon
t i uur belcscm
obenuati he
sthended DAlA Cton
Cytesn
doble uan im
uani n
ineCma
Adenme amd Thm
Cmstan
p
ane
confers a ve
Cnique pe pet
. The pase poiring anesaid to be
chains.the
he polynucleofiote other, a n d and 4henetone
4henefond if
ecch
to
Complementoa in one sircno knocsn
basas
the sequence of
the
othe Stnond can be pnelcted
then the Cequence
The saient featunes the Doble - helix Structune
BA DNA
Tis 4is made f tcoo polynucleoBide chains, whene
he
the backbonme is constifuted SCApn -phesphade
ond he boses rojec inside
Ond
Tho cco
means, it chainshove anli -porrelol polaniy T+
ho othen one
has *chain has +he polanii53
 bares in tcooStRands Cuno
)SThe Nitnogenous
Onmih boc pouns (bp)
4hnotah hudmeen bn
Ahnocigh Thymine
bunos with Th
Adenie fonmy two hnogen
posite stnand ond vice-ven
Vice Uenga
CA=T) From Opp
bonde tsilh ctee me Coil
i
Similan. Guanine
Similony,
thnee hydnogen bunds
o punin R Comes pp6ti4R
As a nesl oloens
9enenades Cpproximadel
t a Pnimieihe. This srncncs o4
ttoo
be{weethe
anitonm iane
hei
-The Too chauns ane coiled ha nigkt -handed
fashion. A nanomerer
helix ís 3. m a
The pitch of the
is one biionth a me-lae, i-e, jom) cund
thene one nough 10 bp in each unn o
ONA
bp h a heli u
Conseqtentl he distance beween a
approw mada.y (3.y A°)
O:3 nm.
over 4he
clhe
T h e plone t one base pair stacks
dollo heliu This in odditim to H-bend,
bp in doLda
coters
stebility tt #he helieel strdune
ntee
Stdune Double Helic DNAA to Basa
James Wedicn Franeis Crick haue van Meo
4he
double helicel studune of ONA in
1953.So he atocndec coith Noba Prize
Accondin to them a R- NA consists doe
Colled qocsle
polynuclestide sAnend hence DNA is
bel stnacduae
The two sArad eCne otipcrell Polan
cblaa
2) dinedia bud
One stnand
CAnS in ( g s dino.
ut DNn is Nitnoger
The cene mede u of
toi
bases i.e A,TGc
CT)b
de
yminoC) Oe
AdenineCa), aloo Poine eoidh Tmi Po
T ) d udnime alco
hyerroqn bend.(Á =T)-rd
th losine Cc)
Ce)
7 t o s i n e
ple
 Fon dpuble sBnande DNA,h e num oer
purines equad he no c Pimidines
Rale
celle changaffs
.
S
+hi male p +hneee COm Pune
is male
nucleediele
) a nifnoeo
Eceh ntase ar
pe
G)ha e p h a t e a e p
ie p
rouUeS
Comeis f¢
One tn DAIA
D AIA minorn e n o u e
One
minob
m
one nmajon called
Callee
depiessiM
nowe
shallocs
The 11 called mej
depression
deep is 12 A
minon nobve2
The lengh
The 9nouve is
fhe engt G maen is 3 AA
cohneCs fcnn DNA
one
Hence lenh
C2+ 22) bcse pain
Phesen
10
I n one u n DNA
beAwecn -JoD adiacen
Henc:e he 1sta c e
podn iS
is OA°.
helice dicmeten
The
Structune DNA
one turn (Pikh -A=T-
OHA GEC
lenath 34A
(3-y nm) A=T Majon anoove
10 N 3 is ength AO A°
Present GEC-
Riok honde
Toshion DNA -AT
GEC-
-A=T-
Minorr gtoove
length 1 a A°
-GEC-
nh AT-
 effenenre
is 4he
ohat
deomyodenuuihe
) ch photpate
pundhe
only
only s u i n (b
deoyaolenashe
)AU t fese
aodonouth
Deenbk
lueleoside
R:bos N-B+ Ps)
l l nucleotide
he folocsg a Nles sid
thch
Acenosine, cytidiie cid toin
guan-l aid
ie
guanl
cydioilc a i
denuit aud enyit &kid
dening Cu
inc
t h u m o i e
At
) C CUne
adanime. colet
a d e n i m e -s l a
N baso une
bcs
ONA 20%
20% bcs one umich
pencetea
3o7, b)607, S
Panine (30x)
Puimdn C
Cak) C3
T
A4T40,
CO » 30
Chonoa Kde oube-trandet
doube-rainae
thc-fon a
Enwin charget pnopped ymine a e
thymina
ONA the riodiopuerenédenine cnd
and equel
Ond tosMe o ce anTane conslc
No rine.= No. ct rimidine
A 1 TAC
T+C
Centro Doama egmo in molecleu
deano in molec
>Froncis Cruck propoted a antna
genelicndenmad ic
biclogy tohich siader thad the
DNA RNA hoBen.
rom
 Iranspct
DNA
TranseMP RNA Pncdem
in
cf infonmodiom isDNA and is
the +loc ih¥ormadion
vinuses,
In some
inecion, thoat 1s fnom RNAfo
centn doqmeteminisý on
n e v e n s e
centn« edoa
Revense
r
celed
ise v e n s e ranseiptim
Revers DNA
RNA ranscPTo
ammali.
Pockaging ONA Heli h a
tqpica m
bose pains
Tota numben t base
bp consegcdtile P oilrr o-39.
©-3
fo
cel!
6-6 x101 ccnseqcdfie
tcos
bafween
Distance b-p
bp p-esed
Peet
DNA T o f a
number f
Length ef ditanee s fasoc mieccdiue
oneunimX base
he i e
5.6 x1o bp. X0-3 nm
IYM
l e n t h of DNA=
6.6 x1o1 bs xO 3 xlO m/bp
2 mefnes
-6
Size +he nkicleti 1 0 nuclece
necden than size of
So, length of DNA iniide the
is packaged to
thonefone DN
nucleus
Tackan ONA in_pnskanyotesin n
hediz in atpic
The teng!h of DNA docble metfnes Lon
mammclian coti_approximeel 2 nsme anea
Size ONA moleccderaae cmpade
onl4hnough Pacy:
In priokanofasiceyJasEueColi the
4houeh4hey
DNA s
not ohaveosde fined nuilau,
ScatMenethgetghbit A he ce
NACbema negedie chonged)iao hele c dh
pofeins4hat Ravaoposiue ehans9llo
8i
TheDNp ermed si, nucleoid.
OND hnacleoid a
depnisedn gn
toops hel PSo
Pnot gno ong
onofzit ubong ok 1
 toop/DNA metel
Nudeio
Non-histone
bacic modehs ike
Non- polyominer
maus DNA i
The Compacded
colle nuclebi
DNA M q6 x Ib° bp
6 xlb
pnesend M
Iy"E Coh n o . bp
1O° mm/bp
ength 6 x 1o b-px o 3
: 1.56 mm
n DN=
xlo br
bP
pnesed
at Tn.Co: no. bp 6
lengh bp xo.3y, X 1omm/bp
Ux to°
1 36 mm
Ln eukonyotes
t ONA s much mone complex
The onaanisctiom Po
eukanuotes obtolanre
tha
depondnoupun
>A protein acquiaes chenae
amino acidsesiotue t h chosheside chans c si
proteinstnat
rich hin esi
ereL o amino
i c h
Histone ane the K, t h e s e
h e i cide
side chom.
onginine
lysin
acids- O n
amino p e l i t i v e c h a r a s n
basi
auids cany
o
se f
Posittee
Porite chonged
Chongedbasi
ne
mahe unit+
mae a
SO
SO histtme
histune a uni
hemsewes fo
1o
themselues outemen.
prrofems. is tttun
o
onnpn
niilse
e is nee
histpnes knoumS
Thase
T haie moettda
eigh
e igd lo 4he
f
DNA"Packaging in
i n Eukarnypte.-
Eukonyote,
otoith
Ebnmied
Canginne c<leo
i n e u k a n s p t e s

is anginma
Ele
audushne,
and
DNA pochog ba«
amine oeiad
moleces
help t oe
nt DNA I
eRaedDIA
pheRaedDNA
histones bl aRdu feames
R e g h e k a e d
arigonised
aF n K R t s i e o c i a m e
edngeKistoiaoc
. lom
Histones
ane
Histones ane
o f g m e f T h e
hne +kPosH
called HaA
co
e rn
rr oe
ppppe
edd
prond
stae kkncfeRn, tH)
oec~
acceio CHA
T h e n e ane #ive
of. tham o .9NT
foun oct men rene
HB, H andp rH,
oduce
h iston
pains
to
in
 p C huclesgom
20 op DA
heli con sidde 4t l a nepeedn
Cottdude
Nuceoso
mes Cle
nueles Ae am ,ce
m
stnudur
Ccstoua buie, sCe
losdic Se nucl
ike. sBain ed
hnead Mueleelomes
e neat n se e
e a o - M S t u 7
strucfure
Stnuchure
isen vieces
T
NosLo pe
eletnan
pockege f o
ckage
canden is pa
p aea
d fnfleh eei Ne
cnnam
TL Ehnn-dmfibne Pbnes
me pLege sta
and tond e n i e
ptre
uis
C e
cneedin petems
TLe pack3 . .
fe_u'ned celdit iunal Uma fe
ac
Alou
efennne-
eteane
eua ede
collec{ e
C
pnoes
net ntC )
cnen
hitun
tPC nueleu, hno n
, CJ n m n t m are matin
packo
Lat c
eenma{i. Heteneelensmatth
Pake tle
dewe actue cune wal
t r o w enptionaly
Hetenoiene nmnn
Heterochromadn
Euchriomatin
lecs Cndenred sAnelend Hiohly
s chder
4 4iahde
condensec stneredu
DNIn petkagg.
oos toose. DIn packegn coith
Ligl Staine
Cenaistess DNA
Dan
Con
Stome.
cins mone DNNA
T InansenNptiónly Cctie Tnansci ptiomaluy. inacd
as 4hoxe haitms
eed t
ofn t e n a t
AeneS s e
nansCAiptiaj
oi h prrotens fon
i n eckanyd ang
S i n dccessible
1Foun M eckangofer.
pnokcnHfs
 SEARCH FOR ENETTC MATERHL
i s c h e n and
eischer and
dscovene nuclein, by
>The
The
primciple tinheniBante
Mendel wen lmost a
86
i.e, 186q omo
1865 nespetivel
nespecfivel.
e the, #act h
the
Bad
Sometime
ONA acts
discoven ed
ehe mederie
nedei.
nono pnove.
4e
o
to be prove.
a ln
too
Iranstorunnpuhciple
in 128, e oo t
Coureo
carn
a
serie
Senio
Frederich Gi h Stneptococcus
Stneptococcus pneumoniae
with
f
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co
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bacera by heat
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mice
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stnom
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kiledSS--sram
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t h e 4is mostL
become Vinul ent
rom
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d u e to
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f c e n a t a e n e t i c m
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cos
o a
e n e
madenia.
m a d e n i a .
detine nonnfis pemef
p e u m e
B i o c h e m i c
r a n s toumu
ran
dhanaetenis adioM
not
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e xpeuime
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i they
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priofems t n a nT o n m ve
tonm e
biochemices tnan
ca Cold
biochemi
which
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h eat
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non virulent - U P
pact a and RNA
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ases)
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r RNA.
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ey Thu,
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naten.
he oNNA
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ho am igost)
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iguhenzye DNaue
 materua S
xperimenta piove c qeneti1C DNA:
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ho
he penetico
madenial come
frcm the
e x penme nts
f. AthoHen shoy Ond MondLe
h Vinlkasea atha
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intet bateua c e locd
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modenie hen ender he
he
ts Cenei
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hed Ontene bocdenda
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pinnho
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as
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indica vinu
v i n u
e
from
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n
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ncdioaciiye, L S , prod e ins
nte
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hot -
ns e
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m a a r i a
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Vinol DNA labelled ONA cot cbel od
coth
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inuses have ntocted Vincses 'n.cR
ceN c
bacteacl
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vine
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ONA Recoact
umu
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DNA.
ith in
Radio octive bactenia n i c e l
o
ph age
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ph age NA
fLe DNA
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m
ahP. +L profem
tohd coos cunique in dlicctina
eperiments
to be gene dow no
foa ent atenl
DNA Coa
modenia
to be eneti
asound
o) RnIA cold Lone 4L
mctenoal cold
eonj tl
oncenishu
omd fro dead
cterMa
can
cttache d do
Linken -DNA S chnamatiy whil,
lightystouned
pan tstatnanscnphio
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pauke ao
remahs
-nodycctiue
loose namedEuchnond.
d t -no
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no.nutlaotide(bp) Hali
each tunyL
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10 R:g
33 Ri
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DNA
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lasmid
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t conot
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vinuse RNA ha eneic made
In some ,
et
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s
ts replica. ereade
sould e c b e fu
clhamicel ano
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shoulo provide evoktian.
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he
to epress ce
should be olde
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Mend elcn chorGter
om
oAO
in 2 PrA houe he obi
Both ha
4ho
f Bcse poiri
s e l , becous t nutet o
dupicoj proelnsa f)Afne
a n d complementcr
and
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be s i l l e engtgh
Sfelle e nough
tould
mcdeniel
qeneti
ThThe
e
not ong with cLau
psioloy
ele 8 evid
e u i d e
o n g o n i s m
madeni a)
madeni)
a
uu yen
scss u e n
genedi
2enei c 4od hen
s t ah
b si
ralt
n.s t e n m i n g prutneipleie
The
T he
 9

Prae
 finf qenefic materi.
RNA WORLD ist evidenee to

RNA enoug
essenti fe P
Pro cessec
Mo
Theneis
rans oion Splic
Sugast mea
bolim

as
RN
aenetic maden
ten.
Such C Co
e v o l u e C n o u m o

Cs
Oct
RA
ed unst
RNA calalyst
henee
Coeu
neactIUe
evova ron
RNA
RNA

mOne Salbe
nas Lat malke ol bet Cpe
DNA
ouble tnande
m o e i f c c t i s

resist
ases b
en
DN Stna und n e p a i n

an p r o c e s

evoluiny