BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

NEHA S

11 B
NAME : NEHA S
CLASS : XI
SECTION : B
SUBJECT : BIOLOGY
TOPIC : BLOOD DONATION-SIGNIFICANCE
 Table of Contents
WHAT IS BLOOD DONATION ? REJECTION OF DONOR
01 06 Why a donor may be rejected in
A brief explanation of blood
transfusion a few cases

IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD RECIPIENT SAFETY and

02 DONATION 07 DONOR SAFETY
Rules and regulations to be
Explanation of its significance followed

HISTORY BLOOD TESTING

03 A note on important 08
discoveries How blood testing takes place

TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION OBTAINING BLOOD

04 09 A look into how the procedure
Three various types of blood
donation takes place

WHO NEEDS A BLOOD

HOW DOES SCREENING
05 TAKE PLACE ? 10 TRANSFUSION
Brief note regarding blood
A dive into the procedure donation cases
Table of Contents
STORAGE, SUPPLY AND
11 DEMAND

Storage Management

FACTS ABOUT BLOOD

12 DONATION
Intriguing facts about
blood donation

ROLE OF RED CROSS

13 SOCIETY
How the Red Cross has
played a pivotal role
01 What is
Blood
Donation ?
What Is A
Blood
Donation?
A blood donation occurs
when a person voluntarily has
blood drawn and used for
transfusions and/or made
into bio-pharmaceutical
medications by a process
called fractionation .
 Blood Donation
● Donation may be of whole blood or of specific
components directly (apheresis).
● Blood banks often participate in the collection
process as well as the procedures that follows
it .
● Today in the developed world , most blood
donors are unpaid volunteers who donate
blood for a community supply .
● Despite the many reasons people donate , not
enough potential donors actively participate .
02 Importance
OF Blood
Donation
 Importance of Blood Donation
● Today , most medical care depend on a steady
supply of blood from donors as one in seven
people entering the hospital needs blood.
● As cancer care increases , so does the demand
blood and platelet donation .
● An adequate amount of blood is needed in all
health care facilities to meet the urgent need
for patients facing trauma and other life-saving
procedures -which saves millions of lives every
year .
● Donating blood is a simple procedure that can
be done within an hour .
 “Every three minutes there is
someone around the world that
needs a blood transfusion ”
03 History Of
Blood
Donation
 History of Blood Donation
Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950)
was an American Surgeon and medical researcher.
He researched in the field of blood transfusions
developing improved techniques for blood storage, and
applied his expert knowledge to developing large-scale
blood banks early in World War II .

This allowed medics to save thousands of lives of the

Allied forces. As the most prominent African American
in the field, Drew protested against the practice of
racial segregation in the donation of blood, as it lacked
scientific foundation, and resigned his position with the
American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until
1950.
Major Discoveries That Contributed to Blood
Donation

Year Scientist Discovery

Discovered circulation of
1628 William Harvey
blood .

Observes and describes red

1658 Jan Swammerdam
blood cells .

First recorded blood

1665 Richard Lower transfusion takes place in
England.
04 Types Of
Blood
Donation
 Types Of Blood Donations
Allogeniec Donation Directed Donation
When a person , often a
When a donor gives blood family member donates blood
for storage at a blood bank for transfusion to a specific
for transfusion to an individual it is called as
unknown recipient , it is Directed Blood Donation .
called as Allogeniec Blood These are relatively rare when
Donation established supply is available
Replacement Donor
A hybrid of the two . In this
case , a friend or a family
member of the recipient
donates blood to replace
the stored blood used in a
transfusion ensuring a
consistent supply .
05 How Does
Screening
Take Place ?
How Does Screening Take Place
Donors are typically required to give consent for the
process, and meet a certain criteria such as weight and
hemoglobin levels, and this requirement means minors
cannot donate without permission from a parent or
guardian.

In some countries, answers are associated with the

donor's blood, but not name, to provide anonymity; in
others, such as the United States, names are kept to
create lists of ineligible donors. If a potential donor
does not meet these criteria, they are 'deferred'. This
term is used because many donors who are ineligible
may be allowed to donate later.
06 Rejection Of
Donor
 Rejection Of Donor
The donor may be rejected in the following cases :
● All times of anaemia other than ● Diabetes mellitus
iron deficiency anaemia ● Cases of enlarged liver
● Heart disease and rheumatic ● Cases of kidney failure
fever
● Convulsions cases epilepsy and
● Chronic Respiratory Diseases
frequent fainting
● Chronic hypertension ● Bleeding diseases
● Viral Hepatitis ● Genetic diseases
● Pregnancy
07 Recipient
And Donor
Safety
 Donor And Recipient Safety
Recipient Safety
Donors are screened for health risks
that could make the donation unsafe
for the recipient.Donors are examined
for signs and symptoms of diseases
that can be transmitted in a blood
transfusion, such as HIV, malaria, and
viral hepatitis. Screening may include
questions about for various diseases,
such as travel to countries at risk for
malaria or variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease (vCJD).
Donor Safety
The donor is also examined and asked
specific questions about their medical
history to make sure that donating blood is
not hazardous to their health. The donor's
hematocrit or hemoglobin level is tested to
make sure that the loss of blood will not
make them anemic, and this check is the
most common reason that a donor is
ineligible.
08 Blood
Testing
 Blood Testing
The donor's blood type must be determined if the blood
will be used for transfusions. The collecting agency
usually identifies whether the blood is type A, B, AB, or
O and the donor's Rh (D) type and will screen for
antibodies to less common antigens. More testing,
including a crossmatch, is usually done before a
transfusion. Type O negative is often cited as the
"universal donor but this only refers to red cell and
whole blood transfusions. For plasma and platelet
transfusions the system is reversed: AB positive is the
universal platelet donor type while both AB positive and
AB negative are universal plasma donor types
The tests used are high-sensitivity screening tests and
no actual diagnosis is made.
09 Obtaining
Blood
 Obtaining Blood
There are two main methods of obtaining blood from a donor. The most frequent is to
simply take the blood from a vein as whole blood. This blood is typically separated into
parts, usually red blood cells and plasma, since most recipients need only a specific
component for transfusions. A typical donation is 450 millilitres (or approximately one
U.S. pint of whole blood, though 500 millilitre donations are also common. Historically,
blood donors in India would donate only 250 or 350 millilitre and donors in the People's
Republic of China would donate only 200 millilitres, though larger 300 and 400 millilitre
donations have become more common

The other method is to draw blood from the donor, separate it using a centrifuge or a
filter, store the desired part, and return the rest to the donor. This process is called
apheresis, and it is often done with a machine specifically designed for this purpose.
This process is especially common for plasma and platelets.

For direct transfusions a vein can be used but the blood may be taken from an artery
instead. In this case, the blood is not stored, but is pumped directly from the donor into
the recipient. This was an early method for blood transfusion and is rarely used in
modern practice. It was phased out during World War II because of problems with
logistics, and doctors returning from treating wounded soldiers set up banks for stored
blood when they returned to civilian life
10 Who Needs
A Blood
Transfusion?
 Who Needs A Blood Transfusion

Injury In Accidents Anemia Leukemia

Loss of blood due to an A red blood cell Almost all patients with
accident requires a blood transfusion may be used leukemia require some
transfusion if you have anemia . transfusions in their care

Kidney Diseases Premature Infants Tumor Patients

Kidney failure is an Blood is transfused to Cancer patients may need
important cause of anemia treat symptoms caused by platelet transfusion if
anemia commonly seen in their bone marrow in not
premature infants making enough
 Complications
Donors are screened for health problems that would put them at risk for serious complications
from donating. First-time donors, teenagers, and women are at a higher risk of a reaction. One
study showed that 2% of donors had an adverse reaction to donation. Most of these reactions
are minor. A study of 194,000 donations found only one donor with long-term complications

Hypovolemic reactions can occur because of a rapid change in blood pressure. Fainting is
generally the worst problem encountered.

The process has similar risks to other forms of phlebotomy. Bruising of the arm from the needle
insertion is the most common concern. One study found that less than 1% of donors had this
problem. A number of less common complications of blood donation are known to occur. These
include arterial puncture, delayed bleeding, nerve irritation, nerve injury, tendon injury,
thrombophlebitis, and allergic reactions.

The final risk to blood donors is from equipment that has not been properly sterilized.In most
cases, the equipment that comes in direct contact with blood is discarded after use. Re-used
equipment was a significant problem in China in the 1990s, and up to 250,000 blood plasma
donors may have been exposed to HIV from shared equipment.
11 Storage ,
Supply and
Demand
 Storage , Supply and Demand
Storage and Blood Shell Demand For Blood
Life
Blood donations tend to always be high in
The collected blood is usually stored in a blood
demand with numerous accounts repeatedly
bank as separate components, and some of
stating periodic shortages over the decades.[97]
these have short shelf lives.
However, this trend is disrupted during national
disasters. The trend demonstrates that people
Red blood cells (RBC), the most frequently used
are donating the most during catastrophes
component, have a shelf life of 35–42 days at
when, arguably, donations are not as needed
refrigerated temperatures.For (relatively rare)
compared to periods without disasters.[97] From
long-term storage applications, this can be
1988 to 2013, it has been reported that during
extended by freezing the blood with a mixture of
every national disaster, there was a surplus of
glycerol, but this process is expensive and
donations; a surplus that consisted of over 100
requires an extremely cold freezer for
units.[
storage.Plasma can be stored frozen for an
extended period of time and is typically given an
In India, currently, only 0.84 per cent of the
expiration date of one year and maintaining a
population donates blood voluntarily, leaving
supply is less of a problem.
a shortage of over two million units of blood.
12 Facts About
Blood
Donation
 Facts About Blood Donation
● Every year our nation requires about 5 Crore units of blood, out
of which only a meager 2.5 Crore units of blood are available.
● Every two seconds someone needs blood.
● More than 38,000 blood donations are needed every day.
● A total of 30 million blood components are transfused each year.
● The average red blood cell transfusion is approximately 3 pints.
● The blood type most often requested by hospitals is Type O.
● Sickle cell patients can require frequent blood transfusions
throughout their lives.
● More than 1 million new people are diagnosed with cancer each
year. Many of them will need blood, sometimes daily, during their
chemotherapy treatment.
● A single car accident victim can require as many as 100 units of
blood.
13 Red Cross
Society
 Red Cross Society
The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian organization having a network of
over 1100 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of
disasters/emergencies and promotes health & care of the vulnerable people and
communities. It is a leading member of the largest independent humanitarian
organization in the world, the International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement.
The movement has three main components, the International Committee of Red
Cross (ICRC), 192 National Societies and International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies.

The Mission of the Indian Red Cross is to inspire, encourage and initiate at all times
all forms of humanitarian activities so that human suffering can be minimized and
even prevented and thus contribute to creating more congenial climate for peace.

The Indian Red Cross society has been playing an important role in blood donations
all across India .
 References
http://myclevelandclinic.org

http://en.wikipedia

http://medicalnewstoday

www.nhs.uk

http://www.indianredcross.org
Thank You

NEHA SHEELAM

11 B