PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT

Topic:- Electromagnetic Induction

By,
Aaryan K, Neha S
(MPC) (BiPC)

Class - XII B
INDEX
● Certificate
● Acknowledgement
● Aim
● Apparatus
● Introduction
● Theory Of Magnetic Flux
● Michael Faraday’s Law Of Induction
● Conclusion
● Bibliography
 AIM
● To determine :
“Faraday’s Law Of Electromagnetic Induction ” ,
Using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet
 APPARATUS
● Insulated copper wire

● An Iron Rod

● A Strong Magnet

● A Light Emitting diode (LED)

 INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that predicts how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an Electromotive
Force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors
and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and

Joseph Henry in 1831; However, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his
experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he
called lines of force.

These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively
describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also
makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society.
An important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faraday’s law comes
from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his
contribution to Faraday’s Law, now known as Lenz’s Law, in 1835 ( Institute
of Chemistry ).

Lenz’s Law states :-

“The induced E.M.F with different polarities induces

a current whose magnetic field opposes the change
in magnetic flux opposes the change in magnetic
flux through the loop in order to ensure that the
original flux is maintained through the loop
when current flows in it”

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction,

Whereby an electric field is induced, or generated,
by a changing magnetic field. Before expanding
upon this description, it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept of
potentials.
Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction ( August 29, 1831), He wrapped two wires around opposite sides
of an iron ring or “Torus” ( An arrangement similar to a modern toroidal
FARADAY’S 1ST LAW OF INDUCTION
Some physicist have remarked that Faraday’s law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena :
The motional E.M.F generated by a magnetic force on a moving
wire ( Lorentz Force) , and the transformer E.M.F generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field ( due to the Maxwell -
Faraday equation ),

James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in

his 1861 paper on Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II
of his paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each
of the two phenomena.

A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in

some modern textbooks.
 THEORY
Magnetic flux :- The magnetic flux ( Denoted by Φ ) through a surface is the component of the B field
passing through that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) ( in derived units: volt-second), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils
and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring with a fluxmeter, which contains
measuring coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of a vector area S is

“ ΦB = B . S=BSCosθ ”
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field ( the magnetic flux density )
having the unit of Wb/m2 ( Tesla), S is the area of the surface, and (θ) is the
angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal (Perpendicular) to S.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through
an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the field
to be constant. “ dΦB = B.dS ”
 FARADAY’S LAW
“
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the
negative of the time rate of the change of the magnetic flux through the circuit
”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and
is invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. When the flux changes-because B changes, or because
the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both-Faraday’s law of induction says that the wire loop acquires an
E.M.F ‘ E ’ , defined as the energy available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop ( the unit of
EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open
circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads. Lorentz Force : ‘ F=q(E + v x B) ’
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic field is
always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-conservative electric
field, and vice-versa.The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-
Faraday’s equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism
 CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its
Mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday is
not hard to grasp: It relates an induced electric potential or voltage
to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many waves: from the shining of
the sun to the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.Slideshare.com
https://www.hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
https://www.electronics-tutorials.electromagnetism.html
https://www.electrical4u.com
https://britannica.com